Thermodynamics Problems on Gas Processes and Cycles

1
Chapter (1)
First law of thermodynamics and gas process
Problems

1.1 In an air compressor the compression take place at a constant
internal energy and kJ 50 of heat are rejected to the cooling water.
Calculate the work input for the compression stroke.
1.2 In a compression stroke of a gas engine the work done on the gas
by the piston is kg 70 kJ and the heat rejected to the cooling water
is kg. 42 kJ Calculate the change of specific internal energy stating
whether it is a gain or a loss.
1.3 A steady flow of a gas enters a heat exchanger with specific
enthalpy of kg 2300 kJ and a velocity of . 350 s m The gas leaves the
heat exchanger with a specific enthalpy of kg 160 kJ and a velocity
of . 70 s m Calculate the heat transfer to the cooling fluid.
1.4 A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives gas at
the following state: pressure of , 8 . 13 bar specific volume of
, 143 . 0
3
kg m specific internal energy of , 2590 kg kJ velocity of
. 30 s m The state of the gas leaving the turbine is as follows:
pressure of , 35 . 0 bar specific volume of , 37 . 4
3
kg m specific
internal energy of , 2360 kg kJ velocity of . 90 s m Heat is rejected to
the surroundings at the rate of kW 25 . 0 and the rate of the gas flow
through the turbine is . 38 . 0 s kg Calculate the power developed by
the turbine.
2

1.5 A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing
fluid. At the inlet to a certain nozzle the specific enthalpy of the
fluid is kg kJ 3025 and the velocity is . 60 s m at the exit from the
nozzle the specific enthalpy is . 2790 kg kJ The nozzle is horizontal
and there is a negligible heat loss from it. Calculate:
(a) The velocity of the fluid at exit.
(b) The rate of flow of fluid when the inlet area is
2
1 . 0 m and the
specific volume at inlet is . 19 . 0
3
kg m
(c) The exit area of the nozzle when the specific volume at the nozzle
exit is . 5 . 0
3
kg m
1.6 One kg of air enclosed in a rigid container is initially at bar 8 . 4 and
. 150
0
C The container is heated until the temperature is . 200
0
C
Calculate the pressure of the air finally and heat supplied during the
process.
1.7 Air expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a piston at a constant
pressure of . 3bar The volume initially is
3
01 . 0 m and finally is
, 03 . 0
3
m the initial temperature is . 17
0
C Calculate the work input
and the heat supplied during the expansion process.
1.8
3
05 . 0 m of a prefect gas at bar 3 . 6 undergoes a reversible isothermal
process to a pressure of . 05 . 1 bar Calculate the heat supplied.
1.9 One kg of air is compressed isothermally from bar 1 and C
0
30 to
. 5bar Calculate the work input and heat supplied.
1.10 One kg of air at bar 1 and C
0
15 is compressed adiabatically to a
pressure of . 4 bar Calculate the final temperature and work input.
3

1.11 Air is expands reversibly in a perfectly thermally insulated
cylinder from , 5 . 3 bar C
0
200 to a volume of . 09 . 0
3
m If the initial
volume occupied was , 03 . 0
3
m calculate the work input.
1.12 A certain prefect gas is compressed reversibly from , 1bar C
0
17 to
a pressure of bar 5 in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder, the
final temperature being . 77
0
C The work done on the gas during the
compression is to . 45 kg kJ Calculate . , , , R C C
v p

1.13 One kg of air at , 02 . 1 bar and C
0
20 is compressed reversibly
according to a law , tan
3 . 1
t cons PV

to a pressure of . 5 . 5 bar
Calculate the work done on the air and the heat supplied during the
compression.
1.14 Air is compressed reversibly and polytropically in a cylinder from
, 05 . 1 bar C
0
15 to bar 2 . 4 in such a way that one third of the work
input is rejected as heat to the cylinder walls. Calculate the final
temperature of the air.
1.15 A mass of kg 05 . 0 of air occupying a volume of
3
03 . 0 m at
, 025 . 1 bar is compressed reversibly until the pressure is . 15 . 6 bar
Calculate the final temperature, the work done on the air and the
heat supplied:
(a) When the process is according to a law t cons PV tan
5 . 1

(b) When the process is isothermal.
(c) When the process takes place in a perfectly thermally insulated
cylinder.
1.16 One kg of air undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of
three processes.
4

Process 1 2: constant specific volume
Process 2 3: constant temperature expansion
Process 3 1: constant pressure compression
At state (1), the temperature is , 300 K and the pressure is . 1bar At state
(2), the pressure is . 2 bar
(a) Sketch the cycle on V P coordinates.
(b) Determine the temperature at state (2)
(c) Determine the specific volume at state (3)
1.17 A system consists of kg 2 of air initially at state (1), where
, 1
1
bar P

. 300
1
K T

the system undergoes a power cycle
consisting of the following processes:
Process 1 2: constant volume to ,
2
P .
1 2
P P

Process 2 3: expansion with t cons PV tan
28 . 1

Process 3 1: constant pressure compression
At state (2), the pressure is . 5 . 3 bar
(a) Sketch the cycle on a V P diagram.
(b) Determine the temperature at state (2)
(c) Determine the specific volume at state (3)
5

Chapter (2)
Air standard Cycles
Problems

2.1 Two reversible heat engines operate in series between a source at
C
0
527 and a sink at . 17
0
C If the engine have equal efficiencies and the
first rejects kJ 400 to the second. Calculate:
(a) The temperature at which heat is supplied to the second engine.
(b) The heat taken from the source
(c) The work done by each engine.
Assume that each engine operates on the Carnot cycle.
2.2 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.005 kg
of air. The temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 1000 K, and
the minimum and maximum pressures that occur during the cycle are
20 and 1800 kPa. determine the net work output per cycle.
2.3 One kilogram of air as an ideal gas executes a Carnot power cycle
having a thermal efficiency of %. 60 The heat transfer to the air during
the isothermal expansion is . 40 KJ At the end of the isothermal
expansion, the pressure is bar 6 . 5 and the volume is . 3 . 0
3
m Determine
(a) The maximum and minimum temperatures for the cycle
(b) The pressure and volume at the beginning of the isothermal
expansion
(c) The work and heat transfer for each of the four processes.
2.4 One tenth kilogram of air as an ideal gas in a Carnot cycle with
isothermal expansion occurs at C
0
23 with a heat transfer to the air of
. 4 . 3 KJ The isothermal compression occurs at C
0
427 to a final
volume of , 01 . 0
3
m determine
6

(a) The pressure at each of the four principal states.
(b) The work for each of the four processes
2.5 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning
of the compression process, air is at kPa 95 and , 27
0
C and
kg KJ 750 of heat is transferred to air during the constant volume heat
addition process, determine:
(a) The pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition
process,
(b) The net work output,
(c) The thermal efficiency,
(d) The mean effective pressure for the cycle.
2.6 The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is . 5 . 9 Prior to
the isentropic compression process, the air is at , 100 kPa , 17
0
C and
. 600
3
cm The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion
process is , 800 K determine:
(a) The highest temperature and pressure in the cycle
(b) The amount of heat transferred
(c) The thermal efficiency
(d) The mean effective pressure
2.7 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression
ratio of . 8 The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are
K 300 and . 1350 K determine:
(a) The amount of heat transferred to the air
(b) The thermal efficiency
(c) The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the
same temperature limits
7

2.8 An air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of . 5 . 8 At the
beginning of compression, kPa P 100
1

and . 300
1
K T The heat
addition per unit mass of air is . 1400 kg kJ Determine for one kg of
air:
(a) The net work
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
(c) The mean effective pressure
(d) The maximum temperature in the cycle
2.9 At the beginning of the compression process of an airstandard Otto
cycle, , 1
1
bar P , 290
1
K T

. 400
3
1
cm V

The maximum temperature
in the cycle is K 2200 and the compression ratio is . 8 Determine:
(a) The heat addition
(b) The net work
2.10 An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of . 5 . 7 At the
1

and . 32
0
1
C T The mass of air
is , 2 gm and the maximum temperature in the cycle is . 960 K
Determine:
(a) The heat rejection
(b) The net work
2.11 Consider a modification of the air-standard Otto cycle in which
the isentropic compression and expansion processes are each replaced
8

with polytropic processes having . 3 . 1 n The compression ratio is
5 . 7 for the modified cycle. At the beginning of compression,
bar P 1
1
and . 300
1
K T The maximum temperature during the cycle
is . 2000 K Determine for one kg of air:
(a) The heat transfer and work per unit mass of air for each process in
the modified cycle.
2.12 At the beginning of the compression process in an air standard
Otto cycle, bar P 1
1
and . 300
1
K T The maximum cycle temperature
is . 2000 K Plot the net work per unit of mass, in kJ/kg, the thermal
efficiency, and the mean effective pressure, in bar, versus the
compression ratio ranging from 2 to . 14
2.13 Investigate the effect of maximum cycle temperature on the net
work per unit mass of air for air standard Otto cycles with
compression ratios of , 5 , 8 and . 11 At the beginning of the
compression process, bar P 1
1

and . 295
1
K T

Let the maximum
temperature in each case vary from K 1000 to . 2200 K
2.14 An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a
cutoff ratio of . 2 At the beginning of the compression process, air is
at kPa 95 and . 27
0
C determine:
(a) The temperature after the heat-addition process
9

2.15 An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air
as the working fluid. The state of air at the beginning of the
compression process is kPa 95 and . 20
0
C If the maximum
temperature in the cycle is not to exceed , 2200 K determine:
(a) The thermal efficiency
(b) The mean effective pressure.
2.16 Calculate the cycle efficiency and the mean effective pressure of
an air standard diesel cycle with a compression ratio of , 15 and
maximum and minimum temperature of C
0
1650 and
, 15
0
C respectively. The maximum cycle pressure is . 45bar
2.17 The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression of
an air-standard Diesel cycle are kPa 95 and , 300 K respectively. At
the end of the heat addition, the pressure is MPa 2 . 7 and the
temperature is . 2150 K Determine:
(a) The compression ratio
(b) The cutoff ratio
(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
2.18 The conditions at the beginning of compression in an air standard
Diesel cycle are fixed by , 200
1
kPa P

. 380
1
K T

The compression
ratio is 20 and the heat addition per unit mass is
. 900 kg kJ Determine:
(a) The maximum temperature
(b) The cutoff ratio.
(c) The net work per unit mass of air
10

(d) The thermal efficiency
(e) The mean effective pressure
2.19 At the beginning of compression in an air standard Diesel cycle,
, 96
1
kPa P

, 016 . 0
3
1
m V

and . 290
1
K T The compression ratio is
15 and the maximum cycle temperature is . 1290 K Determine
(a) The mass of air
(b) The heat addition and heat rejection per cycle
(c) The net work
2.20 At the beginning of the compression process in an air standard
Diesel cycle, bar P 1
1
and . 300
1
K T For maximum cycle
temperatures of K 1500 and compression ratio of . 15 Determine per
unit mass of air:
(a) The heat addition
(b) The net work
2.21 A high speed diesel engine working on an ideal dual cycle. It takes
the air at bar 1 and , 30
0
C and compresses it adiabatically to 14 1 of the
original volume. At the end of compression the heat is added, firstly
at constant volume until the pressure is doubled and secondly at
constant pressure until the volume becomes twice the clearance
volume. Then the air expands adiabatically and the heat is finally
rejected at constant volume. Calculate:
(a) The temperature and pressure at each point on the cycle.
(b) The ideal thermal efficiency.
11

(c) The work ratio
2.22 In the dual cycle the maximum temperature is C
0
2000 and
maximum pressure is . 70 bar Calculate the cycle efficiency and the
mean effective pressure when the compression ratio is 18 and the
ambient conditions are bar 1 and . 290K
2.23 An air standard dual cycle has a mean effective pressure of
. 10 bar The minimum pressure and temperature are bar 1 and
, 290K and the compression ratio is . 16 Calculate the maximum cycle
temperature when the cycle efficiency is % 60 and the maximum cycle
pressure is . 60 bar
2.24 The compression ratio of an ideal dual cycle is . 14 Air is at
kPa 100 and K 300 at the beginning of the compression process and at
K 2200 at the end of the heat addition process. Heat transfer to air
takes place partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure,
and it amounts to . 1520 kg kJ determine:
(a) The fraction of heat transferred at constant volume
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
2.25 An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of . 9 At the
1

and . 300
1
K T

The heat
addition per unit mass of air is , 1400 kg kJ with one half added at
constant volume and one half added at constant pressure. Determine:
(a) The temperatures at the end of each heat addition process
(b) The net work of the cycle per unit mass of air
(c) The thermal efficiency.
12

2.26 An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a
cutoff ratio of . 15 . 1 At the beginning of compression, kPa P 95
1

and
. 300
1
K T The pressure increases by a factor of 2 . 2 during the
constant volume heat addition process. If the mass of air is
, 04 . 0 kg determine:
(a) The heat addition at constant volume and at constant pressure
(b) The net work of the cycle
(c) The heat rejection
2.27 A reciprocating piston cylinder engine is to be built based upon
the ideal Dual cycle. The mass of air is kg 05 . 0 undergoes the
following five reversible non flow:
Process 1 2: adiabatic compression from an initial pressure of kPa 100
and specific volume of kg m
3
8 . 0 through a volume ratio of . 7
Process 2 3: constant volume heat addition until the temperature of air
is . 1500 K
Process 3 4: constant pressure heat addition until the temperature of air
is . 2500 K
Process 4 5: adiabatic expansion until the volume is equal to its initial
value at state (1).
Process 5 1: constant volume drop in pressure back to the initial state.
Calculate:
(a) The power output from the engine
(b) The net heat transfer
(c) The cycle thermal efficiency
13

Chapter (3)
Steam Cycles
Problems

3.1 A simple ideal saturated Rankine cycle turbine receives s kg 125 of
steam at C
0
300 and condenses at . 40
0
C Calculate:
(a) Net cycle power.
(b) Cycle thermal efficiency.
3.2 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle
between the pressure limits of MPa 3 and . 50 KPa The temperature of
steam at turbine inlet is , 400
0
C and the mass flow rate of steam through
the cycle is . 25 s kg Show the cycle on a S T diagram with respect to
saturation lines, and determine:
(a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) The net power output of the plant.
3.3 Consider a MW 300 steam power plant, which operates on a simple
ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at MPa 10 and
C
0
500 and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of . K 10 Pa Show the
cycle on a S T

diagram with respect to saturation lines, and
determine:
(a) The quality of the steam at the turbine exit.
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam.
3.4 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle
between the pressure limits of MPa 9 and . 10 KPa the mass flow rate of
steam through the cycle is . 60 s kg The moisture content of the steam
14

at the turbine exit is not exceed %. 10 Show the cycle on a S T

diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine:
(a) The minimum turbine inlet temperature.
(b) The rate of heat input in the boiler.
(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
3.5 Steam is supplied, dry saturated at bar 40 to a turbine and the
condenser pressure is . 035 . 0 bar If the plant operates on the Rankine
cycle, calculate, per kilogram of steam:
(a) The work output from the turbine
(b) The work required for the feed pump
(c) The heat transferred to the condenser cooling water, and the
amount of cooling water required through the condenser if
the temperature rise of the water is assumed to be K 5 . 5
(d) The heat supplied
(e) The Rankine efficiency
(f) The specific steam consumption
3.6 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal reheat Rankine
cycle. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at MPa 8 and C
0
500 and
leaves at . 3 MPa Steam is then reheated at constant pressure to C
0
500
before expands to KPa 20 in the low pressure turbine. Show the cycle
on a S T diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine:
(a) The turbine work output.
3.7 Consider a steam power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine
0
600 and
15

condensed in the condenser at . 10 KPa if the moisture content of the
steam at the exit of the low pressure is not exceed %, 10 determine:
(a) The pressure at which the steam should e reheated work output.
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to
inlet temperature of the high pressure turbine.
3.8 Consider a steam power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine
cycle has a net power output of . 210 MW Steam enters the high
pressure turbine at bar 80 and C
0
500 and enters the low pressure
turbine at bar 10 and . 500
0
C Steam leaves the condenser as saturated
liquid at a pressure of . 10 KPa The adiabatic efficiency of the turbine is
%, 90 and that of the pump is %. 95 Determine:
(a) The quality (or temperature if superheated) of the steam at the
turbine exit.
(c) The mass flow rate of the steam.
cycle. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at bar 60 and C
0
400 and
leaves and leaves as saturated vapor. Steam is then throttled to bar 8
before reheated to . 400
0
C Steam is then expands in the low pressure
turbine to a condenser pressure of . 1 . 0 bar The efficiency of the low
pressure turbine is %. 80 the temperature rise in the cooling water in the
condenser is . 18
0
C Determine:
(a) The exit pressure of the high pressure turbine.
(c) The net power output if the steam mass flow rate is . 10 s Kg
(d) The mass flow rate of the cooling water required.
16

0
450 and
leaves as saturated vapor. Steam cooled in is then reheated at constant
pressure to C
0
400 before expands to KPa 8 in the low pressure
turbine. Heat transferred to the steam I the boiler at a rate of
. 40000 s KJ Steam is the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby
river, which enters the condenser at . 15
0
C Determine:
(a) The pressure at which reheating takes place.
(c) The net power output.
(d) The minimum mass flow rate of cooling water required.
0
450 and
leaves as saturated vapor. Steam is then reheated at constant pressure to
C
0
400 before expands to KPa 15 in the low pressure turbine. Heat
transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of . 10
5
s KJ Steam is
cooled in the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby river,
which enters the condenser at . 18
0
C Determine:
(a) The pressure at which reheating takes place.
(c) The net power output.
(d) The minimum mass flow rate of cooling water required.
3.12 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at MPa 6 and C
0
450 and condensed in
the condenser at . 20 KPa Steam is extracted from the turbine at
17

MPa 4 . 0 to heat the feed water in an open feed water heater. Water
leaves the feed water heater as a saturated liquid. Determine:
(a) The net work output from the cycle.
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at MPa 5 . 3 and , 550
0
C and the
condenser pressure . 10KPa Calculate the cycle efficiency for the
following cases:
(a) No feed water heater.
(b) One open feed water heater operates at MPa 1 .
(c) Two open feed water heater operates at MPa 3 and . 3 . 0 MPa .
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at bar 90 and , 500
0
C and a condenser
temperature of . 40
0
C Calculate the cycle efficiency for the following
cases:
(a) No feed water heater.
(b) One open feed water heater optimally placed.
3.15 A steam turbine is to operate on s simple regenerative cycle. Seam
is supplied dry saturated at , 40bar and is exhausted to a condenser at
. 07 . 0 bar The condensate is pumped to a pressure of bar 5 . 3 at which it
is mixed with bleed steam from the turbine at . 5 . 3 bar The resulting
water which is at saturation temperature is then pumped t the boiler.
For the ideal cycle calculate:
(a) The amount of bleed steam required per kilogram of supply steam;
(b) The cycle efficiency of the plant;
(c) The specific steam consumption.
18

3.16 A steam power plant operates on a regenerative Rankine cycle
and has a net power output of MW. 300 Steam enters the turbine at
MPa 10 and , 500
0
C and a condenser at . K 10 Pa The adiabatic
efficiency of the turbine is %, 80 and that of the pump is %. 95 Steam is
extracted from the turbine at MPa 5 . 0 to heat the feed water in an open
feed water heater. Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler.
3.17 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat regenerative
Rankine cycle and has a net power output of MW. 80 Steam enters the
high pressure turbine at MPa 10 and , 550
0
C and leaves it at . 8 . 0 MPa
Some steam is extracted at this pressure to heat the feed water in an
open feed water heater. The rest of the steam is reheat to C
0
500 and is
expanded in the low pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of
. K 10 Pa Show the cycle on a S T

with respect to saturation lines.
Determine:
Rankine cycle. The boiler pressure is , 10 MPa the condenser pressure is
, K 15 Pa the reheat pressure is , 1MPa and the feed water heater pressure
is . 6 . 0 MPa Steam enters both high and low pressure turbine at . 500
0
C
Show the cycle on a S T with respect to saturation lines. Determine:
(a) The fraction of steam extracted for regenerative.
19

Rankine cycle with one reheater and two open feed water heaters.
Steam enters the high pressure turbine at MPa 10 and , 550
0
C and
leaves the low pressure turbine at . K 5 Pa Steam is extracted from the
turbine at MPa 1 and , 2 . 0 MPa and it is reheated to C
0
500 at a pressure of
. 8 . 0 MPa Water leaves both feed water heater as saturated liquid. Heat is
transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of . 10
6
s KJ Show the
cycle on a S T with respect to saturation lines. Determine:
(b) The et power output from the plant.
(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
3.20 A generating station is to give a power output of . 200 MW The
superheat outlet pressure of the boiler is to be bar 170 and the
temperature . 600
0
C after expansion through the first stage turbine to a
pressure of . 40 bar % 15 of the steam extracted for feed heating. The
remainder is reheated at C
0
600 and is then expanded through the
second turbine stage to a condenser pressure of . 035 . 0 bar For
preliminary calculations it is assumed that the actual cycle will have an
efficiency ratio of % 70 and that the generator mechanical and electrical
efficiency is %. 95 Calculate the maximum continuous rating of the
boiler in kilograms per hour.
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at MPa 6 and C
0
450 and condensed in
the condenser at . 20 KPa Steam is extracted from the turbine at
MPa 4 . 0 to heat the feed water in a closed feed water heater of forward
20

type. Water leaves the feed water heater as a saturated liquid. Show the
cycle on a S T diagram, Determine:
(a) The net work output from the cycle.
cycle with two feed water heaters one open and one closed forward.
Steam inlet to the turbine at MPa 10 and . 500
0
C The condenser pressure
is . K 15 Pa Steam is extracted from the turbine at MPa 1 to the closed
feed water heater and at MPa 5 . 0 for the open feed water heater. Show
the cycle on a S T with respect to saturation lines. Determine:
(a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) The output power if mass flow rate of steam is . 20 s Kg
cycle with two feed water heaters one open and one closed forward.
Steam inlet to the turbine at MPa 8 and . 600
0
C The condenser pressure
is . K 20 Pa Steam is extracted from the turbine at MPa 5 . 1 to the open
feed water heater and at MPa 8 . 0 for the closed feed water heater. Take
the output power from the cycle is MW. 200 Show the cycle on a S T

diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate of the steam.
3.24 A Rankine cycle with inlet steam at bar 90 and C
0
500 and
condensation at C
0
40 produces MW. 500 It has one stage reheat,
optimally placed, back to . 500
0
C One feed water of the closed type
with drains cascaded back to the condenser receives bled steam at the
reheat pressure. The high and low pressure turbine sections have
21

polytrophic efficiencies of 92 . 0 and , 9 . 0 respectively. The pump has
polytrophic efficiency . 75 . 0 calculate:
(a) The mass flow rate of steam.
(b) The cycle efficiency
3.25 Consider an ideal steam regenerative Rankine cycle with two feed
water heaters, one open and one closed. Steam enters the turbine at
MPa 5 . 12 and C
0
550 and exhausts to the condenser at . K 10 Pa Steam is
extracted from the turbine at MPa 8 . 0 for the closed feed water heater
and at MPa 3 . 0 for the open one. The feed water is heated to the
condensation temperature of the extracted steam in the closed feed
water heater. The extracted steam leaves the closed feed water heater as
saturated liquid, which subsequently throttled to the open feed water
heater. Show the cycle on the S T diagram with respect to saturation
lines. Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate of the steam for the power output of MW. 100
Rankine cycle with one reheater and two feed water heaters, one open
and one closed. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at MPa 15 and
C
0
600 and the low pressure turbine at MPa 1 and . 500
0
C The
condenser pressure is . K 5 Pa Steam is extracted from the turbine at
MPa 6 . 0 for the closed feed water heater and MPa 2 . 0 for the open feed
water heater. In the closed feed water heater, the feed water is heated to
the condensation temperature of the extracted steam. The extracted
steam leaves the closed feed water heater as saturated liquid, which
22

subsequently throttled to the open feed water heater. Show the cycle on
the S T with respect to saturation lines. Determine:
(a) The net power output for a mass flow rate of . 20 s Kg
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle compared it with the efficiency
of simple Rankine cycle operating between the same conditions.
23

Chapter (4)
Gas Turbine Cycle
Problems

4.1 A simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a
pressure ratio of 10. The air enters the compressor at K 288 and the
turbine at K. 1150 determine:
(a) The air temperature at the compressor exit
(b) The back work ratio
4.2 Air enters the compressor of an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle at
kPa, 100 K, 300 with a mass flow rate of . s kg 5 The compressor
pressure ratio is 8. The turbine inlet temperature is K. 1400 Determine:
(a) The thermal efficiency
(b) The back work ratio
(c) The net power developed
4.3 The rate of heat addition to an air-standard Brayton cycle is
.

152 MW

The pressure ratio for the cycle is 12 and the minimum and
maximum temperatures are K 300 and K, 1500 respectively. Determine
(a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) The mass flow rate of air
(c) The net power developed by the cycle
4.4 An ideal air standard Brayton cycle operates between the pressures
of bar 1 and .
2
P Intake air to the compressor is C
0
27 and . 1bar The
turbine inlet temperature is . 1227
0
C Heat rejected from the cycle is
. 500 kg kJ
(a) What is the value of the inlet pressure to the turbine
24

(b) What is the compressor outlet temperature
(c) What is the cycle efficiency
4.5 An ideal air standard Brayton cycle has a net power output of
. k 100 W The air has temperature of , 30
0
1
C T , 750
0
3
C T and
. 300
0
4
C T Determine:
(a) The compressor pressure ratio
(b) The compressor work
(c) The mass flow rate
(d) The cycle thermal efficiency
4.6 The compressor and turbine of a simple gas turbine each have
isentropic efficiencies of 90%. The compressor pressure ratio is 12. The
minimum and maximum temperatures are 290 K and 1400 K,
respectively. Determine:-
(a) The net work per unit mass of air flowing
(b) The heat rejected per unit mass of air flowing
4.7 Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at kPa, 98
1
P
K 288
1
T . The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine
are 83% and 87%, respectively. The compressor pressure ratio is 14
and the temperature at the turbine inlet is K. 1350 The net power
developed is . 152 MW On the basis of an air-standard analysis,
calculate:
(a) The temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits
(b) The mass flow rate of the air entering the compressor
(c) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
25

4.8 Consider an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle with minimum and
maximum temperatures of 300 K and 1500 K, respectively. The
pressure ratio is that which maximizes the net work developed by the
cycle per unit mass of air flow. Calculate:
(a) The compressor and turbine work per unit mass of air flow
(c) Plot the thermal efficiency versus the maximum cycle
temperature ranging from 1200 to 1800 K.
4.9 The compressor inlet temperature for an ideal Brayton cycle is
1
T
and the turbine inlet temperature is
3
T . show that the temperature
2
T at
the compressor exit that maximizes the net work developed per unit
mass of air flow is
3 1 2
T T T

4.10 A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a
pressure ratio of 8. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the
cycle are K 310 and K. 1160
Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75% for the compressor and 82%
for the turbine, determine:
(a) The air temperature at the turbine exit
(b) The net work output
4.11 Air is used as the working fluid in a simple ideal Brayton cycle
that has a pressure ratio of 12, a compressor inlet temperature of
K, 300 and a turbine inlet temperature of K. 1000 Determine the
required mass flow rate of air for a net power output of MW, 90
26

assuming both the compressor and the turbine have an isentropic
efficiency of: (a) 100% (b) 80%
4.12 A gas turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle
with air as the working fluid and delivers 15 MW of power. The
minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are K 310 and
K, 900 and the pressure of air at the compressor exit is 8 times the
value at the compressor inlet. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 80
percent for the compressor and 86 percent for the turbine, determine the
mass flow rate of air through the cycle
4.13 Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine engine at K 300

and
kPa, 100 where it is compressed to kPa 700 and K. 580 Heat is
transferred to air in the amount of kg kJ 950 before it enters the turbine.
For a turbine efficiency of 86 percent, determine:
(a) The fraction of the turbine work output used to drive the
compressor
(b) The cycle thermal efficiency
(c) The compressor efficiency
4.14 A gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple Brayton cycle with
air as the working fluid. The air enters the turbine at kPa 828 and
K 1150 and leaves at kPa 100 and K. 670 Heat is rejected to the
surroundings at a rate of MW,

7 . 6 and air flows through the cycle at a
rate of . s kg 18 Assuming the turbine to be isentropic and the
compressor to have an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent, determine:
(a) The net power output of the plant
(b) For what compressor efficiency will the gas turbine power
plant produce zero net work
27

4.15 A gas turbine has two ideal turbine sections, as shown in figure.
The first of which drives the ideal compressor, with the second
producing the power output. The compressor input is at
K, 290 kPa, 100 and the exit is at kPa. 450 A fraction of flow, , x

bypass
the burner (combustion chamber) and the rest x 1 goes through the
burner where kg kJ 1200 is added by combustion. The two flows then
mix before entering the first turbine and continue through the second
turbine, with exhaust at kPa. 100 If the mixing should result in a
temperature of K 1000 into the first turbine.
Determine:
(a) The fraction of flow x
(b) The intermediate pressure entering the second turbine,
4
P
(c) The intermediate temperature entering the second turbine,
4
T
(d) The temperature exit from the turbine,
5
T
(e) The net work from the cycle

4.16 An ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration has a pressure ratio of
10. Air enters the compressor at K 300 and the turbine at K. 1200 If
the effectiveness of the regenerator is 100 percent, determine the net
work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle
28

4.17 A stationary gas-turbine power plant operates on an ideal
regenerative Brayton cycle with effectiveness of 100 percent with air as
the working fluid. Air enters the compressor at kPa 95 and K 290 and
the turbine at kPa 760 and K. 1100 Heat is transferred to air from an
external source at a rate of . s kJ 000 , 90 Determine the power delivered
by this plant
4.18 The compressor and turbine of a simple gas turbine each have
isentropic efficiencies of 90%. The compressor pressure ratio is 12. The
minimum and maximum temperatures are 290 K and 1400 K,
respectively. The cycle includes a regenerator with regenerator
effectiveness of 80%. Determine:
(a) The head addition per unit mass of air flowing
(c) The percent decrease in heat addition to the air
4.19 A Brayton cycle with regeneration using air as the working fluid
has a pressure ratio of 7. The minimum and maximum temperatures in
the cycle are K 310 and K. 1150 Assuming an isentropic efficiency of
75 percent for the compressor and 82 percent for the turbine and an
effectiveness of 65 percent for the regenerator. Determine:
(a) The air temperature at the turbine exit
(b) The net work output
4.20 An air standard Brayton cycle has a compressor pressure ratio of
10. Air enters the compressor at kPa, 100 K, 300 with a mass flow rate
of . s kg 11 The turbine inlet temperature is K. 1250 Calculate the
29

thermal efficiency and the net power developed, in each of the
following cases:
(a) The turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are
each100%.
(b) The turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are 88%
and 84%, respectively.
(c) The turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are 88%
and 84%, respectively, and a regenerator with an
effectiveness of 80% is incorporated.
4.21 Air enters the compressor of a regenerative gas turbine with a
mass flow rate of s kg 66 at kPa 100 and K, 300 and is compressed to
kPa 500 .The air then passes through the regenerator and exits at K. 590
The temperature at the turbine inlet is K. 900 The compressor and
turbine each have an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Using an air
standard analysis, calculate:
(a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) The regenerator effectiveness
(c) The net power output
4.22 Air enters the compressor of a regenerative gas-turbine engine at
K 300 and kPa, 100 where it is compressed to kPa 800 and K. 580 The
regenerator has an effectiveness of 72 percent, and the air enters the
turbine at K. 1200 For a turbine efficiency of 86 percent, determine:
(a) The amount of heat transfer in the regenerator
4.23 The gas turbine cycle shown in figure is to be used as an
automotive engine. In the first turbine, the gas is expands to pressure
30

,
5
P just low enough for this turbine to drive the compressor. The gas is
then expanded through the second turbine connected to the drive
wheels. The data for this engine are shown in the figure. Consider the
working fluid to be air throughout the entire cycle, and the net power
from the engine is . 150 kW assume that all processes are ideal,
Determine:
(a) The intermediate pressure
5
P
(b) The net work from the engine
(c) The mass flow rate of air through the engine
(d) The air temperature entering the burner
(e) The thermal efficiency of the engine

4.24 A regenerative gas turbine power plant is shown in Fig. Air enters
the compressor at bar 1 , C
0
27 with a mass flow rate of s kg 562 . 0 and
is compressed to bar. 4 The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is
80%, and the regenerator effectiveness is 90%. All the power
developed by the high pressure turbine is used to run the compressor.
The low-pressure turbine provides the net power output. Each turbine
has an isentropic efficiency of 87% and the temperature at the inlet to
the high pressure turbine is 1200 K. Determine
31

(a) The temperature of the air at states 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7
(b) The net power output

4.25 Air enters the turbine of a gas turbine at kPa, 1200 , K 1200 and
expands to kPa 100 in two stages. Between the stages, the air is reheated
at a constant pressure of kPa 350 to K. 1200 The expansion through each
turbine stage is isentropic. Determine:
(a) The work developed by each stage
(b) The heat transfer for the reheat process
(d) The increase in net work as compared to a single stage of
expansion with no reheat
32

4.26 Air enters the turbine first stage of a gas turbine at bar 10 and
K 1100 which has an isentropic efficiency of 90 percent. After leaving
the first stage at bar, 5 the air reheated to K 1100 and enters the second
stage, which also has an efficiency of 90 percent. The exhaust from the
turbine is at bar. 1 the compressor in the cycle has an efficiency of 95
percent, and the compressor inlet temperature is . 27
0
C Determine:
(a) The cycle thermal efficiency
(b) The cycle thermal efficiency with no reheat
4.27 Air enters the first stage of turbine at bar, 10 , K 1100 which has an
isentropic efficiency of %. 90 Air leaving the first stage at bar, 5 the air
is reheated to K 1100 and enters the second stage, which also has an
isentropic efficiency of %. 88 The exhaust from the turbine is at
bar. 1 The compressor in the cycle has an isentropic efficiency of %, 92
and the compressor inlet temperature is . 27
0
C Determine:
(a) The cycle thermal efficiency
(d) The cycle thermal efficiency without reheat
4.28 A two stage air compressor operates at steady state, compressing
min kg 10 of air from kPa, 100 , K 300 to kPa. 1200 An intercooler
between the two stages cools the air to K 300 at a constant pressure of
kPa.. 350 The compression processes are isentropic. Calculate the power
required to run the compressor, and compare the result to the power
required for isentropic compression from the same inlet state to the
same final pressure.
4.29 Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at kPa, 100 K. 300 The
air is compressed in two stages to kPa, 900 with intercooling to K 300
33

between the stages at a pressure of kPa. 300 The turbine inlet
temperature is K 1480 and the expansion occurs in two stages, with
reheat to K 1420 between the stages at a pressure of kPa. 300 The
compressor and turbine stage efficiencies are 84 and 82%, respectively.
The net power developed is 1.8 MW. Determine:
(a) The air mass flow rate through the gas turbine cycle
(c) The back work ratio
4.30 A gas turbine has a two stage compressor, with each stage has an
isentropic efficiency of %. 95 The compressor inlet temperature is at
bar 1 and . 27
0
C The compressor outlet temperature is at bar. 10
Between the compressor stages, the air is cooled at bar 5 P to
C
0
100 and then enters the second compressor stage. The single stage
turbine has an efficiency of % 90 and an inlet temperature of K. 1100
(a) The thermal cycle efficiency
(b) The thermal cycle efficiency without intercooler
4.31 Consider a regenerative gas turbine power plant with two stages of
compression and two stages of expansion. The overall pressure ratio of
the cycle is 9. The air enters each stage of the compressor at K

300 and
each stage of the turbine at K. 1200 determine the mass flow rate of air
needed to develop a net power output of MW. 110
4.32 A gas turbine has a two stage compressor with intercooler, and
each stage has an isentropic efficiency of 95 percent. The turbine is
two stage type with reheat, and each stage has an efficiency of 90
percent. Reheat and intercooling occur at bar, 5 and the cycle operates
between bar 1 and bar. 10 The turbine inlet temperature is K, 1250 and
34

the compressor inlet temperature is . 27
0
C Reheating brings the second
stage inlet temperature to C
0
100
(a) The thermal cycle efficiency
(b) The thermal cycle efficiency without any modifications
4.33 Consider an ideal gas turbine cycle with two stages of
compression and two stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across
each stage of the compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage
of the compressor at K 300 and each stage of the turbine at K. 1200
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
assuming:
(a) No regenerator is used
(b) A regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is used
(c) A regenerator with 100 percent effectiveness is used
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