Design of Welded Connections - Lincoln Electric

DETAILS OF WELDED
CONNECTIONS

Details of Joints
Butt
Corner

Corner
Edge
Tee T
L Lap
AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

butt joint. A joint between two members aligned j j g
approximately in the same plane.

corner joint. A joint between two members located j j
approximately at right angles to each other in the
form of an L.
L
Butt Jointsame width same thickness Butt Joint same width, same thickness

Butt Jointdifferent widths Butt Joint different widths

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.3 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.3
Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment
Butt Jointdifferent widths

2.5
1.0 22
o
2.5 : 1 Taper
Radius>24(600mm)
For steel with F
y
>80 ksi [620 MPa], D14.4 requires a
radius.
F
y
>80 ksi [620 MPa], D14.4
Butt Jointdifferent thicknesses

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.1 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.1

2 5

2.5
1.0

Slope plate
Slope weld Slope weld
Slope both

Slope plate
Slope weld Slope weld
Slope both

Secondary Stresses
No Secondary Stresses
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2

2 5
2.5
1.0

Required when the offset is greater than the
thickness of the thinner part.
Butt Joints:
different thickness and width

Butt Joints:
different thickness and width

$$$$
Corner Joint
Equipment?
Personnel?
Confined Space?
CORNER JOINTS
CORNER JOINTS
Lamellar Tearingg
CORNER JOINTS
Reduce shrinkage Reduce shrinkage

stresses by using PJP
groove weld if design
permits permits.
CORNER JOINTS

Apply the bevel to the Apply the bevel to the
member where lamellar
tearing is suspected.

TEE JOINT?
T
Resists tearing better
since straining is not since straining is not
concentrated on the
edge.
TEE JOINT?
T
Resists tearing better
since straining is not since straining is not
concentrated on the
edge.
Lap Joints

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

5.5 Lap Joints
5.5.1 The minimum overlap of parts in stress-
carrying lap joints shall be five times the thickness of
the thinner part. Unless lateral deflection of the parts
is prevented, they shall be connected by at least two
transverse lines of fillets, plug or slot welds or by two
or more longitudinal fillet or slot welds.
5.5.1 5

Lap Joints
t
5 t min 5 t min.
not < 1 (25mm)
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
5.5 Lap Joints
5.5.1 The minimum overlap of parts in stress-

carrying lap joints shall be five times the thickness of
the thinner part. Unless lateral deflection of the parts
is prevented, they shall be connected by at least two
transverse lines of fillets, plug or slot welds or by two
or more longitudinal fillet or slot welds.
5.5.1 5
Acceptable
Plug or slot weld
Acceptable
Plug or slot weld
Acceptable Acceptable
M h i l S t Mechanical Support
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005


5.5 Lap Joints
5.5.2 If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in lap
joints of end connections the length of each fillet joints of end connections, the length of each fillet
weld shall be no less than the perpendicular distance
between them The transverse spacing of the welds between them. The transverse spacing of the welds
shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the
connected thinner part, unless. connected thinner part, unless.
5.5.2

16
Lap Joints Lap Joints
L L > > D D

LL
D
Details of CJP Groove Welds

Groove Weld Types
Square Edge
q g
Groove Weld Types

Single Bevel
Groove Weld Types

Single Vee
g
V
Groove Weld Types
Single U
g
U
Groove Weld Types
Single J
g
J
Single Vee versus Single U g g
Vvs. U
Single Vee versus Single U g g
Vvs U
Groove Weld Types: Single vs. Double
Single Vee V
vs
g
Double Vee V
Groove Weld Types: Single vs. Double
Single VeeV
vs
g
Double Bevel K
Single-sided Double-sided
Requires access to only one

Less angular distortion
side
Less joint preparation cost
Typically less weld

volume
Less handling
In-position welding
Double Vee Groove
Same depth
V
Unequal depth
Groove Weld Type and yp
Joint Type Joint Type

Single Vee in Butt Joint
V V
Single Vee in Corner Joint
V
!!
Single Vee in Tee Joint
TV TV
Single Bevel in Tee Joint
T
Single Sided Groove Welds
Open Root
p
With Backing
Backing
Butt Butt
Tee
Corner
T
Weld Backing Types:
Steel
Copper
Ceramic
Steel Backing: Steel Backing:
Permanent
Permanent
P t f W ld t Part of Weldment
Notch Effects
Steel Weld Backing Steel Weld Backing
Backing removed,
root backgouged
Fill cavity, apply

contouring fillet contouring fillet
Copper Backing: Copper Backing:

Removable
Removable
El t i ll C d ti Electrically Conductive
Metallurgical Effects
Copper Backing (non fusible) Copper Backing (non-fusible)
Ceramic Backing: Ceramic Backing:

Removable
Removable
El t i ll N d ti Electrically Non-conductive
Ceramic Backing (non fusible) Ceramic Backing (non-fusible)
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code Steel Steel
2010 2010 2010 2010
CJP Groove Weld Types:
Prequalified versus Qualified by Test
VS.
AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joints AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joints
One sided, with steel backing
St l Steel
AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint
Two sided, with backgouging
Air-Arc Gouging
AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint
Two sided, with backgouging
AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test
One sided, open root

Proper root conditions (root Proper root conditions (root
opening, included angle opening, included angle
(

Excessive root Excessive root
opening leads to melt opening leads to melt-- p g p g
through through

Tight root opening leads to Tight root opening leads to
incomplete fusion incomplete fusion

Two sided, without backgouging






Details of PJP Groove Welds
PJP Groove Weld: unfused root
Unacceptable: straining about root p g
Acceptable: no straining about root p g
Acceptable: no straining about root p g
PJP Groove Welds PJP Groove Welds

Th t < l t thi k
Throat < plate thickness

<
Must determine throat

PJP Groove Weld Terminology
Throat Throat
PJP Groove Welds

<
Must determine throat Must determine throat
E vs. S dimension
E S Evs. S
PJP Groove Weld: E vs. S
S
S = depth
E vs.S
of bevel
S= S=
= included angle
=
S
S = depth
E
E vs.S
of bevel
S= S=
E = effective
= included angle
E = effective
throat
=
E=
S
S = depth
E
E vs.S
of bevel
S= S
E = effective
With fusion to the
root S=E
E = effective
throat
root, S=E
E=
S=E
S
S = depth

E vs.S
of bevel
S= S
= included angle
=
S
S = depth
E
E vs.S
of bevel
S= S
= included angle
=
S
S = depth
E
E vs.S
of bevel
S= S
When fusion is When fusion is
not achieved to
root, S = E
SE
Figure 3 3 Figure 3 3
Figure 3.3 Figure 3.3

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
D14 4 clause 5 17 1 3 addresses
D14.4 clause 5.17.1.3 addresses

same topic.
D14.45.17.1.3
PJP Groove Welds
<
Must determine throat

E Sdi i E vs. S dimension
Evs. S
Engineer specify E Engineer specify E
E
Leave Sup to shop Leave S up to shop
S
Could use matching or undermatching

Minimum Sized PJP Groove
Welds Welds
Table 3.4 Minimum Prequalified PJP Weld Size (E) Table 3.4 Minimum Prequalified PJP Weld Size (E)
AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code AWS D1.1:2010 Structural Welding Code-- --Steel Steel
Table 3.4 Minimum Prequalified PJP Weld Size (E) Table 3.4 Minimum Prequalified PJP Weld Size (E)
B M t l Thi k (T)
a
Mi i W ld Si
b
Base Metal Thickness (T)

a
Minimum Weld Size
b
3mm to 5mm 2mm
Over 5mm to 6mm 3mm

Over 6mm to 12mm 5mm Over 6mm to 12mm 5mm
Over 12mm to 20mm 6mm
Over 20mm to 38mm 8mm Over 20mm to 38mm 8mm
Over 150mm 16mm
a
For non-low hydrogen processes.T equals
the thickness of the thicker part joined.For
low-hydrogen processesT equals the
thi k f th thi t thickness of the thinner part.
T
T
Flare V and Flare Bevel
PJP Groove Welds

Flare Bevel Groove
Throat (t ) Throat (t
Radius (R)
t =(5/16) R

t
= (5/16) R
(illustrative only)
Flare Bevel Groove
For cold formed

b di
thickness (t)
members, radius
(R) is
approximately 2t.

Radius (R)
2t.
Flare Bevel Groove
Radius (R) ( )
Flare Bevel Groove
Radius
(R)

(R)
Flare Bevel Groove
t
t
Flare Bevel Groove
underfill underfill

t
Reduced
distortion

Reduced
cost

T bl 2 1 T bl 2 1 T bl 2 1 T bl 2 1
Table 2.1 Table 2.1

Effective Size of Flare Effective Size of Flare--Groove Welds Filled Flush Groove Welds Filled Flush
Table 2.1 Table 2.1
Effective Size of Flare Effective Size of Flare--Groove Welds Filled Flush Groove Welds Filled Flush
2 1
W ldi P
Flare-
Fl V
2.1
Welding Process
Flare
Bevel
Flare-Vee

SMAW FCAW-S 5/16 R 5/8 R

GMAW FCAW-G 5/8 R 3/4 R
SAW 5/16 R 1/2 R
Since R = 2 x thickness, then the throat is as Since R 2 x thickness, then the throat is as
follows for flare-groove welds filled flush
R
W ldi P
Flare- Flare-
R
Welding Process
Flare
Bevel
Flare
Vee

SMAW FCAW-S 5/8 t 5/4 t

GMAW FCAW-G 5/4 t 3/2 t
SAW 5/8 t 1/1 t
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
5.17.1.4 The effective weld size for
flare groove welds, when filled flush to

the surface of a bar, or 90
o
bend in a ,
formed section, or a rectangular tube,
shall be as shown in Table 7.
5.17.1.4 90
7 7.
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
1R=
213GMAW0.375R
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
5.19 Partial Joint Penetration Groove
5.19 Partial Joint Penetration Groove

Weld Restrictions.
5.19
Partial joint penetration groove welds subject
to tension normal to their longitudinal axis

g
shall not be used where design criteria
indicates cyclic loading could produce fatigue indicates cyclic loading could produce fatigue
failure (See Table 3).
PJ P PJ P
Details of Fillet Details of Fillet

Welds

t

Fusion-to-the-root-
only fillet weld
Penetration-type
fill t ld only fillet weld fillet weld
AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005 AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005

Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction and Agricultural Equipment Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction and Agricultural Equipment
4.3 Fillet Welds
The effective throat for a fillet is defined as the

minimum distance minus any convexity y y
between the weld root and the face of the fillet
weld weld.
4.3
AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005 AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005

Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction and Agricultural Equipment Specification for Welding Earthmoving, Construction and Agricultural Equipment
4.3 Fillet Welds (contd)

D i l b d j i t t ti ff ti
Design values based on joint penetration or effective

throat, or both, which are beyond the root of the joint
shall only be used when the values have been shall only be used when the values have been
determine from a significant number of cross-sectioned
samples which reflect the range of materials material samples which reflect the range of materials, material
thicknesses, and welding conditions.
4.3
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

5.21 Details of Fillet Welds

5 21 1 1 Th i i fill t ld i t f
5.21.1.1 The minimum fillet weld size, except for

fillet welds used to reinforce groove welds, shall be
as shown in Table 8. In both cases, the minimum
size applies if it is sufficient to satisfy design
requirements.
5.21
5.21.1.1 8
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 Table 8 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 Table 8

Base-Metal Thickness
(T)
a
Minimum Size of Fillet
Weld
b
(T)
a
Weld
b
T <6mm 3mm
T <6mm 3mm
6mm<T <13mm 5mm 6mm < T <13mm 5mm
13mm<T <20mm 6mm 13mm T 20mm 6mm
20mm < T 8mm
MINIMUM FILLET WELD SIZES
Has nothing to do with design

Concern is for practicality and welding
heat input/cracking resistance heat input/cracking resistance
/
Is often the controlling factor for welds
subject to shear

S Maximum Fillet Weld Size
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

5.21.1.3 The maximum fillet weld size

detailed along edges of material
g g
shall be the following:
(1) Th thi k f th b t l f (1) The thickness of the base metal, for
metal less than 1/4 in. [6 mm] thick
d t il d i Fi 11A as detailed in Figure 11A; or
5.21.1.3
11/46
11A
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

(2) 1/16 [2 mm] less than the thickness of base
metal for metal in [6 mm] or more in thickness metal, for metal in. [6 mm] or more in thickness,
as detailed in Figure 11B, unless the weld is
designated on the drawing to be built out to
bt i f ll th t thi k I th ld d obtain full throat thickness. In the as-welded
condition, the distance between the edge of the
base metal and the toe of the weld may be less y
than 1/16 in [2 mm] , providing the weld size is
clearly verifiable.
2 2 22
611B
2 2
Maximum Fillet Weld Size Maximum Fillet Weld Size
t
The maximum size of a fillet weld of connected parts shall be:
(a) Along edges of material less than in. [6 mm] thick, not
greater than the thickness of the material.
a) 6
t
(a) Along edges of material less than in. [6 mm] thick, not
greater than the thickness of the material.
)
For t < 1/4 [6 mm]6mm
a) 6
1/16 in [2 mm]

t
(b) Along edges of materials in. [6 mm] or more in thickness, not greater than the
thickness of the material minus 1/16 in [2 mm], unless the weld is especially
designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full throat thickness designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full-throat thickness.
(b) 62
For t > 1/4 [6 mm]6mm
tt
1/16 in [2 mm]
t
1/16 in [2 mm]
1/16 in
[2 mm]
t
M i Fill t W ld
t
Maximum Fillet Weld
Size Does Not Apply
If t
= t,
th 1 4t
ppy
then = 1.4t
and > t-1/16
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code-- --Steel Steel
2.3.2.3 Minimum Length
The minimum length of a fillet weld shall

be at least four times the nominal size or be at least four times the nominal size, or
the effective size of the weld shall be
considered not to exceed 25% of its
effective length. effective length.
2.3.2.3

25%
If (6 ) If = (6 mm),
then L
min
= 1 (24 mm)
Length (L) Length (L)
Leg Size ()
ORif = 1/2 (12 mm)

and L= 1.5 (40 mm),
then
min
= 3/8 (10 mm)
Length (L)
eff
Leg Size ()
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

5.21.1.6 The minimum length of an
intermittent fillet weld shall be 1 in.
[40 mm], and spacing shall not
exceed 12 times the thickness of
thinner part, but not more than 6 in.
[150 mm]. [ ]
5.21
5 21 1 6 40 5.21.1.6 40
12150
L
min
= 1.5 [38 mm] and L
min
= 4
Leg Size ()
Length (L)
Fillet Welds in Skewed T-Joints Fillet Welds in Skewed T-Joints
T
< 90
o
> 90
o

Greater angle
Greater
thickness

thickness

2.3.4 Weld Size and Length.
2 3 4 2.3.4
For fillet welds and skewed T-joints, the following shall be
provided on the contract documents.
(1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an
angle between 80and 100, contract documents shall
specify the fillet weld leg size specify the fillet weld leg size.
(2) For welds between parts with the surfaces meeting at an
angle less than 80or greater than 100, the contract
documents shall specify the effective throat.
T
180100 180 100
280100
S if fill t ld l i ( )
Specify fillet weld leg size ()

within these limits:
80
o
< <100
o
80
o
< <100
o
> 80
o
< 100
o
> 80
o
< 100
o
80

80

2.3.4 Weld Size and Length.

F fill t ld d k dT j i t th f ll i h ll b For fillet welds and skewed T-joints, the following shall be
provided on the contract documents.
(1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an ( ) p g
angle between 80and 100, contract documents shall
specify the fillet weld leg size.
(2) For welds between parts with the surfaces meeting at an
angle less than 80or greater than 100, the contract
documents shall specify the effective throat. documents shall specify the effective throat.
T
180100 180 100
280100
S if ff ti th t (t )
Specify effective throat (t

-eff
)
within these limits:
for >100
o
and < 80
o
80
o
>100
o
80
>100
o
< 80
o
< 80
o
t
-eff
t
-eff
t
-eff
t
-eff
2.3.5.2 Fillet Welds and Welds in Skewed T-Joints.

The following shall be provided on the shop drawings:
(1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an (1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an
angle between 80and 100, shop drawings shall show the
fillet weld leg size,
(2) For welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an angle
less than 80or greater than 100, the shop drawings shall
h th d t il d t f ld d i d l i show the detailed arrangement of welds and required leg size
to account for effects of joint geometry and, where appropriate,
the Z-loss reduction for the process to be used and the angle, p g
2.3.5.2 T
180100
280100 280 100
Z
2.3.5.2 Fillet Welds and Welds in Skewed T-Joints.

The following shall be provided on the shop drawings:
(1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an (1) For fillet welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an
angle between 80and 100, shop drawings shall show the
fillet weld leg size,
(2) For welds between parts with surfaces meeting at an angle
less than 80or greater than 100, the shop drawings shall
showthe detailed arrangement of welds and required leg size show the detailed arrangement of welds and required leg size
to account for effects of joint geometry and, where appropriate,
the Z-loss reduction for the process to be used and the angle,
2.3.5.2 T
180100
280100 280 100
Z
2.4.3.2 Welds in Acute Angles Between 80and 60and

in Obtuse Angles Greater than 100.
When welds are deposited in angles between 80and 60or
in angles greater than 100the contract documents shall
specify the required effective throat. The shop drawings shall
clearly show the placement of welds and the required leg
di i t ti f th i d ff ti th t ( A dimensions to satisfy the required effective throat (see Annex
B).
2 4 3 2 8060 100 2.4.3.2 8060100
8060100
B
80
o
- 100
o
Multiplier
60
o
0.71
6 0 6
Multiplier
95
o
1.03
100
o
1 08
65
o
0.76
70
o
0.81
100
o
1.08
105
o
1.12
110
o
1 16
75
o
0.86
80
o
0.91
110
o
1.16
115
o
1.19
120
o
1 23
85
o
0.96
90
o
1.0
120
o
1.23
125
o
1.25
130
o
1 28 130
o
1.28
135
o
1.31
Adapted from Annex B Table B.1 Adapted from Annex B Table B.1
2.4.3.3 Welds in Angles Between 60and 30.

When welding is required in an acute angle that is less than
60b t l t t th 30[Fi 3 11(D)] th 60but equal to or greater than 30[Figure 3.11(D)], the
effective throat shall be increased by the Z-loss allowance
(Table 2.2). The contract documents shall specify the required ( ) p y q
effective throat. The shop drawings shall show the required leg
dimensions to satisfy the required effective throat, increased by
th Z l ll (T bl 2 2) ( A B f l l ti f the Z-loss allowance (Table 2.2) (see Annex B for calculation of
effective throat).
2 4 3 3 6030 2.4.3.3 60 30
6030[3.11(D)]
Z2.2
Z
B
Z-loss
Z

Fillet Weld Terminations
AISC J 2 2b
AISC J 2.2b
AWS D1.1:2010, clause 2.9.3
2 9 3 Fillet Weld Terminations 2.9.3 Fillet Weld Terminations

2.9.3.1 General.
2.9.3
2.9.3.1 General.
Fillet weld terminations may extend to the ends or Fillet weld terminations may extend to the ends or
sides of parts or may be stopped short or may have
end returns except as limited by the following cases: p y g

Extending to the end Extending to the end
Stopped short Stopped short
End returns End returns
2 9 3 Fillet Weld Terminations 2.9.3 Fillet Weld Terminations

2.9.3.1 General.
2.9.3
2.9.3.1 General.
Fillet weld terminations may extend to the ends or Fillet weld terminations may extend to the ends or
sides of parts or may be stopped short or may have
end returns except as limited by the following cases: p y g

2 9 3 2 Lap Joints Subject to Tension 2.9.3.2 Lap Joints Subject to Tension.

In lap joints in which one part extends beyond the
2.9.3.2
In lap joints in which one part extends beyond the
edge or side of a part subject to calculated tensile
stress, fillet welds shall terminate not less than the stress, fillet welds shall terminate not less than the
size of the weld from the start of the extension (see
Figure 2.6). g )

2.6
Holdback
Holdback
Holdback
2.9.3.3 Maximum End Return Length.

Welded joints shall be arranged to allow the flexibility
d i th ti d i If th t t di
2.9.3.3
assumed in the connection design. If the outstanding
legs of connection base metal are attached with end
returned welds the length of the end return shall not returned welds, the length of the end return shall not
exceed four times the nominal size of the weld (see
Figure 2 7 for examples of flexible connections) Figure 2.7 for examples of flexible connections).

42.7
2.9.3.4 Transverse Stiffener Welds.

Except where the ends of stiffeners are welded to the
flange, fillet welds joining transverse stiffeners to girder
webs shall start or terminate not less than four times
nor more than six times the thickness of the web from
the web toe of the web-to-flange welds.
46
AISC makes this applicable when t

w
< (18 mmm).
Exception to general practice
t
w
4t
w
< d < 6t
w w w
Cracking can occur in shipping

Does not apply when stiffeners are welded to flanges

2 9 3 5 Opposite Sides of a Common Plane 2.9.3.5 Opposite Sides of a Common Plane.

Fillet welds on the opposite sides of a common
2.9.3.5
Fillet welds on the opposite sides of a common
plane shall be interrupted at the corner common to
both welds (see Figure 2.8). both welds (see Figure 2.8).
2 8 2.8
2 3 4 Weld Size and Length Contract design 2.3.4 Weld Size and Length. Contract design
drawings shall specify the effective weld length.
2.3.4
End returns and hold-backs for fillet welds, if
required by design, shall be indicated on the contract required by design, shall be indicated on the contract
documents.
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005


5.10 Fillet Weld Details 5.10 Fillet Weld Details
5.10.1 Fillet welds which support a tensile force that is
not parallel to the axis of the weld shall not terminate at not parallel to the axis of the weld shall not terminate at
corners of parts or members, but shall be returned
continuously, full size, around the corner for a length
l t t i th ld i h h t b equal to twice the weld size where such return can be
made in the same plane. Boxing shall be indicated on
design and detail drawings. g g
5.10.1
End returns (Boxing) End returns (Boxing)
2
Fillet versus PJP Groove Fillet versus PJP Groove
Welds
vs.
Fillet vs. PJP Groove Weld

vs.
Both used in corner, tee joints
PJ P ffi i ti f PJ Ps more efficient in use of
weld metal
T
PJ P
Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds
Same
vs.
Same
volume

40% stronger 40% stronger
40% 40%
Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds
vs.
Same throat

50% less metal 50% less metal
50% 50%
vs.
Cost to bevel

Fillet vs. PJP Groove Weld
vs.
Both used in corner, tee joints
PJ P ffi i ti f PJ Ps more efficient in use of
weld metal
Fillets dont require joint prep.
T
PJ P
Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds Fillet versus PJP Groove Welds
Rule of Thumb:
vs.
Rule of Thumb:
If t < 3/4 (20 mm)
If t
< 3/4 (20 mm),

use fillets
t
w
<20
vs.
Rule of Thumb:
If t
> 3/4 (20mm),

use PJPs use PJPs
t
w
>20PJ P
Details of Tack Welds Details of Tack Welds
AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions

tack weld. A weld made to hold parts
of a weldment in proper alignment until of a weldment in proper alignment until
the final welds are made.
Tack welds attaching backing Tack welds attaching backing

change stress distribution.
Tack welding in the joint Tack welding in the joint
T k ld ff f i Tack welds can affect fatigue

performance p
If cyclically loaded, tack welds to

backing are Category E backing are Category E.
E
If cyclically loaded, continuous
welds are Category B welds are Category B.
B
5.18 Tack Welds and Construction Aid Welds

5.18.1 General Requirements
(1) Tack welds and construction aid welds shall be
made with a qualified or prequalified WPS and by qualified
l personnel.
(2) Tack welds that are not incorporated in final
welds, and construction aid welds that are not removed, shall , ,
meet visual inspection requirements before a member is
accepted.
5.18
5.18.1
(1) WPS
(2)
5.18.2 Exclusions. Tack welds and construction aid

welds are permitted except that: p p
(1) In tension zones of cyclically loaded structures,
there shall be no tack welds not incorporated into the
final weld except as permitted by 2.16.2, nor
construction aid welds. Locations more than 1/6 of
the depth of the web from tension flanges of beams
or girders are considered outside the tension zone.
5.18.2
(1) 2.16.2
1/6
(2) On members made of quenched and tempered (2) On members made of quenched and tempered
steel with specified yield strength greater than 70 ksi
[485 MPa] tack welds outside the final weld and [485 MPa], tack welds outside the final weld and
construction aid welds shall require the approval of
the Engineer. the Engineer.
(2) 485MPa

5 18 3 Removal At locations other than 5 18 2 tack 5.18.3 Removal. At locations other than 5.18.2, tack
welds and construction aid welds, not incorporated
into final welds shall be removed when required by into final welds, shall be removed when required by
the Engineer.
5 18 3 5 18 2 5.18.3 5.18.2
Weld Metal Strength
Matching
Undermatching
Overmatching g
MATCHING STRENGTH MATCHING STRENGTH
Only require for CJ P in tension

OK for all welds
Usually used for groove welds
Compares minimum specified values
F /F ti diff t Fy/Fu ratios = different
Fy/Fu
UNDERMATCHING STRENGTH
Typical application is fillets,

PJ Ps on higher strength steel
PJ Ps on higher strength steel

More crack resistant
PJ P
Matching Matching
Strength
Undermatching Undermatching
Strength
OVERMATCHING STRENGTH OVERMATCHING STRENGTH
Never required in D14.4, AISC

D14 4
If deliberately considered in
D14.4
If deliberately considered in
design, may be non-conservative
0.4 F
y
t
>0.3 EXX t
If F / F 0 If F
y
/ F
u
= 0.75,
then
F EXX F
u
>EXX
e.g., Dont Overmatch
0.3 EXX t
0.4 F
y
t
AWS D14.4
Table 2
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
CJP Groove Welds
CJP Groove Weld in Tension
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

CJP Groove Welds
CJP Groove Weld in

Compression

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005


CJP Groove Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

PJP Groove Welds

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005
Fillet Welds
AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

Plug and Slot Welds
Matching Required: Matching Required:

CJPs in tension
CPJ
Undermatching Undermatching
Permitted:
Everything but
CJPs in tension
(note: only 10 ksi [70 MPa]
undermatch for CJ Ps in
compression)
70MPa
CJP CJP
DETAILS OF WELDED DETAILS OF WELDED
CONNECTIONS

Design of Welded Connections - Lincoln Electric

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DETAILS OF WELDED

Butt Jointdifferent thicknesses

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 5.15.2

Reduce shrinkage Reduce shrinkage

5.5 Lap Joints

5.5.1 The minimum overlap of parts in stress-

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005 AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

Groove Weld Types

Groove Weld Types

Requires access to only one

Less joint preparation cost

Typically less weld

Weld Backing Types:

Steel Weld Backing Steel Weld Backing

Steel Weld Backing Steel Weld Backing

Steel Weld Backing Steel Weld Backing

Fill cavity, apply

Steel Weld Backing Steel Weld Backing

Copper Backing: Copper Backing:

Copper Backing (non fusible) Copper Backing (non-fusible)

Copper Backing (non fusible) Copper Backing (non-fusible)

Ceramic Backing: Ceramic Backing:

Ceramic Backing (non fusible) Ceramic Backing (non-fusible)

Ceramic Backing (non fusible) Ceramic Backing (non-fusible)

Prequalified versus Qualified by Test

One sided, with steel backing

AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint AWS D1.1 Prequalified Joint

Two sided, with backgouging

AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test

One sided, open root

AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test

One sided, open root

One sided, open root

AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test

One sided, open root

AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test AWS D1.1 Qualified by Test

Two sided, without backgouging

PJP Groove Weld: unfused root

Unacceptable: straining about root p g

Acceptable: no straining about root p g

Acceptable: no straining about root p g

PJP Groove Welds PJP Groove Welds

Throat < plate thickness

Throat < plate thickness

Figure 3.3 Figure 3.3

D14 4 clause 5 17 1 3 addresses

D14.4 clause 5.17.1.3 addresses

Must determine throat

Base Metal Thickness (T)

Over 5mm to 6mm 3mm

Flare Bevel Groove

For cold formed

Flare Bevel Groove

Flare Bevel Groove

Table 2.1 Table 2.1

5.17.1.4 The effective weld size for

flare groove welds, when filled flush to

5.19 Partial Joint Penetration Groove

5.19 Partial Joint Penetration Groove

Details of Fillet Details of Fillet

AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005 AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005

4.3 Fillet Welds

The effective throat for a fillet is defined as the

AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005 AWS D14.3/14.3M:2005