06 Pressure Losses

2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved
PRESSURE LOSSES
The pressure losses within a well
are reflected in the standpipe
pressure
2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved 2
Pressure Losses
Pressure losses
are the sum of all
pressure losses in
the system
dca dpa bit dc dp surf s
P P P P P P P + + + + + =
Pressure Losses
The majority of the pressure
losses in the circulating system
are in turbulent flow
Surface connections, drill pipe,
drill collars and bit
Pressure Losses
The velocity
vectors are not
ordered and the
velocity profile is
very flat with the
average velocity
approximately
equal to the
maximum velocity
Pressure Losses
This is the classic
Fanning Friction
Factor Diagram
The friction factor
is a function of the
roughness of the
pipe and the
Reynolds number
Pressure Losses
The Reynolds number can be
determined from the following
equation

In turbulent flow the viscosity is
m
e
v D
R 47 . 15 =
2 . 3
PV
=
Pressure Losses
e/D comes from the
Moody Diagram
1. Cast Iron
2. Galvanized Iron
3. Asphalted Cast
Iron
4. Commercial
Steel or Wrought Iron
5. Drawn Tubing
0.000010
0.000100
0.001000
0.010000
0.100000
1 10 100
Pipe diameter, inches
e
/
D
Riveted Steel
Concrete
e=0.03
e=0.01
e=0.003
e=0.001
e=0.00085
e=0.0005
e=0.0004
e=0.00015
e=0.000005
1
2
3
4
5
Pressure Losses
The frictional pressure loss is
related to the friction factor by
the following equation

e/D is 0.0006 if you assume 4 ID
steel and the friction factor
would be
D
lf v
P
m
) 10 ( 298 . 9
4
2
=
Pressure Losses

By substituting into the equation
for pressure losses, one can
determine the pressure losses
inside pipe for turbulent flow
19 . 0
0458 . 0
e
R
f =
Pressure Losses
In this class we will use Equation
6-6 for turbulent flow in pipe

It includes pressure losses in the
surface connections, drill pipe
and drill collars
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1
81 . 0
5
) 10 ( 68 . 7
D
l PV Q
P
m
=
Pressure Losses
Classes of surface equipment
COMPONENTS - LENGTH AND ID
CLASS # STANDPIPE HOSE SWIVEL KELLY
1 40' - 3" 45' - 2" 20' - 2" 40' - 2 1/4"
2 40' - 3 1/2" 55' - 2 1/2" 25' - 2 1/2" 40' - 3 1/4"
3 45' - 4" 55' - 3" 25' - 2 1/4" 40' - 3 1/4"
4 45' - 4" 55' - 3" 30' - 3" 40' - 4"
Pressure Losses
Example 6-1
Total Depth 17,193 feet (5240m)
Hole Size 6 1/2 inches (165mm)
Rheology in Figure 4-16 and Table 4-5 of the
Drilling Fluids Chapter
BHA 818 ft (249m). 4.8" OD (122mm) by 1 1/2" ID
(38mm) DCs
Drill pipe 3 1/2" 15.5 #/ft, ID = 2.602 (89 by
66mm)
Drill pipe length is 16, 375 feet (4991m)
Surface Equipment is Class 2
Nozzles 2-11 and 1-12 (2-8.7mm and 1-9.5mm)
Drilling with 147 gpm at 3100 psi (0.556m
3
at
21,370 kPa)
Pressure Losses
Calculate pressure losses in the
surface connections using
Equation 6-6
Standpipe

Hose
psi 1
) 5 . 3 (
) 40 ( ) 29 ( ) 147 ( ) 15 )( 10 ( 68 . 7
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
= =

P
psi 7
) 5 . 2 (
) 55 ( ) 29 ( ) 147 ( ) 15 )( 10 ( 68 . 7
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
= =

P
(7 kPa)
(48 kPa)
Pressure Losses
Swivel

Kelly

Total
psi 3
) 5 . 2 (
) 25 ( ) 29 ( ) 147 ( ) 15 )( 10 ( 68 . 7
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
= =

P
psi 1
) 25 . 3 (
) 40 ( ) 29 ( ) 147 ( ) 15 )( 10 ( 68 . 7
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
= =

P
psi 12 1 3 7 1 = + + + =
surf
P
(21 kPa)
(7 kPa)
(83 kPa)
Pressure Losses
Pressure losses in surface
connections are small and not
worth calculating unless done on
a computer
Pressure Losses
Calculate the pressure losses in
the drill pipe using Equation 6-6
psi 1766
) 602 . 2 (
) 16375 ( ) 29 ( ) 147 ( ) 15 )( 10 ( 68 . 7
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
= =

dp
P
(12,180 kPa)
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
) 10 ( 68 . 7
D
l PV Q
P
m
=
Pressure Losses
Calculate pressure losses in the
drill collars using Equation 6-6
P
dc
= =
7 68 10 15 147 29 818
1 5
1262
5 0 81 181 019
4 83
. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( . )
. . .
.
psi
(8700 kPa)
83 . 4
19 . 0 81 . 1 81 . 0 5
) 10 ( 68 . 7
D
l PV Q
P
m
=
Pressure Losses
In this class, we will assume that
pressure losses in the drill string
are always turbulent which they
will be under almost any
circumstance
Pressure Losses
Equation 6-11 is for pressure
losses through the jet nozzles

The pressure loss is based on
the change in kinetic energy
2
2 5
) 10 ( 14 . 9
n
m
bit
A
Q
P

=
Pressure Losses
Example 6-2 calculate the
pressure loss through the jet
nozzles for the given well
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
4 / S S S A
n
+ + = t
2
2 2 2
in 2961 . 0
32
12
32
11
32
11
4 / =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
= t
n
A
(7.52 mm
2
)
Pressure Losses

psi 338
) 2961 . 0 (
) 147 )( 15 )( 10 ( 14 . 9
2
2 5
= =

bit
P
(2330 kPa)
2
2 5
) 10 ( 14 . 9
n
m
bit
A
Q
P

=
Pressure Losses
Laminar flow is a smooth
ordered flow
Distinguishing between turbulent
and laminar flow has always
been a problem
With classic fluids such as
water, turbulence occurs at a
Reynolds Number of 2000
Pressure Losses
With non-Newtonian fluids, the
transition can occur anywhere
between Reynolds Number of
2000 to 4000
Pressure Losses
Equation 6-14 is assumed to be
the break over between laminar
and turbulent flow at a Reynolds
Number of 2000
n
n
p h
n
m
n
n
D D
k
V

(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
=
2 2
1
4
2000
3
1 2 4 . 2 ) 10 ( 59 . 2

Pressure Losses
Example 6-3 Determine the
critical velocity in the drill pipe
annulus
fpm 212
) 43 . 0 )( 3 (
1 ) 43 . 0 )( 2 (
5 . 3 5 . 6
4 . 2
15
) 45 . 2 )( 10 ( 59 . 2
43 . 0 2
43 . 0
43 . 0 2
1
4
2000
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
| +
(
(
=

V
(64.6 m/min)
n
n
p h
n
m
n
n
D D
k
V

(
(
|
.
|
\
| +
(
(
=
2 2
1
4
2000
3
1 2 4 . 2 ) 10 ( 59 . 2

Pressure Losses
The annular velocity is
) (
5 . 24
2 2
p h
D D
Q
v
=
fpm 120
) 5 . 3 5 . 6 (
) 147 )( 5 . 24 (
2 2
=
= v
(36.6 m/min)
Pressure Losses
Can calculate
friction in both
laminar and
turbulent flow
Whichever is
greater is
correct
Pressure Losses
For this class, we will assume
that the flow in the annulus is
always laminar and we will use
the power-law model for
calculations
Pressure Losses
Equation 6-22 is used for power-
law and laminar flow in the
annulus
) ( 300 3
1 2 4 . 2
p h
n
p h
D D
kl
n
n
D D
v
P
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Pressure Losses
Example 6-4 calculate friction
losses in the annulus
Drill pipe
psi 371
) 5 . 3 5 . 6 ( 300
) 16375 )( 45 . 2 (
) 43 . 0 )( 3 (
1 ) 43 . 0 )( 2 (
5 . 3 5 . 6
) 120 )( 4 . 2 (
43 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
dpa
P
(2560 kPa)
) ( 300 3
1 2 4 . 2
p h
n
p h
D D
kl
n
n
D D
v
P
(
(
|
.
|
\
| +
=
Pressure Losses
Drill collars
psi 51
) 8 . 4 5 . 6 ( 300
) 818 )( 45 . 2 (
) 43 . 0 )( 3 (
1 ) 43 . 0 )( 2 (
8 . 4 5 . 6
) 187 )( 4 . 2 (
43 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
dca
P
(350 kPa)
) ( 300 3
1 2 4 . 2
p h
n
p h
D D
kl
n
n
D D
v
P
(
(
|
.
|
\
| +
=
Pressure Losses
All the friction losses are added
together to determine the
standpipe pressure
Pressure Losses
In Example 6-4, it is assumed
that the pipe is hydraulically
smooth and the standpipe
pressure is equal to
psi 3594 51 371 338 1157 1665 12 = + + + + + =
s
P
(24,780 kPa)
dca dpa bit dc dp surf s
P P P P P P P + + + + + =
Pressure Losses
The actual standpipe pressure
was 3100 psi
The calculated pressure does
not agree with the actual
pressure due to accuracy of the
equations, accuracy of the
standpipe gauge and estimated
pump efficiency
Pressure Losses
Usually assume 95% to 98%
volumetric efficiency for triplex
pumps and 85% to 90%
volumetric efficiency for duplex
pumps
Pressure Losses
If the difference between actual
and calculated standpipe
pressure is assumed to be pump
accuracy, the actual pump
efficiency can be determined
Friction losses in the system
should be a straight line on a
piece of log log graph paper
Pressure Losses
By plotting pressure losses
versus flow rate, the flow rate
can be determined from the
actual standpipe pressure
An arbitrary flow rate of 100 gpm
(0.379 m
3
/min) was chosen for
the second point on the graph
and the calculated standpipe
pressure was 1942 psi (13,390
kPa)
Pressure Losses
At a standpipe
pressure of
3100 psi
(21,370 kPa),
the calculated
flow rate
would be 134
gpm (0.507
m
3
/min) or a
pump
efficiency of
92%
3100
134
Pressure Losses
ECD Equivalent circulating
density
A way of expressing friction losses in
the annulus
Expressed in terms of additional mud
weight
Convert the friction losses to a mud
weight and add to the mud weight
Pressure Losses
Equation 6-25 is used to
calculate ECD

The ECD at any point can be
calculated based on the friction
losses downstream of that point
( )( ) TVD
P P
ECD
dca dpa
m
052 . 0
+
+ =
Pressure Losses
Example 6-5 calculates the ECD
for the well
( )( ) TVD
P P
ECD
dca dpa
m
052 . 0
+
+ =
( )( )
ppg 47 . 15
17193 052 . 0
51 371
15 =
+
+ = ECD (1856 kg/m
3
)
Pressure Losses
Class Problem
The casing seat in the example well
is at 15,500 feet (4724m)
Calculate the ECD at the casing seat
Pressure Losses
Answers
The friction loss in 16,375 feet
(4991m) of drill pipe annulus is 371
psi (2558 kPa)
Since friction losses are linear, the
friction loss per foot can be calculated
as follows:
371 psi / 16,375 feet = 0.0227 psi/ft
(0.5125 kPa/m)
Friction at 15,500 feet (4724m) is:
0.0227 x 15,500 = 351 psi (2421 kPa)
Pressure Losses
Calculate friction losses in the
annulus
Drill pipe
psi 351
) 5 . 3 5 . 6 ( 300
) 15500 )( 45 . 2 (
) 43 . 0 )( 3 (
1 ) 43 . 0 )( 2 (
5 . 3 5 . 6
) 120 )( 4 . 2 (
43 . 0
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
dpa
P
(2420 kPa)
Pressure Losses
The ECD can be calculated

( )( )
ppg 44 . 15
15500 052 . 0
351
15 = + = ECD (1853 kPa)

06 Pressure Losses

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06 Pressure Losses

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2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved

2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved 25

2005 PetroSkills LLC, All Rights Reserved 26

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