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D. Scott Stewart
Fall 2006
Lecture 19
5 Quasi-one dimensional ow
Many practical problems in the context of gasdynamic ow assume that the
ow is one-dimensional or nearly so. The basis for this approximation is that
the cross-section of ow ducts conne the ow to vary slowly across the cross-
section, and the ow is principally along the main ow axis. If one dened
a characteristic area of the cross-section A(x) > 0 then h(x) =
A(x) is a
representative measure of dimension and ow length. If R(x) is the radius
curvature of the mean-streamline in the duct then slow variation can be
expressed asymptotically as
h
R
<< 1 .
The duct can simply be a ow stream-tube (comprised of streamlines), in
which case one simply assumes that the ow is nearly one-dimensional. We
will consider A(x) to be specied and only a function of the stream direction
x.
In either case, for a ow in a real duct, or a portion of a nearly one-
dimensional ow, we can assume that the ow is approximated as uni-
directional with u = u(x, t)
t
+ (u)
dV = 0 .
which we write (using the divergence theorem) as
t
dV +
S
(u) ndS = 0 .
Consider the limit as x = x
2
x
1
0. We note that u n is zero on the
walls of the duct (streamtube). We approximate the integrals, both surface
and volume as x , V 0, where V = A( x)x, x
1
< x < x
2
, as
t
|
x
A( x)x + [(uA)|
x
2
(uA)|
x
1
] x +O(x
2
) = 0 .
If we divide the last result by x and take the limit at x 0 (with
A(x
1
) A(x
2
) A( x), then we obtain
A
t
+
uA
x
= 0 . (1)
One can make similar arguments for the moment equation to obtain
(uA)
t
+
u
2
A
x
+
p
x
= 0 , (2)
2
and the integral form of the energy equation to obtain
A(e + 1/2
2
)
t
+
x
[uA(e +pv + 1/2u
2
)] = Q
s
A, (3)
As an exercise show that (1) - (3) can be re-written as
t
+u
x
+
u
x
+u
1
A
dA
dx
= 0 , (4)
u
t
+u
u
x
+
p
x
= 0 , (5)
u
t
+u
u
x
c
2
u
t
+u
u
x
=
Q
s
e
,p
, (6)
Equations (4)-(6) form a basic model that can describe both steady and
unsteady 1-D ows, with area change eects and energy addition. Gener-
ally the solution to these equations admit smooth solutions but also admit
discontinuous jumps (shock and contact discontinuities). If we use the jump
notation |[]| =
+