TR 1

LA-UR- i 1- 0&.
2 &q
Approved for public release;
distribution is unlimited.
~ l a m o s
NATIONAL LABORATORY
- - - EST. 1943 ---
Title:
Author(s):
Intended for:
Merging the Mechanical Constitutive Model ViscoSCRAM
with the Henson-Smilowitz Thermal Ignition Model to Address
Weak-Shock Initiation
Brad Clements, Z# 104233, T-1
NCT Explosives Workshop
LANL
November 3, 2011
Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC
for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. By acceptance
of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the
published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests
that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos National
Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not
endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness.
Form 836 (7/06)
UNCLASSIFIED
Merging the Mechanical Constitutive Model ViscoSCRAM with the Henson-
Smilowitz Thermal Ignition Model to Address Weak-Shock Initiation
Brad Clements
Theoretical Division, LAN L
bclements@lanl.gov
ABSTRACT
An approach for addressing weak-shock and non-shock initiation is proposed.
The approach consists of merging the thermo-mechanical constitutive model
ViscoSCRAM and the Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition into a single algorithm.
Initial studies have been done that reveal both successes but also issues that
must be overcome before the approach can be deemed ready for practical
applications. When completed, this approach will offer the possibility of performing
simulations for many lab programs, including NCT. It will take strategic
commitment from LANL programs to get to that point.
LANL
November 3,2011
A
Los Alamos
NATI ONAL LABORATORY UNCLASSIFIED
____ EST. 1943
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief", Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011
_ .

UNCLASSIFIED
Merging the Mechanical Constitutive Model
ViscoSCRAM with the Henson-Smilowitz Thermal
Ignition Model to Address Weak-Shock Initiation.
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
Brad Clements
Theoretical Division, LANL
bclements@lanl.gov
LANL
November 3, 2011
UNCLASSIFIED
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for NNSA "NCT Explosives Workshop Brief', Brad Clements, Nov. 3,2011
IA .

UNCLASSIFIED
Outline
Technical Motivation for this work
ViscoSCRAM and the Henson-Smilowitz Model
Issues
Future Approaches
Acknowledgments
A
Los Alamos
____ ES T. 1943
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief', Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011

UNCLASSIFIED
Shock-to-detonation transition (SOT) has received the most attention and thus
our understanding has progressed far beyond other means (DDT, XOT) of
approaching detonation.
Reactive Burn Model: ASC PEM HE
Level 2 Review
Sept. 28, 2010
LANL
/
Brad Clements (project leader, T-1)
Now, Mark Short
WX-9
_ RalPh Menikoff and M. Sam Shaw (T-1)
Tariq Aslam, Charles Kiyanda, Mark Short (WX-9)
John Walter (XCP-4), Toru Aida (XCP-5)
} RFMG
ABSTRACT
A new advanced engineering hot-spot-based reactive flow model for IHE will be presented. Physics
incorporated yields enhanced predictive capabilities for initial temperature changes, porosity changes,
dead zone generation, etc. without experimental recalibration. Comparisons with existing reactive flow
models are done to demonstrate improvements. Experimental shock profile data on the IHE PBX 9502
are used to calibrate the model. The model is shown to the shock data with excellent agreement.

3
2. 5
2

"'" -;1.5
'u
0

0 .5
0
L..-.L
0
Velocity Gauge Data
shot 2 ... 0
"",
0.5
ri me (J.ts)
I
I
I
-

/1
II
1.5
O.OOmm
1.16mm
1.95m"1
2.74 mm
3.52 mm
4.31 lUlU
5.1 0 mm
5.88 mlU
6.67 nun
7.46mlll
SURF model with gauge data- Shock-to-detonation at 23 C
(Shot# 2s40 on PBX 9502, P s=13.5GPa)
This project was possible because of the close
collaboration of the LANL HE experimental programs
(Gustavsen, Hill, Dattelbaum, Jackson, Jensen,
Hooks, Sheffield, etc.) and PEM support of the
RFMG HE team.
NATIONAL LABORATORY UNCLASSIFIED
__ EST. 1943 ____________________________________________ _
IIA ,W

UNCLASSIFIED
Shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) has received the most but still important
questions remain Data
SOT phenomenon is rather well understood.

""
2.5
2
O.OOmm
1.16mm
1.95mm
2.74mm
3.52 mm
4.31 mm
5.I Omm
5.88 mm
6.67 111m
7.46 mm
It is known that ignition sites (hot spots) playa major role in
shock sensitivity, but a quantitative relation between
material properties like amount of inclusions,
'i-1.5
'g

r---- - 4' boo
I
damage etc .. , effects of binder concentrations, etc.
are still not well defined.
SDT is largely a prompt detonation phenomena
controlled by the physics of hot spots in
heterogeneous explosives
A
Los Alamos
0 .5 I
! j
o 0. 5 1 1.5
ri me (I-ls)
SURF model with gauge data- Shock-to-detonation at 23 C
(Shot# 2s40 on PBX 9502, P
s
=13.5GPa)
This is a continued strategic direction for
LANL through reactive flow modeling
and experiments.
A focus area is shock shear and blunt
rod impact experiments using the
James' Energy Criteria as a framework
to study the problem.
NAT I ONAL LABORATORY UNCLASSIFIED
____ EST. 1943

UNCLASSIFIED
HE mechanical properties playa role in the mechanisms of SOT, DDT and XDT, all
leading to a detonation. In DDT and XDT, mechanical properties and damage playa big role.
Mechanical properties can influence detonation (A), no reaction (8), and a range of intermediate
reactions (C) in between, and the time for "thermal run away" may be long!
v.
--::.-
-
Launcher
(8)
Liner ProptllantIHE I
C...
Clnnls!.r -- I
fr.g .... n! Sp.II
"l.. \ /
--- ..
-\
O.magtd I I
propel ntIHE
In-bor.
ignition
Penetration (explicit) H .. t tranl,.r1Combuldon Qmpllcit) OOT, XOT (explicit)
Computational Regimes
A Hostile Threat Example
Los Alamos
(C)
(A)
Developing a HE constitutive & thermal ignition
model is a necessity for us to address safety,
surety, and performance issues relevant to the
NNSA.
This is a complicated problem
requiring a strategic commitment
from LANL programs
____ E5T. 1943
11&

UNCLASSIFIED
A merging of two approaches has been envisioned that may produce a more
predictive reactive flow model
Requires 0
Development
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. ,943
A continued strategic direction for PEM
C2, NCT ... , through reactive flow
modeling and experiments ....
approached from the high pressure side
A high fidelity reactive flow model influenced
by material properties, such as porosity,
inclusions, damage, binder properties, etc .. ,
is well defined
Also a strategic direction for JMP, PEM
C2 and perhaps NCT, through linking
mechanical and thermal ignition
models .... approached from the low
pressure side
NOTE: Experiments will be required!
UNCLASSIFIED
" NCT Explosives Workshop Brief", Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
IIA . wr-llAl
1/1 V A . ~ l t j
UNCLASSIFIED
To be predictive for weak or non-shock ignition problems we
need to couple a mechanical constitutive model with a
thermal ianition model.
(1.) Impact event, modeled
with a HE thermo-mechanical model
Heat Sources:
volumetric compression (EOS)
shear viscoelasticity, shear crack growth,
frictional heating of closed shear cracks, etc.
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
r_ ......... It>t.sr><>,
J..18t,02
time (s)
20 40 60 80 100xI0'
- T P 600
- 'new
.------
Q 400

!
ill
A crucial point:
T is not the
hotspot temperature

t T
(2) Couple to a HE burn mode
2
Henson/Smilowitz
Thermal Initiation
Model
UNCLASSIFIED
11&

UNCLASSIFIED
As a first attempt, we are using the ViscoSCRAM model
20
18 f
16
.--...
~
p...
~
'--"
Vl
Vl
~
...
C.Il
Damage by micro- to
macro-crack growth
~ PBX 9501
Room Temperature
l r ~
________ 1.05-1
I ~ ~
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Strain
Macrocrack:
In situ observations in tension
Experimental stress-strain data
from D. Graff-Thompson, C. Cady, C.
Liu et al. (LANL)
Viscoelastic temperature and
rate rate dependence (derived
ViscoSCRAM is a macro-scale model that
captures the essence of the viscoelastcity
and the micro-scale crack growth through
continuum solid mechanics modeling
from polymer binder)
--QAlamos
__ EST. 1943 __________________________________ _
" NCT Explosives Workshop Brief" , Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011 /,-,J ;,.1,SJ:J..
35
30
25
'itj'
a..

20
I.Il
I.Il
IJ.J
15
a:
I-
I.Il
10
5 \

o IY
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
UNCLASSIFIED
ViscoSCRAM fits to PBX 9501
60
PBX9501
50
-10
0
e, 0.15'1
'itj'
40
a..

30
I.Il
I.Il
IJ.J
a:
I-
25 C, 0.15-1
I.Il 20
25 C, 0.01 5-
74C, 0.15-
1
1 10
I
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
0 0.05
PBX9501
-20005-
1
0.15
Data is from C. Liu, C. Cady, P. Rae,
D. Thompson, and R. Deluca
0.2
- 95 wt%> HMX, 2.5wt% Estane,
2.5 wt%) nitroplasticizers
-1.834 g/cm3, 1.4%) voids
- 6.9 vol% binder
STRAIN
0.1
STRAIN
50
I
40
& 30

I.Il
I.Il
li! 20
I-
I.Il
10
0
0.01
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
___ EST. 1943
50 C .. .... .. 20 C .. ..
74C .. ,.. -20
0
C-
0,02
STRAIN
0.03
and to PBX 9502
0.04
50r,
40
& 30
6
PBX 9502
-1400 S-l
Kel-F 800 Binder
TATB HE Grains
Inclusion of a Plastic
Flow Model
The stress plateau is
attributed to slip in the

0.00 om 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 TATS grains
STRAIN
UNCLASSIFIED
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief', Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011 - .

UNCLASSIFIED
Experiments are critical for obtaining the
mechanical properties of any explosive
PBXN-9 (L) and PBX 9501 (R)
Vel ocity determined f rom
Image analysis and rising
edge of lasers 2 & 3
Brazilian Disk
80" Barrel
Taylor Impact
Launch Tuberrransition Section
Hydraulic Clamp
Launch Tube
Los Alamos
Plate Impact Shock
NATIONAL LABORATORY
Tube
Pump TubelBreech
Hydraulic Clamp
UNCLASSIFIED
Breech
E
I
---"" 5
ER
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
Including shaped impactors to
simulate non-planar loading
(shock-shear) common to 1M
hazards
__ EST. 1943 ____________ ______________________________________ _
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief', Brad Clements, Nov. 3,2011
ItA .

UNCLASSIFIED
The Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition model is physically based and
parameterized to many experiments
p-HMX. b-HMX
kl
P-HMX + b-HMX. b-HMX
sublimation
k
b-HMX -HMX
vaporization
k
2b
4CH
2
0 + 4N
2
0
2N0
2
+ 4HCN + 2NO + 2H
2
0
k
2c

CH
2
0 + N0
2
HCO + HONO
HCO + N0
2
-C CO + HONO
H+C0
2
+NO
k4
A HCN-HNC
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ E5T. 1943
Process begins with the 1
sL
order phase
transition
Captures the chemistry of both "dark" and
"bright" zone burning of HMX
Ends in with a gas phase concentration [g]
= k
2
JC:](lOha +8hb )
P = [g]RT
aT a[f3]
Cave at = - (fill! Tt + fill
2b
k
2b
(P - [8])
+ fill3k3JN0zJ[CH20] + fill4k4JHCN])
UNCLASSIFIED
I . . Will!!'

UNCLASSIFIED
Translates into a set of coupled PDEs to solve
a[f3]
-=-k
l
, [f3]+k,J8]-(k -k .)[{3][8] , --k k -(k -k )
at if I, Ig{ Ig, "- -- - -.- Y I - III! Y
I
+ lllrY2 Igf Igr Y
I
Y
2
a[ 8] a[{3] _ k [ c:]
-=- -:'I 2a
at ot
.....
, , k
Y 2 = - Y 1- 2aY3 ,-
a[c:] = k [8]
at 2/}
.....
y'3 = k
2b
Y
2
,-
a[NO ]
a 2 = 2k2 (p - [8])
t a
.....
y'4 = 2k
2a
(p - Y
2
) - 2k
3a
y
4
y
s
- 2k
4a
Y
6
,-
- 2k
3
J N0
2
][CH
2
0] - 2k
4
JHCN]
a[CHzO] = 4k
2l
,(p - [8]) - k
3
J N0
2
][CH
z
O]
.....
y's = 4k
2b
(p - Y
2
) - k
3a
y
4
y
s
,-
a[HCN] = 4k, (p - [8]) - k4JHCN]
at .a
.....
y'6 = 4k
2a
(p - yJ - k
4a
Y
6
,-
= k
2a
[c:]( 1 0 +
P = [g]RT
.....
y'7 = ,-
aT a[f3]
Cave at = -(Mil Tt + Mi
2b
k
2b
(P - [8])
_ ________________ _ _on "_ _ Y'g = -(Mfly\+ Mi
2b
k
2b
(P- y)
+ Mi
3
k
3
JN0
2
] [CH
2
0] + Mf4k4JHCN])
A k
i
= Qie(Tt,S:-t.E:)1RT <4----
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST_1943
+ Mf3k3aY4Ys + Mi
4
k
4a
y
6
) / Cave
Coefficients are temperature
dependent Arrhenius exponentials
UNCLASSIFIED
IA .

500
450
400
350
U
0
'-' 300
E-
250
200
150
100
0

UNCLASSIFIED
Solutions of Henson-Smilowitz Thermal Ignition Model

Solutions of the Henson-Smilowitz
Thennal Ignition Model
PBX 9501
Tinit = 200C
900
,,-... 800

'-'
E-
700
Thermal Ignition Model
PBX 9501
Tinit = 600C
600 1- 1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (s)
500
o 10 20
10000 .... , ---.----..-------.,....-----r---.-----,--,
[0]
'" 8000 r [eJ . [N02]

-5 6000 [HCN]
s::
o
4000
s::
<I)
u
s::
o
Thermal Ignition Model
PBX 9501
-
.'
/
/
/
,
i
,
u 2000
Tinit = 600
0
C
..... "-,.;,/'. ,,, ......... ...
30
Time (fls)
40 50 60
o
o 20
-..... . -
. ..:..: ...:.-----.---------: ------
60 10 30 40 50
Time (Ils)

NATIONAL LABORATORY
___ EST. 1943 ____________________________________________ _
_ .... Jr"lIAl
!II V
UNCLASSIFIED
Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition model merged with thermal mechanical
ViscoSCRAM model to address HE safety & surety, for example
A FEM simulation of a
steel rod impacting a
PBX 9501 cylinder. The
HE has begun to
initiated in regions of
high shear heating in the
simulation. ..a.
Temperature (K)
Dimini shing of /)
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
(1)
600 m/s Impact
of Steel on PBX 9501
10 mm Diameter Rod
T=45j.1 s
HCN Concentration
T
(2)
Henson/Smilowtiz
Thermal Initiation
Model
---. 8-HMX
k,
HMX + 8-HMX ---. 8-HMX
sublimation
8-HMX e-HMX
vaporizalion
4CHp + 4Np
+- k,. 2N0
2
+ 4HCN + 2NO + 2Rp
CR
2
0 + N0
2
RCO + RONO
RCO + N0
2
-C CO + HONO
H + C0
2
+ NO
k,
HCN-HNC
Merging the Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition
model with mechanical HE models allows the
study of HE initiation under non-shock-to-
detonation conditions, thus making it possible
to study the performance and sensitivity of
energetic materials for a wide range of impact
and thermal scenarios.
UNCLASSIFIED
- ..
//I' V
UNCLASSIFIED
Issues:
1.) For each explosive (CHE, IHE, non-ideal), thermo-mechanical properties must be
obtained - note ViscoSCRAM itself may need to be modified (rubbery propellants has
demonstrated this).
2.) For each explosive (CHE, IHE, non-ideal), the Henson-Smilowitz model needs to be
parameterized.
3.) The physics of ViscoSCRAM must be correct, to get an accurate representation of the
temperature.
4.) Regions of high distortion are regions of high temperature rise, and FEM meshing is
usually most problematic in these regions.
5.) HE properties in extreme conditions, just below burn initiation, are not well known.
6.) The combined ViscoSCRAM-ignition algorithm will need to be implemented in other
LANL codes.
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
UNCLASSIFIED
IA . Will::!' Q'Al
/ I / V A ~ 4
UNCLASSIFIED
Issue 3: The temperature plays a crucial role (unlike pressure in other reactive
flow models) ... how good is the ViscoSCRAM temperature calculation?
Gun Penetration Experiments and Simulations
A
Los Alamos
NATI ONAL LA BORATORY
____ EST.1 943
Experiments: P. Rae, J. Furmanski & C. Cady
Hardened
Steel Ball
.....
V
UNCLASSIFIED
Well-characterized
Mock HE
IE Cu Plates
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief' , Brad Clements, Nov. 3,2011 - . ...

UNCLASSIFIED
Issue 3: A New Experimental Diagnostic For Assessing Temperature
Increase in an Impact Scenario Relevant to Bullet Penetration
Los Alamos
NATI ONAL LABORATORY
____ E5T. 1943
Note this ViscoSCRAM work also impacts 000
programs
ARL Excalibur safety analysis.
Excalibur base gap compression modeling,
looking at the adiabatic compression of air
bubbles in HE billet under gun launch.
Applications to the pyrotechnic Iliuminant.
AFRL Munitions/Weapons Simulations
T-3oo K
T- 350 K
T- ,00K
Ball Impact Experiment
80
-. 70
()
60

:::J 50
1ij IE"-
.....
Q) 40
Q.
E
Q) 30
F
20 "I
Time (s)
UNCLASSIFIED
4.
+5.000et02
.4.8316+02
+4.662e+02
+4.493e+02
+4.3248+02
+4. 1556+02
+3.986e+02
+3.817e+02
+3.648e+02
+3.4798+02
+3.310e+02
+3.1 41e+02
+2.972e+02
Ball Impact Simulation
IIA . w lilt:!' \/'A'

Issue 4. Mesh distortion
) . - ............ _ ... .
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
UNCLASSIFIED
How you handle mesh distortion
influences the calculated temperature
cohesive zone, MPM, element deletion, AMR
--- and when you activate them --- all influence
the answer,
UNCLASSIFIED
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief", Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011 IIA . " r-1b11
11/1 V I t t . ~ : ; .
UNCLASSIFIED
Issue 5. HE is in extreme conditions before initiation ...
:mm
6
4
2
o ""'," "lid
o
SOVl19
IAvg'
..... 470e+O
+4 ]41e+02
+4212e+02
+-4 DBJe+02
+3954e+02
+-3825e+02
+-3596u.02
+3567e+02
+-34J8e+02
+330ge+02
+31SQe+02
+3D51e+02
+-2922u.02
Yet, mechanical properties are typically determined at temperatures not
exceeding 350K.
A
Los Alamos
____ ES1. '943
UNCLASSIFIED
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief", Brad Clements, Nov. 3,2011
IIA ....

UNCLASSIFIED
Future approaches also include replacing ViscoSCRAM with
our next generation HE models to include micro-structural
features and statistics ...
- MOC/GMC, STFA, 2-scale FEM, and DNS
-Take into account contributions from grain-binder interface
-Address particle size effects
-Address properties of the binder and HE grains, separately
-Address aging effect of binder materials
-Detailed local fluctuation addressing accidental scenario (STFA model).

Next Generation Model
(with micro-structure info) J +

Henson/Smilowitz
Thermal ignition model
/
'- Reactive Flow Model

A
dependent on micro-structure
Los Alamos
____ EST. 1943
UNCLASSIFIED
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief", Brad Clements, Nov. 3,2011
IIA . W lit!!' \btl

UNCLASSIFIED
Next Generation Model: Our HE project uses hybrid micromechanics
models to handle the grain size distribution in an efficient manor
i r

0 - Bf(i -i" - iD ,_ .. -J
r .... r ,
Dirty Binder / Method of Cells Theory Applied to PBXs
PBX 9501
Micro-graph
0.20 i Ii II i Ii 1,[", 'l' "ii' Ii 'I' ", ,,11'1' I I 'I
o 1 5 Aspect Ratio Distribution
Sampled over 4800 Grains
e 0,10

"
0,05
0,00 " ""! " , , .,, ! ,' 1 I . , " "...,..., ,, i
0,0 0,50 1.0 1.5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0
P
Fig. 2.Image analysis produces microstructural information.
" Fines" IIDI
ContiuuUUl-lf''nl
Ellipsoidal h.dusioll
Analysis
Fig. 1. Bridging the length scales

NATIONAL LABORATORY
Impact Speed 515 inls
0.0020 , ' I "I ' 'l
In.c.lJ
Transmitted:
0.0015
0.0010
.: 0.0005
...
Experiment
Theory
0.0000 t--' Vote. lfIrr
-0.0005
-0.0010
-0.0015 t, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ' , , , , , , , , , , , , , "
so 100 1 SO 200 250 300 350
Time (I1S) UNCLASSIFIED
E
I ER
__ EST, 1943 ____________________________________________ _
_ . w Jlt"' Q' Al

UNCLASSIFIED
Conclusions
An approach for addressing weak-shock and non-shock initiation is proposed.
The approach consists of merging the thermo-mechanical constitutive model
ViscoSCRAM and the Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition into a single algorithm.
I nitial studies have been done that reveal both successes but also issues that must
be overcome before the approach can be deemed ready for practical applications.
When completed, this approach will offer the possibility of performing simulations for
many lab programs, including NCT. It will take strategic commitment from LANL
programs to get to that point.
A
Los Alamos
NATIONAL LABORATORY
____ EST. 1943
UNCLASSIFIED
"NCT Explosives Workshop Brief' , Brad Clements, Nov. 3, 2011
_ .

UNCLASSIFIED
Acknowledgments
The LANL JMP Constitutive Properties of Energetic Materials HEPO Team:
B. Grier, C. Liu, P. Rae,
C. Cady, E. Brown, and J. Furmanski
Materials Experiment
D. G. Thompson and R. Deluca
HE Characterization Experiments
D. Dattelbaum, R. Gustavsen, S. Sheffield, Dynamic Experiment
D. Hooks, J. Yeager, and N. Sanchez
M. Lewis and P. Rangaswamy
T. Williams, D. Zhang, Z. Ma, M Cawkwell
E. Mas, A. lonita and B. E. Clements
Engineering Simulations
HE Constitutive Theory and
Simulation
Collaboration with B. Henson and L. Smilowitz
---- Henson-Smilowitz thermal ignition model and experiments
Funding through: JMP (Eric Mas), C2 (Rick Martineau! Dan Hooks and
Dana Dattelbaum) and ASC-PEM-HE (Bob Little and Mark Short) and NCT
A (James Koster! David Robbins).
Los Alamos
---- EST. 1943
II V

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