CHAPTER 11: CHAPTER 11:

PILE FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATIONS

PART A
BRAJA M. DAS BRAJA M. DAS
Contents..
Introduce deep foundation
PP
Introduce various types of piles
Pile driving
How to estimate pile capacity?
End resistance in soil and rock,
S
h
a
f
t
Shaft resistance in soil
End End
S
h
a
f
t
Applications
Low Low
Large Distributed Large Distributed
Weight Weight
Very Large Concentrated Very Large Concentrated
Weight Weight
Low Low
Weight Weight
Soft to Soft to Soft to Soft to
Firm Clay Firm Clay
Dense Sand
Strong Rock Strong Rock
Why do we require a pile?
a. Transfer load to a stronger strata: Top layers of soil are highly
compressible and too weak to support the load transmitted by the
superstructure.
b. Transfer the structural load to the soil through frictional b. Transfer the structural load to the soil through frictional
resistance developed at soil-pile interface: The bedrock is
not encountered at reasonable depth below the ground surface
c. Carry horizontal loads: Lateral forces are relatively prominent
d. In presence of expansive and collapsible soils at the site
e. Foundations subjected to uplift forces: transmission
towers, offshore platforms, basement mats below the
water table
f. To avoid the loss of bearing capacity due to erosion and
scouring
Why do we require a pile?
Why do we require a pile?
Types of piles based on Materials -1
Steel Piles:
Rolled steel H-section piles Pipe piles
Usual length: 15 m 60 m
Usual Load: 300 kN 1200 kN
Advantages: Advantages:
Relatively less hassle during installation and easy to achieve cutoff level.
High driving force may be used for fast installation
Good to penetrate hard strata
Load carrying capacity is high
Disadvantages:
Relatively expensive
Noise pollution during installation
Corrosion
Bend in piles while driving
Types of piles based on Materials -2
Concrete Piles:
Cast-in-situ piles
Pre-cast piles
Advantages:
Usual length: 10 m 45 m
Usual Load: 7500 kN 8500 kN
Usual length: 5 m 15 m
Usual Load: 300 kN 3000 kN
Relatively cheap.
It can be easily combined with concrete superstructure
Corrosion resistant
It can bear hard driving
Disadvantages:
Difficult to transport
Difficult to achieve desired cutoff
Types of piles based on Materials -3
Timber Piles:
Advantages:
Low const and renewable resource
Easy to handle
Can be joined together easily
Easy to drive
Usual length: 6 m 25 m
Usual Load: 150 kN 600 kN
Easy to drive
Disadvantages:
Limited bearing capacity
Can easily be damaged during driving
The piles will rot above the water table
Composite Piles:
combination of different materials in the same pile
Types of piles based on their function
End bearing piles: Transfer their load to a firm stratum at the toe of the pile
Friction piles: Transfer their load to the ground through skin friction
Combination of friction and end bearing piles
Types of piles based on their installation
Displacement piles: Driven concrete, Timber, or Steel piles
Non-displacement piles: Bored Cast-in-situ piles
Displacement pile Non-displacement pile Displacement pile Non-displacement pile
Displacement piles Displacement piles
In loose cohesionless soils
Densifies the soil upto a distance of 3.5 times the pile diameter (3.5D) which
increases the soils resistance to shearing
The friction angle varies from the pile surface to the limit of compacted soil
In dense cohesionless soils
The dilatancy effect decreases the friction angle within the zone of influence of
displacement pile ( 3.5D approx.).
Displacement piles are not effective in dense sands due to above reason.
In cohesive soils
Soil is remolded near the displacement piles (2.0 D approx.) leading to a
decreased value of shearing resistance. decreased value of shearing resistance.
Pore-pressure is generated during installation causing lower effective stress and
consequently lower shearing resistance.
Excess pore-pressure dissipates over the time and soil regains its strength.
Example: Driven concrete piles, Timber or Steel piles
Non Non- -displacement piles displacement piles
Due to no displacement during installation, there is no heave in the
ground.
Cast in-situ piles may be cased or uncased (by removing casing as
concreting progresses). They may be provided with reinforcement concreting progresses). They may be provided with reinforcement
if economical with their reduced diameter.
Enlarged bottom ends (three times pile diameter) may be provided
in cohesive soils leading to much larger point bearing capacity.
Soil on the sides may soften due to contact with wet concrete or
during boring itself. This may lead to loss of its shear strength.
Concreting under water may be challenging and may resulting in Concreting under water may be challenging and may resulting in
waisting or necking of concrete in squeezing ground.
Example: Bored cast in-situ or pre-cast piles
Pile Driving, Then and Now Pile Driving, Then and Now
Pile Hammers Pile Hammers
Pile Hammers Pile Hammers
Terminology Terminology
Allowable Load, Q Allowable Load, Q
all all
QQ
uu
= Q = Q
pp
+ Q + Q
s s
QQ = Q = Q /FS /FS QQ
all all
= Q = Q
uu
/FS /FS
FS = safety factor, FS = safety factor,
ranging from 2.5 to 4 ranging from 2.5 to 4
OR, using different FS OR, using different FS
QQ
all all
= Q = Q
pp
/3 + Q /3 + Q
s s
/1.5 /1.5
Point Bearing Capacity, Q Point Bearing Capacity, Q
pp
For shallow foundation: For shallow foundation:
qq
uu
= c N = c N
c c
+ q N + q N
qq
+ 0.5 + 0.5 B N B N

- - strip strip
qq
uu
= 1.3 c N = 1.3 c N
c c
+ q N + q N
qq
+ 0.4 + 0.4 B N B N

- - square square
qq
uu
= 1.3 c N = 1.3 c N
c c
+ q N + q N
qq
+ 0.3 + 0.3 B N B N

- - circular circular qq
uu
= 1.3 c N = 1.3 c N
c c
+ q N + q N
qq
+ 0.3 + 0.3 B N B N

- - circular circular
Similarly, for pile tip: Similarly, for pile tip:
qq
uu
= c N = c N
c c
* + q N * + q N
qq
* + * + D N D N

* *
Since D of pile is small: Since D of pile is small:
qq
pp
= c N = c N
c c
* + q N * + q N
qq
* * - - this is this is pressure pressure
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
= A = A
pp
(c N (c N
c c
* + q N * + q N
qq
*) *) this is this is load load
Note that q is effective vertical stress at the level of pile tip Note that q is effective vertical stress at the level of pile tip
N N
c c
* and N * and N
qq
* are the bearing capacity factors for piles * are the bearing capacity factors for piles
AA
pp
= area of pile tip (may include a soil plug) = area of pile tip (may include a soil plug)
FULL MOBILISATION OF Q FULL MOBILISATION OF Q
pp
REQUIRES VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF REQUIRES VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF
10 10- -25% x D 25% x D
Frictional Resistance, Q Frictional Resistance, Q
s s
QQ
s s
= = (p (p L f) L f)
p = perimeter of pile p = perimeter of pile p = perimeter of pile p = perimeter of pile
(may include soil plug) (may include soil plug)
L = incremental pile length L = incremental pile length
f = unit friction resistance f = unit friction resistance
at any depth (kPa, MPa) at any depth (kPa, MPa) at any depth (kPa, MPa) at any depth (kPa, MPa)
Width, Diameter, Perimeter, Area Width, Diameter, Perimeter, Area
Point Resistance, Q Point Resistance, Q
P P
Meyerhofs Method for Q Meyerhofs Method for Q
pp
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
Coyle & Costellos Method for Q Coyle & Costellos Method for Q
pp
QQ
pp
from SPT and CPT from SPT and CPT QQ
pp
from SPT and CPT from SPT and CPT
QQ
pp
of piles resting on rock of piles resting on rock
Meyerhofs Method for Q Meyerhofs Method for Q
pp
FOR GRANULAR SOIL: FOR GRANULAR SOIL:
c = 0 c = 0
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
= A = A
pp
q N q N
qq
**
Limit: Q Limit: Q AA qq Limit: Q Limit: Q
pp
AA
pp
qq
ll
qq
l
= 0.5 p = 0.5 p
aa
N N
qq
* tan * tan
qq
ll
= 0.4 p = 0.4 p
aa
N N
60 60
L/D L/D
4 p 4 p
aa
N N
60 60
pp
aa
= 100 kPa (air pressure) = 100 kPa (air pressure)
WHERE
FROM ???
aa
==Friction angle Friction angle, A , A
pp
= = Pile tip area Pile tip area, , N N
qq
* = * = Bearing capacity factor Bearing capacity factor
q q
p p
= Ultimate tip resistance, = Ultimate tip resistance, q q= Effective vertical stress at the pile tip = Effective vertical stress at the pile tip
D D = Width or diameter of the pile = Width or diameter of the pile
N N
60 60
= average SPT (between 10D above and 4D below the = average SPT (between 10D above and 4D below the
pile point) pile point)
Depth for SPT Calculation Depth for SPT Calculation
q = 0.4 p N L/D 4 p N
4 p 4 p
aa
N N
60 60
= 4 . 100 . 30 = 4 . 100 . 30 12000 12000
q
l
= 0.4 p
a
N
60
L/D 4 p
a
N
60
4 p 4 p
aa
N N
60 60
= 4 . 100 . 30 = 4 . 100 . 30 12000 12000
The mobilization of shear strength also depends on the
extent of the piles penetration into the bearing layer. In
granular soils, the depth ratio at which the maximum granular soils, the depth ratio at which the maximum
strength is mobilized is called the critical depth ratio
(L
b
/D)
cr
, of about 15.
L = L
b
for homogeneous soils (L = Embedment length of the
pile)
Critical Depth: A Fallacy? Critical Depth: A Fallacy?
Many texts suggest the existence of a critical depth, below Many texts suggest the existence of a critical depth, below
which the shaft and toe resistances would be constant. which the shaft and toe resistances would be constant.
Fellenius & Altaee (1995) showed that the above Fellenius & Altaee (1995) showed that the above
assumption is wrong and may be based on incorrect assumption is wrong and may be based on incorrect
interpretation of field data. interpretation of field data.
However, along very long offshore piles, the phenomenon However, along very long offshore piles, the phenomenon
may occur. may occur.
In ENB371, we assume that critical depth In ENB371, we assume that critical depth In ENB371, we assume that critical depth In ENB371, we assume that critical depth
exists. But please be aware that you may exists. But please be aware that you may
have to discard this assumption in the have to discard this assumption in the
real world! real world!
Meyerhofs Method for Q Meyerhofs Method for Q
pp
FOR clay SOIL FOR clay SOIL ( ( =0) =0)::
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
c c
uu
N N
c c
*=9c *=9c
uu
AA
pp
AA
pp
= = Pile tip area Pile tip area, , N N
c c
* = * = Bearing capacity factor Bearing capacity factor
C C
u u
= undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile = undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile
Example Example - -11
A concrete pile is 14 m long and 400 mm x A concrete pile is 14 m long and 400 mm x
400 mm in cross section. The pile is driven 400 mm in cross section. The pile is driven
into sand with a density of 1.76 t/m into sand with a density of 1.76 t/m
33
and and into sand with a density of 1.76 t/m into sand with a density of 1.76 t/m
33
and and
= 30 = 30. Calculate Q . Calculate Q
p. p.
using Meyorhof using Meyorhof
method method
Using Meyerhofs method Using Meyerhofs method
= 30 = 30, ,
N N
qq
* =57 * =57
D=400 mm=0.4 m, D=400 mm=0.4 m, AA
p p
=0.4x0.4 = =0.4x0.4 =0.16 m 0.16 m
22
L=14 m, q =? L=14 m, q =? L=14 m, q =? L=14 m, q =?
=1.76 t/m =1.76 t/m
33
=1.76 x 1000 x9.8/1000 kN/m =1.76 x 1000 x9.8/1000 kN/m
33
=17.25 kN/m =17.25 kN/m
33
q q = 17.25 x 14 = = 17.25 x 14 =241.5 kN/m 241.5 kN/m
22
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
= A = A
pp
q N q N
qq
**
= = 2202.5 kN 2202.5 kN
Limit: Q Limit: Q
pp
AA
pp
qq
ll
Limit: Q Limit: Q
pp
AA
pp
qq
ll
qq
l
= 0.5 p = 0.5 p
aa
N N
qq
* tan * tan
= 0.5x100x57xtan30 = 0.5x100x57xtan30
=1645.5 kN/m =1645.5 kN/m
22
QQ
pp
max = 0.16 x 1645.5 = max = 0.16 x 1645.5 =263.3 kN 263.3 kN
QQ
pp
= = 263.3 263.3kN kN
Rigidity Index ( Rigidity Index (I I
r r
))
Rigidity Index = Rigidity Index = I I
r r
= G = G
s s
/ (c+ q tan / (c+ q tan ) )
c = effective cohesion, q = effective vertical stress at the pile c = effective cohesion, q = effective vertical stress at the pile
tip, tip, = effective friction angle = effective friction angle
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
tip, tip, = effective friction angle = effective friction angle
G G
s s
= E = E
s s
/ 2 (1 + / 2 (1 +
s s
) ) = soil shear modulus = soil shear modulus
Poissons ratio of soil, Poissons ratio of soil,
s s
= 0.1 + 0.3( = 0.1 + 0.3( 25)/20 25)/20 for for ((25 25
00
<< ,45 ,45
00
))
Youngs modulus of soil, Youngs modulus of soil, E E
s s
= m P = m P
aa
P P
aa
= atmospheric pressure = 100 kN/m = atmospheric pressure = 100 kN/m
22
m = 100 to 200 (loose soil) m = 100 to 200 (loose soil)
= 200 to 500 (medium dense soil) = 200 to 500 (medium dense soil)
= 500 to 1000 (dense soil) = 500 to 1000 (dense soil)
Rigidity Index ( Rigidity Index (I I
r r
))
Reduced rigidity index, Reduced rigidity index, I I
rr rr
= I = I
rr
/ (1 + I / (1 + I
rr
) )
with with = average volumetric strain in the plastic zone below the = average volumetric strain in the plastic zone below the
pile tip. pile tip.
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
pile tip. pile tip.
For dense sand and saturated clay For dense sand and saturated clay 00
= 0.005(1 = 0.005(1- - (( 25)/20)q/P 25)/20)q/P
aa
q = effective vertical pressure at the pile tip, q = effective vertical pressure at the pile tip, = effective = effective
friction angle, P friction angle, P
aa
= atmospheric pressure = 100 kpa = atmospheric pressure = 100 kpa
Typical values of I Typical values of I
r r
Sand Sand 70 70- -150 150
r r
Sand Sand 70 70- -150 150
Silts & Clays (drained) Silts & Clays (drained) 50 50- -100 100
Clays (undrained) Clays (undrained) 100 100- -200 200
Prediction using CPTs friction ratio F Prediction using CPTs friction ratio F
r r
= f = f
c c
/q /q
c c
I I
r r
= 300 / F = 300 / F
r r
(%) (%) mechanical cone mechanical cone
I I
r r
= 170 / F = 170 / F
r r
(%) (%) electric cone electric cone
Friction ratio Friction ratio
CPT data CPT data
Friction ratio Fr = Friction ratio Fr = f f
c c
/q /q
t t
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
= A = A
pp
(c N (c N
c c
* + q N * + q N
qq
*) *)
= A = A
pp
(c N (c N
c c
* + * +
oo
N N

*) *)

oo
= mean effective geostatic stress at pile = mean effective geostatic stress at pile
oo
= mean effective geostatic stress at pile = mean effective geostatic stress at pile
point location = point location = (1 + 2 K (1 + 2 K
oo
) q/3 ) q/3
KK
oo
= earth pressure coeff. at rest = = earth pressure coeff. at rest =1 1 sin sin
Thus Thus N N

* = 3 N * = 3 N
qq
*/ (1 + 2 K */ (1 + 2 K
oo
))
N N
c c
* and N * and N

* for various values of reduced * for various values of reduced

rigidity index I rigidity index I
rr rr
and and and given in Table and given in Table
11.7 11.7
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
Vesics Vesics Method for Q Method for Q
pp
FOR SATURATED CLAY SOIL FOR SATURATED CLAY SOIL ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( =0) =0): :: :: :: :
Q Q
p p
= A = A
p p
q q
p p
= A = A
p p
c c
u u
NN
c c
**
AA = = , , AA
pp
= = Pile tip area Pile tip area, ,
N N
c c
* = * = Bearing capacity factor Bearing capacity factor
C C
u u
= undrained cohesion of the soil = undrained cohesion of the soil
below the tip of the pile below the tip of the pile
4
1
2
) 1 (ln
3
4
*
+ + + =

rr c
I N
The variation of N The variation of N
c c
* with * with
I I
rr rr
for for = 0 condition = 0 condition
are given in Table 11.8 are given in Table 11.8
Coyle & Costellos Method for Q Coyle & Costellos Method for Q
pp
FOR SAND ONLY FOR SAND ONLY::
QQ = A = A qq = A = A q N q N ** QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
= A = A
pp
q N q N
qq
**
A
p
= Pile tip area,
N
q
* = Bearing capacity factor
q= Effective vertical stress at the pile tip
D = Pile diameter
L = Pile embedment depth L = Pile embedment depth
QQ
pp
from SPT and CPT from SPT and CPT
For homogeneous granular soil For homogeneous granular soil
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
qq
pp
= (0.4 P = (0.4 P
aa
N N
60 60
) L/D ) L/D 4 P 4 P
aa
N N
60 60
(kPa) (kPa)
pp aa 60 60 aa 60 60
N N
60 60
is the weighted SPT average in the vicinity of the pile tip is the weighted SPT average in the vicinity of the pile tip
(about 10D above and 4D below the pile point) (about 10D above and 4D below the pile point)
For nonplastic silt: For nonplastic silt:
qq
pp
= 300 N (kPa) = 300 N (kPa)
For granular soil (Meyerhof, 1956): For granular soil (Meyerhof, 1956):
qq
pp
= q = q
c c
qq
c c
= cone penetration resistance at the pile tip = cone penetration resistance at the pile tip
QQ
pp
of piles resting on rock of piles resting on rock
QQ
pp
= A = A
pp
qq
pp
qq
pp
= q = q
uu
(N (N

+1) +1)
N N

= tan = tan
22
(45 + (45 + /2) /2)
qq
uu
= unconfined compressive strength of rock = unconfined compressive strength of rock
= Effective friction angle = Effective friction angle
To take the To take the scale effect, slip lines scale effect, slip lines of rock specimens tested in of rock specimens tested in
the laboratory for unconfined compressive strength: the laboratory for unconfined compressive strength:
q q
u u
= q = q
u(lab) u(lab)
/5 /5
Shaft Resistance, Q Shaft Resistance, Q
s s
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
ss
) in Sand ) in Sand Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
ss
) in Sand ) in Sand
BROMS METHOD BROMS METHOD
COYLE & COSTELLOS METHOD COYLE & COSTELLOS METHOD
Q Q
ss
from SPT from SPT
Q Q
ss
from CPT from CPT
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
ss
) in Clay ) in Clay Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
ss
) in Clay ) in Clay
ALPHA METHOD ALPHA METHOD
BETA METHOD BETA METHOD
LAMBDA METHOD LAMBDA METHOD
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
s s
) in Sand ) in Sand
BROMS METHOD BROMS METHOD
Q Q
ss
= = (p (p L f) L f)
f = K f = K
o o
tan tan from ground surface to L from ground surface to L
f maximum at L = 15 D f maximum at L = 15 D f maximum at L = 15 D f maximum at L = 15 D
Bored or jetted piles: Bored or jetted piles: K K KK
oo
= 1 = 1 sin sin
Low displacement piles: Low displacement piles: K = K K = K
oo
to 1.4 K to 1.4 K
oo
Large displacement piles: Large displacement piles: K = K K = K
oo
to 1.8 K to 1.8 K
oo
= 0.5 = 0.5 to 0.8 to 0.8
(can use 0.67 (can use 0.67 ) )
MAX
ion considerat under depth at the
stress vertical Effective '
angle friction interface pile - soil '
resistance Frictional
increment lenght Pile L
pile the of Perimeter
0
=
=
=
=
=

f
p
Example Example - -22
A concrete pile is 14 m long and 400 mm x 400 mm in cross A concrete pile is 14 m long and 400 mm x 400 mm in cross
section. The pile is driven into sand with a density of 1.76 section. The pile is driven into sand with a density of 1.76
t/m t/m
33
and and = 30 = 30. Calculate Q . Calculate Q
s s
using MROMS METHOD. Given using MROMS METHOD. Given t/m t/m and and = 30 = 30. Calculate Q . Calculate Q
s s
using MROMS METHOD. Given using MROMS METHOD. Given
a safety factor of 4, calculate allowable bearing capacity. a safety factor of 4, calculate allowable bearing capacity.
Example Example - -22
Qs = Qs = (p (p L f) L f)
f = K f = K o tan o tan from ground surface to L , f maximum at L = 15 D from ground surface to L , f maximum at L = 15 D
For concrete pile:
= 0.75 = 0.75 x 30
0
= 22.5
0
) / (
2
m kN f
L = 15D = 15 x 0.4 = 6.0 m
K = (1.0 + 2.0)/2 = 1.5
= 1.76 x 1000 x 9.8/1000 =17.25 kN/m
3
At 6 m depth,
f
max
=1.5 x (17.25 x 6) x tan 22.5
0
= 64.31 kN/m
2
2
max
/ 31 . 64 m kN f =
Perimeter of the pile, p = (0.4x4) = 1.6 m
Qs = Qs = (p (p L f) = L f) = p [ p [ L f] = 1.6[(0.5 x 6.0 x 64.31) + (8.0 x 64.31)] = 1131.9 kN
Qp = Qp = 263.3 263.3 kN kN
From Example -1
Example Example - -22
Qs Qs = 1131.9 kN
Qp = Qp = 263.3 263.3 kN kN
kN Q Q Q 2 . 1395 9 . 1131 3 . 263 = + = + = kN Q Q Q
s p u
2 . 1395 9 . 1131 3 . 263 = + = + =
kN
FS
Q
Q
u
all
8 . 348
4
2 . 1395
= = =
COYLE & COSTELLOS METHOD COYLE & COSTELLOS METHOD
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
s s
) in Sand ) in Sand
QQ
s s
from SPT from SPT
f f
av av
= 0.02 p = 0.02 p
aa
N N
60 60
large displacement piles large displacement piles
f f
av av
= 0.01 p = 0.01 p
aa
N N
60 60
small displacement piles small displacement piles
f f = 0.224 p = 0.224 p (N (N ))
0.29 0.29
Briaud et al. (1995) Briaud et al. (1995) f f
av av
= 0.224 p = 0.224 p
aa
(N (N
60 60
))
0.29 0.29
Briaud et al. (1995) Briaud et al. (1995)
Q Q
ss
= p L f = p L f
av av
N N
60 60
should be averaged SPT value over the embedded pile should be averaged SPT value over the embedded pile
length length length length
P P
aa
= Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa = Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa
QQ
s s
from CPT from CPT
Schmertmanns method for sand Schmertmanns method for sand
QQ = = (p (p L f) L f) QQ
s s
= = (p (p L f) L f)
f = f = f f
c c
varies with depth depending on pile types varies with depth depending on pile types
and cone types and cone types
For electrical cone
test CPT from
friction) (sleeve resistance Frictional
resistance Frictional
increment lenght Pile L
pile the of Perimeter
=
=
=
=
c
f
f
p
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
s s
) in Clay ) in Clay
ALPHA METHOD ALPHA METHOD
f = f = c c
uu
f = f = c c
uu
= adhesion factor = adhesion factor
= reduction factor = reduction factor
QQ
s s
= = (f. p . (f. p . L) L)
= = (( c c
u. u.
. p . . p . L) L)
Note: Note:
Sladen (1992) suggested Sladen (1992) suggested
= C ( = C (
oo
/c /c
uu
))
0.45 0.45
C = 0.4 to 0.5 C = 0.4 to 0.5 bored bored
C > 0.5 C > 0.5 - - driven driven
depth over the
stress vertical effective Average '
strength shear Undrained
increment lenght Pile L
pile the of Perimeter
0
=
=
=
=

u
c
p
BETA METHOD BETA METHOD
f = f =
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
s s
) in Clay ) in Clay
f = f =
oo

= K tan = K tan
RR

K = 1 K = 1 sin sin
RR
for NCC for NCC
K = 1 K = 1 sin sin
RR
(OCR) (OCR)
Q Q
ss
= = (p (p L f) L f) Q Q
ss
= = (p (p L f) L f)
ion considerat of depth at the
stress vertical Effective '
clay remoulded of gle frictionan Drained '
t coefficien pressure Earth K
increment lenght Pile L
pile the of Perimeter
0
=
=
=
=
=

R
p
Shaft Resistance (Q Shaft Resistance (Q
s s
) in Clay ) in Clay
LAMBDA METHOD LAMBDA METHOD
f f
av av
= = ( + 2 c ( + 2 c
uu
)) f f
av av
= = ( + 2 c ( + 2 c
uu
))
= mean effective vertical stress for the = mean effective vertical stress for the
embedded pile length embedded pile length
CC
uu
= mean undrained shear strength over the pile = mean undrained shear strength over the pile
length length
is from Table 11.9 or this chart is from Table 11.9 or this chart is from Table 11.9 or this chart is from Table 11.9 or this chart
QQ
s s
= = p L f p L f
av av
Lambda Method in Stratified Soil Lambda Method in Stratified Soil
Lambda Method in Stratified Soil Lambda Method in Stratified Soil
= (A1 + A2 + A3 + ..)/L
QQ
s s
of Clay from CPT of Clay from CPT
Schmertmann method Schmertmann method
f = f = f f f = f = f f
c c
QQ
s s
= = (p (p L f) L f)
increment lenght Pile L
pile the of Perimeter
=
= p
test CPT from
friction) (sleeve resistance Frictional
resistance Frictional
increment lenght Pile L
=
=
=
c
f
f
END END