Cairo University

Faculty of Economics and Political Science

Department of Statistics

Statistics 1
Prepared by
Dr. Samir Moustafa Shaarawy
Dr. Emad El-din Abd el-salam
Mr. Mahmoud Abd el-ghaffar
0
Statistics (1)
Course Description
Educational and Learning Obecti!es
Course contents with corresponding teaching hours
Course contents with corresponding teaching wee"s
O!erall and performance obecti!es of the course units
#eferences
Methods of learning and educational acti!ities
1
Course description
$his course aims to introduce the basics of statistics and its main elements. %t
e&plains the role of statistics in the study of some problems arise in social sciences
such as economics and politics. $he course consists of the following eight units '
First unit
%t presents the definition of statistics( related concepts and how one can apply
the statistical methodology in sol!ing practical problems. Also( the unit presents
different techni)ues for collecting data and the difference between descripti!e
statistics and inferential *analytical+ statistics. %n addition( the unit demonstrates the
importance of statistics for indi!iduals( companies( different sectors( decision ma"ers(
and social and physical sciences. ,inally( the unit presents the historical de!elopment
of statistics.
Second unit
%t presents the measurement scales and how to discriminate among them. Also(
the unit presents the mathematical operations that can be done for each scale. %n
addition( the unit presents the different types of statistical !ariables and pro!ides the
student with the main classical and modern tools of organi-ing and displaying the data
in tables and graphs.
Third unit
%t presents the most important statistical measures that summari-e the location
of the data *measures of central tendency as well as fractiles+. %n addition( the unit
pro!ides the student with the main properties of a good measure.
Fourth unit
%t presents the measures of dispersion. $he interpretations( and the properties
of these measures are pro!ided.
Fifth unit
%t employs the measures of location and dispersion to measure the s"ewness(
relati!e standing( and detecting outliers.
Sith unit
2
%t pro!ides the student with the most common tools to organi-e and display the
bi!ariate data in tables and graphs. %n addition( the concepts and importance of oint
fre)uency distribution( marginal distribution( and conditional distribution are gi!en.
Seventh unit
%t pro!ides the student with the definition and the importance of correlation. %n
addition( it pro!ides the student with the coefficients that measure the correlation
between different types of !ariables.
Ei!hth unit
%t presents the concept of regression and the simple linear regression model. %t
pro!ides the student with the assumptions needed to estimate the regression model. %n
addition( the unit pro!ides the least s)uares estimates of the model parameters and
how one can use them for prediction. $he estimation of the linear trend is also
pro!ided.
3
Educational and "earnin! ob#ectives
Educational ob#ectives
.. %ntroduce the definitions of statistics( related concepts( statistical logic( descripti!e
statistics( analytical statistics( and the stages of statistical methodology.
/. 0now the techni)ues of collecting data and the role of statistics in daily life.
1. 0now the historical de!elopment of statistics.
2. Define the concepts of numbers and measurement scales and the importance of
distinguishing them( as well as the statistical !ariables and their types.
3. 4ro!ide the student with the tools of tabulating and displaying data graphically in
addition to the concept of e&ploratory data analysis and its tools.
5. %ntroduce the notions of location( center( fractiles( and dispersion.
6. %ntroduce the measures of location and dispersion.
7. 4resent the properties of good statistical measures.
8. 9se the location and dispersion measures to measure s"ewness( relati!e position (
and detecting outliers.
.:. 4ro!ide the student with the most common tools to organi-e and display bi!ariate
data.
... Define the concept of the oint distribution( marginal distribution( and conditional
distribution( and distinguish among them.
./. %ntroduce the measures of correlation and their importance.
.1. Define and estimate the simple linear regression model and use it for prediction.
Moreo!er( estimating the linear trend as a special case.
4
"earnin! ob#ectives
.. ;uilding the student s"ills of "nowing and learning the scientific concepts and
statistical notions needed for collecting( presenting( and describing data.
/. ;uilding the students s"ills of comprehending and applying statistical logic
and tools by de!eloping his ability to understand the nature of practical
problems and reformulate them in a suitable way to apply the statistical
measures and choose the most ade)uate ones.
1. ;uilding the student s"ills of analysis and interpretation by de!eloping his
ability to decompose the practical problem to its main elements and "now the
statistical relations among these elements and determine the ade)uate
techni)ue to sol!e the problem and interpret the statistical results in terms of
the original problem.
5
Course contents $ith correspondin! teachin! hours
Unit Topics
Teachin!
hours
1
%ntroduction
Definition of statistics < stages of statistical methodology -
data collection * design of the )uestionnaire < methods
=e&perimentation ( sur!eying ( time series> < types of samples <
types of errors ? biasness( chance( registration?+ < descripti!e
statistics < analytical statistics < importance of statistics <
historical de!elopment of statistical thin"ing
&
'r!ani(ation and presentation of data
Data and information - measurement scales *nominal < ordinal <
inter!al < ratio+ < )ualitati!e !ariables < )uantitati!e !ariables <
fre)uency and relati!e distributions < ascending and descending
*absolute and relati!e+ cumulati!e distributions < graphical
presentation < types of cur!es < e&ploratory data analysis *dot
plot < stem and leaf+
)
*easures of location
Definition < properties of a good statistical measure- computing
the mode( median( arithmetic mean( and geometric mean
graphically and mathematically for row and tabulated data <
comparing different measures < fractiles.
+
*easures of dispersion
Definition and importance < !ariation ratio < inde& of )ualitati!e
!ariation < absolute measures of dispersion *range < )uartile
range < mean absolute de!iation < !ariance - standard de!iation+
< relati!e coefficient of !ariation - )uartile !ariation coefficient
< selecting the ade)uate measure of dispersion < Chebyshe!@s
rule and empirical rule.
5
Unit Topics Teachin!
6
hours
,
S-e$ness. relative standin! and detectin! outliers
Definition and importance of s"ewness < coefficients of
s"ewness < measuring the relati!e standing < standardi-ed
!alues < detecting outliers - bo& and whis"er plot.
/
'r!ani(ation and presentation of bivariate data
scatter diagram - bi!ariate fre)uency distribution < marginal
distribution < conditional distribution < graphical presentation.
0
Correlation
Definition < importance < correlation between nominal !ariables
-correlation between ordinal !ariables *SpearmanAs ran"
coefficient+ - correlation between )uantitati!e !ariables
*pearsonAs correlation coefficient+
1
Simple linear re!ression
Definition < importance < simple linear model < assumptions <
estimation of coefficients < prediction < linear trend e)uation.
7
Course contents $ith correspondin! teachin! $ee-s
2ee-
Topics
1
Definition of statistics < stages of statistical methodology - data collection-
methods of data collection *e&perimentation < sur!eying < time series+ .
&
$ypes of samples - types of errors * biasness( chance( registration+ - design of
the )uestionnaire - descripti!e statistics < analytical statistics.
)
%mportance of statistics for *indi!iduals( populations( and other sciences+ <
historical de!elopment of statistical thin"ing - Measurement scales.
+
Bualitati!e and )uantitati!e !ariables - fre)uency and relati!e distributions<
cumulati!e *absolute and relati!e+ fre)uency distributions < assignment C .3
,
Draphical presentation < e&ploratory data analysis - )ui- C ..
/
Definition of central tendency measures < properties of a good statistical
measure - mode < median.
0
Arithmetic mean < general arithmetic mean < weighted mean < geometric
mean.
1
,ractiles *)uartiles < )uintiles < deciles < percentiles+ - definition and
importance of dispersion < dispersion of )ualitati!e !ariables *!ariation ratio
< inde& of !ariation+ < mid term e&ame.
4
Dispersion of )uantitati!e !ariables *range < )uartile range < mean absolute
de!iation < !ariance -standard de!iation < properties of standard de!iation <
relati!e coefficient of !ariation - )uartile !ariation coefficient+.
2ee- Topics
8
15
Chebyshe!@s rule and empirical rule - s"ewness *definition < importance <
measures+.
11
Measuring the relati!e standing *fractiles < standardi-ed !alues+ - detecting
outliers *importance < methods < bo& E whis"er plot+ < assignment C /.
1&
Scatter diagram - bi!ariate fre)uency distribution < marginal distribution <
conditional distribution < graphical presentation.
1)
Definition of correlation < importance < correlation between nominal
!ariables - correlation between ordinal !ariables *SpearmanAs ran"
coefficient+ - correlation between )uantitati!e !ariables *pearsonAs
correlation coefficient+
1+
Definition of regression < importance < simple linear model < assumptions <
estimation of coefficients < prediction < linear trend e)uation - assignment C
1 or )ui- C /.
9
'verall and performance ob#ectives of the course units
Unit one
Introduction
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. Define statistics as a science.
/. Define basic statistical notions.
1. 9nderstand the difference between descripti!e statistics and analytical
statistics.
2. 9nderstand the statistical methodology in handling the practical and scientific
problems.
3. 0now what is meant by )uestionnaire and its main properties.
5. 0now the different techni)ues of collecting data and when to use each of
them.
6. Distinguish between udgment and random samples and "now the different
types of random samples.
7. 0now the different types of errors in data.
8. 9nderstand the importance of statistics.
.:. 0now the historical de!elopment of statistics and the contributions of its
pioneers.
10
Unit two
Organization and presentation of data
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. Define the measurement scales and understand the concept of numbers.
/. Distinguish between different measurement scales.
1. Define the statistical !ariables and "now the difference between them.
2. 9nderstand the meaning of fre)uency distribution.
3. Distinguish between the types of fre)uency distributions .
5. Construct the fre)uency distributions and compute the relati!e fre)uency
distributions.
6. Construct the ascending and descending cumulati!e distributions.
7. Select the ade)uate graph to display the data.
8. Draph the histogram( fre)uency polygon( fre)uency cur!e( ascending and
descending cumulati!e cur!es.
.:. 0now the main properties of the fre)uency cur!es and their types.
... 9se dot plot and stem and leaf to display data and detect its main
properties.
11
Unit three
Measures of location
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. 9nderstand the concept of center and "now the importance of central
tendency measures.
/. ,ind the mode for raw data and fre)uency distributions and understand its
properties.
1. ,ind the median for different types of !ariables and understand its
meaning.
2. ,ind the median for raw data and fre)uency distributions and understand
its properties.
3. Define the arithmetic mean and understand its meaning.
5. Compute the arithmetic mean for raw data and fre)uency distributions.
6. Compute the o!erall *grand+ mean of some arithmetic means.
7. Define the weighted mean and "now its importance.
8. 9nderstand and pro!e the properties of the arithmetic mean.
.:. Compute the geometric mean and understand its importance
... 9nderstand the properties of the good measure of center.
./. Define the )uartiles and understand their meanings.
.1. ,ind the )uartiles for different types of !ariables.
.2. 9nderstand and compute the )uintiles( deciles( and percentiles.
12
Unit four
Measures of dispersion
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. 9nderstand the concept of dispersion and "now its importance.
/. 9nderstand the properties of the good measure of dispersion.
1. Define and compute some important measures of dispersion for
)ualitati!e !ariables *!ariation ratio and inde& of )ualitati!e !ariation+
and "now their ad!antages and disad!antages.
2. Define and compute some important measures of dispersion for
)uantitati!e !ariables *range( )uartile range( mean absolute de!iation(
!ariance and standard de!iation+ and "now their ad!antages and
disad!antages.
3. 9nderstand and pro!e the properties of the standard de!iation.
5. Define and compute the coefficient of !ariation and the )uartile
coefficient of !ariation and "now their importance.
6. Define and understand the Chepyche! and empirical rules.
Unit five
Skewness, relative standing and detecting outliers
13
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. Define the concept of s"ewness.
/. 0now the properties of the good coefficient of s"ewness.
1. Define and compute some important coefficients of s"ewness.
2. Compute the standardi-ed !alue and "now its importance.
3. Determine the relati!e standing of obser!ations.
5. Detect outliers.
6. Draw the bo&-plot and understand its importance.
14
Unit six
Organizing and displaying bivariate data
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. Draw and comment on the scatter diagram.
/. Construct the bi!ariate fre)uency distribution and understand its importance.
1. ,ind the marginal distributions and the relati!e marginal distributions.
2. ,ind the conditional distributions and the relati!e conditional distributions.
3. #epresent the bi!ariate fre)uency distribution graphically using an
appropriate graph.
15
Unit seven
Correlation
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. 9nderstand the concept of correlation and its importance.
/. Define and measure the correlation between nominal !ariables.
1. Define and measure the correlation between ordinal !ariables.
2. Define and measure the correlation between )uantitati!e !ariables.
16
Unit eight
egression
;y the end of this unit the student will able to '
.. 9nderstand the basic concept of regression.
/. 0now the obecti!es of regression analysis.
1. E&plain the assumptions of the simple linear regression model.
2. 9nderstand the least s)uares method in estimation.
3. Compute the least s)uares estimates.
5. 9se the estimated e)uation in prediction.
6. Define the coefficient of determination and "now its importance.
7. Estimate the linear trend e)uation.
17
6eferences
.. ;lac"( 0. */::5+( ;usiness Statistics for Contribution Decision Ma"ing( 2
th
ed.(
Filey.
/. Gildebrand( D. and Ott( L. *.88.+( Statistical $hin"ing for Managers( 1
rd
ed. (
4FS < 0EH$.
1. 0eller( D. */::3+( Statistics for Management and Economics. $homson
4ublishing Company( 6
th
ed.( Mason( OG.
2. 0urt-( H. *.871+( %ntroduction to Social Statistics( McDraw - Gill. ;oo"
Company.
3. Madsen( #. and Moeschberger( M. *.875+( Statistical Concepts with
Applications to ;usiness and Economics( 4rentice < Gall.
5. Feiss( H. *.882+( Elementary Statistics( Addision<Fesley 4ublishing
Company.
18
Methods of learning and educational activities
!ducational activities
.. Self-learning problems.
/. Droup discussions.
1. Creati!e problems.
!valuation "ethods
.. Mid-term e&am
/. Bui--es
1. Gome wor"
2. ,inal e&ams
5 mar"s
/ mar"s
/ mar"s
/: mar"s
/: I
5.6 I
5.6 I
55.5 I
Size of lecture and section
.. Si-e of lecture 1:: students ma&imum.
/. Si-e of section 3: students ma&imum.
19