290

THEORY OF AIICHITECTURE. Book 1 L

Fig.3.')l.
Let the cube A?.! and the pyramid C (///.S,")!.) have the same h.ise AlXandlet the ver-
tex of the i)yramid be at the ceiitie of the cube C
;
this pyramid
j,
ji
is ecjual to a third part of the product of its height and liase.
Conceive right lines drawn from the centre of the cube to its
eight angles A, 13, D, F, N, G, L, M, the cube will be divided into
six equal pyramids, each of wliich has one surface of the cube for
its base, and half the height of the cube for its height
;
for
exami)le, the pyramid CABDF.
Three of these pyramids will therefore be equal to half the
culie. Now the solid content of half the cube is (I'rop.
99.)
equal to the product of the base and half the height. Each pyramid, therefore, will be
ecjual to one third part of the product of the base, and half the height of the cube; that is,
the wliole height of the pyramid.
991 . Prop. CX. The solid content
of
a pi/ramid is equal to a third part
of
the prodin-t
of
its hei(;ht and base.
I^et UPS
(fiff.
352.) be a pyramid, its solid content is equal to a third part cf the pro-
duct of its height and its base US.
Form a cube tiie height of wliich BL is double of the height
of the pyramid UPS. A pyramid the base of which is that of
tliis cube and the vertex of which is C, the centre of the cube,
will be equal to a third part of the product of its base and
height.
Tlie pyramids C and P have the same height
;
they are there-
fore (Corol. to Prop. 108.) to one another as their bases. If the
base AFDB is double of the base RS, the pyramid C will there-
fib-oj.;.
fore be double of the pyramid P.
But the pyramid C is cejual to a third part of the product of its height and base. Tlie
pyramid P will therefore be equal to a third part of the product of the same height, and
lialf the base AFDB, or, which is the same thing, the whole base US.
992. Piior. CXI. The solid content
of
a cone is equal to the third part
of
the product
of
its hcigld and base.
For the base of a cone may be considered as a polygon composed of exceedingly
small
sides, and consequently the cone may be considered as a pyramid having a great numl)er
of exceedingly small surfaces; whence its solid contents will be eijual (Prop. 110.)
to one
third part of the product of its height and base.
993. Pkop. CXII. The solid content
of
a cone is a third part
of
the solid content
of
a
cylinder described about it.
Let the cone BAG and the cylinder BDFC
{fig.
353.) have the same height and
base, the cone is a third ])art of tlie cylinder.
For the cylinder is equal to the jnoduct of its height and base, and the
cone is ecpial to a third part of this product. Therefore the cone is a third
part of the cylinder.
994. Prop. CXIII. The solid content
of
a sphere is equal to a iliird part
of
the product
of
its radius and surface.
Two points not being sufficient to make a curve line, three points will
not be sufficient to make a curve surface. If, therefore, all the physical
jioints which compose the surface of the sphere C
(fif/-
354.) be taken three
by three, the whole surface will be divided into exceedingly small plane surfaces
;
and radii
being drawn to each of these points, the sphere will be divided into small ^'
~~^
pyramids, which have their vertex at the centre, and have jilane bases.
The solid contents of all these small pyramids will be e(|ual (Pro]) 1 10.)
to a third part of the product of the height and bases. 'J'herefore the solid
content of the whole sphere will be equal to a third part of the product of
the height and all the bases, that is, of its radius and surfoce.
995. Prop. CXIV. The surface
of
a sphere is equal to four of
its great
circles.
If a plane bisect a sphere, the section will pass through the centre, and it is called a great
circle of the sphere.
Let ABCL)
(fg.
355.) be a square; describe the fourth part of the circumference of a
circle BLD ;
draw the diagonal AC, through G, the right line FM,
^
parallel to AD, and the right line AL.
In the triangle ABC, on account of the equal sides AB, BC, the angles
,
A and C are (Prop. 4.)
equal; therefore, since the angle B is a right angle,
the angle? A and C are each half a right angle. Again, in the triangle
AFG, because the angle F is a right angle, and the angle A half a right
angle, the angle G is also half a light angle
;
therefore (Prop.
20.) AF is
equal to FG.
KU;. 36i.
Fig. 1554.