Water Supply WaterSupply

CVNG3007EnvironmentalEngineering1
WATER SUPPLY
Outline
Rawwaterquality
d li
Sedimentation
di i Groundwaterquality
Surfacewaterquality
Comparisonbetweengroundwater
andsurfacewatersources
Sedimentationconcepts
Designofasettlingtank
Filtration
Concepts
Drinkingwaterquality
Qualityrequirements
Standardsandguidelines
Indicatorbacteria
p
Filtrationhydrauilcs
Disinfection
Disinfectionkinetics
Chlorine as a disinfecting agent
WaterTreatment
CoagulationandFlocculation
Removalofcolloidsby
destabilization
Chlorineasadisinfectingagent
Breakpointchlorination
destabilization
Alum
Mixing
Flocculation
Hydrologic Cycle HydrologicCycle
Characteristics of available sources Characteristicsofavailablesources
Water Quantity Quality Water
source
Quantity Quality
Rainwater Not sufficientforpublicsupply Good; lesspolluted
Springwater Mostlynotsufficientforpublic
supply
Rather good
groundwater
Shallow Maximumwithdrawal Pollutedinurbanareas
deep Maximumwithdrawal Rathergood
Surfacewater Sufficient (storagereservoirsin poor g
caseofdryperiod)
p
Sea water Abundant Desalination
(expensive)
Usedwater
Pure water
SourcesofPotentialPollution
Purewater
Contamination
d t it t l
NaturalSources
Atmospheric
Dissolvedminerals
A ti th
duetoitsnatural
environment
Aquaticgrowth
Stormrunoff
Naturalwater
AgriculturalSources
Increasederosion
Animalwastes
F ili
Pollutionby
humanactivities
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Irrigationreturnflows
Urbansources
M i i l i Municipalsanitarysewage
Urbanstormwater runoff
IndustrialSources
IndustrialEffluents
Mi ll
Rawwater
Miscellaneoussources
Mining
Landfills
GroundwaterContaminationfromnaturalsources
Composition of Groundwater CompositionofGroundwater
Naturalcompositionofgroundwatermayconsistof
the following:
Constituent Presence
thefollowing:
Microorganisms Nopathogenicbacteria
Typicalcomponents Fe
2+
,Mn
2+
,NH
4
+
Positiveions Ca
2+
,Mg
2+
,Na
+
,K
+
, H
+
Negativeions NO
3

, SO
4
2
,Cl

,F

,HCO
3

Dissolved gases O
2
,H
2
S,CH
4
,CO
2
, N
2
Organic matter NOM Organicmatter NOM
Inorganicmatter SiO
2
Groundwatercontaminationfromhuman
i i i activities
Surfacewatercontaminationfromnatural
sources
Surfacewatercontaminationfromhuman
i i societies
Sources and causes of water quality deterioration Sourcesandcausesofwaterqualitydeterioration
EffluentSource Factorsaffectingwaterqualitydeterioration
Domesticsewage BOD,suspendedsolids,ammonia,nitrate, phosphate
Vegetableprocessing BOD,suspendedsolids,colour
Chemical industry BOD ammonia phenols non biodegradable organics Chemicalindustry BOD,ammonia,phenols,nonbiodegradableorganics
Ironandsteelmanufacture Cyanide,phenols,thiocyanate,pH,ammonia,sulphides
Coal mining Suspended solids, iron, pH, dissolved metals Coalmining Suspendedsolids,iron,pH, dissolvedmetals
Brewing Suspendedsolids,BOD,pH
Dairy products BOD,pH
Oilrefineries Ammonia,phenols,oil, sulphide
Quarrying Suspendedsolids, oil
Agriculture Nitrate,phosphate,BOD
Quality requirements for drinking water Qualityrequirementsfordrinkingwater
RequirementsofStakeholders
WHO Guidelines WHOGuidelines
i i BasicRequirements:
StandardsandGuidelines
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
Cant analyze for all known pathogens Can tanalyzeforallknownpathogens
Timeconsuming
Expensive Expensive
Testsforspecificpathogensonlywhenthereis
t t th i reasontosuspecttheirpresence
Insteadwaterpuritycheckedusingindicator
organisms
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
Indicator Organism IndicatorOrganism
onewhosepresencepresumesthat
contaminationhasoccurredand
suggests the nature and extent of suggeststhenatureandextentof
contamination
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
Characteristics Characteristics
Beapplicabletoalltypesofwaters
Always be present when pathogens are present Alwaysbepresentwhenpathogensarepresent
Alwaysbeabsentwhenpathogensareabsent
L d it lf t ti tit ti t ti Lenditselftoroutinequantitativetesting
procedureswithoutinterferencefromor
confusion of results because of extraneous confusionofresultsbecauseofextraneous
organisms
Not be pathogenic itself Notbepathogenicitself
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
Mostwaterbornepathogensfromfaecal contaminaiton ofwater
Anyorganismnativetointestinaltractandmeetingabovecriteriawill
besuitable
Faecal coliform groupsuitable
C d f l i i l E h i hi li Composedofseveralstrains,mainlyEscherichiacoli
Foundexclusivelyintheintestinaltractofwarmbloodedanimals
Also,excretedinlargenumberswithexcreta
Non pathogenic Nonpathogenic
Havelongersurvivaltimeoutsidetheanimalbodythanmost
pathogens
Noteothercoliform groupsthatflourishoutsideintestinaltract g p
Nativetosoilanddecayingvegetation
Thiscoliform groupalsoincludedbecausethelifecycleofsomepathogens
mayincludedperiodsinthesoil
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
Note other coliform groups that flourish outside Noteothercoliform groupsthatflourishoutside
intestinaltract
Nativetosoilanddecayingvegetation
Thiscoliform groupalsoincludedbecausethelifecycle
ofsomepathogensmayincludedperiodsinthesoil
Pathogen Indicators PathogenIndicators
For drinking water Fordrinkingwater
Totalcoliform group
Faecal
Nonfaecal
Forwastewater
Faecal coliform
Testingprocedurerelativelysimple
Membranefiltrationtechnique
Units:CFU/100mL
Structureofwatersupplyscheme