1

1
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS
OF THE DEFINITE
INTEGRAL
2
OUTLINE
3.1 Area of a plane region
3.2 Volume of a solid of revolution
3.3 Center of mass of a rod
3.4 Centroid of a plane region and a
Theorem of Pappus
3.5 Centroid of a solid of revolution
3.6 Length of an arc of a curve
3.7 Area of a surface of revolution
3.8 Work
3.9 Force due to Liquid Pressure
3 3
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to use
the definite integral to find/compute for
1. the area of a plane region using vertical or horizontal
strips,
2. the volume of a solid of revolution using the
cylindrical or shell method,
3. the center of mass of a rod, plane region and of a solid
of revolution,
4. the length of an arc of a plane curve,
5. the area of a surface of revolution and
6. work and force due to liquid pressure. 4
3.1 Area of a plane region
Let f be a function of x which is
continuous and non-negative on the closed
interval [a, b].
Subdivide the closed interval [a, b] into
n sub-intervals by choosing (n - 1)
intermediate numbers
1 2 1 n
x ,..., x , x
. ... b x x x x x a
n n
= < < < < < =
1 2 1 0

where
5
For example, if we want to subdivide
[a,b] into 2 sub-intervals, we only choose one
number x
1
between a and b.
a b
| |
x
1
|
If we want to subdivide [a,b] into 3 sub-
intervals, we choose two numbers x
1
and x
2

between a and b.
a b
| | | |
x
1
x
2
6 6
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
| |
x
1
|
x
i-1
|
x
i
|
Denote the ith sub-
interval by I
i
so that
| |
1 0 1
x , x I =
| |
2 1 2
x , x I =
| |
3 2 3
x , x I =
| |
i i i
x , x I
1
=
| |
n n n
x , x I
1
=
For each ,
choose a number
n ,..., , i 2 1 =
. I
i i
e c
x
n-1
|
1
c
i
c
n
c
2
7
Denote the length of the ith sub-interval
by
so that
x
i

0 1 1
x x x =
1 2 2
x x x =
2 3 3
x x x =
1

=
i i i
x x x
1

=
n n n
x x x
8 8
Our objective is to
find a formula for
the area of the
region R enclosed
by the graph of f,
the x-axis and the
lines given by x = a
and x = b.
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
| |
R
9
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
| |
x
1
|
x
i-1
|
x
i
|
x
n-1
|
1
c
i
c
n
c
( )
1
c f
( )
i
f c
( )
n
f c
On the ith sub-
interval, construct
a rectangle of length

and whose width is

. x
i

( )
i
f c
10
The area of the ith rectangular region is
. x
i
( )
i
f c
Thus, the sum of areas of all n rectangular
regions is
( ) x f
1 1
c ( ) x f
2 2
c + ( ) ... x f ...
i i
+ + + c ( ) x f
n n
c +
or
( ) . x f
i i
n
i

1
c

=
11
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
| |
R The area of the region
R is given by
( ) . x f lim
i i
n
i
n

1
c

=

12
( ) ( ) . dx x f x f lim
b
a
i i
n
i
n
}

=
=



1
c
By definition,
Thus, the area of the region R is given
by
( ) ( ) . dx x f R A
b
a
}
=


length of a
rectangular
element
width of a
rectangular
element
3
13
Example 3.1.1 Find the area of the region
enclosed by the graphs of
. y x , x , x y 0 and 2 1
2
= = = =
( ) = R A
2
1
3
3
(

(
=
x
3
1
3
2
3
=
3
7
3
1
3
8
= =
Thus, the area of the
region is 7/3 sq. units.
2 = x 1 = x
2
x y=
Solution:
dx
}
2
x
1
2
14
Example 3.1.2 Find the area of the region
enclosed by the graphs of
. y e x , x ln y 0 and = = =
|
e
x x ln x
1
=
Thus, the area of the region R is 1 sq. unit.
( ) ( ) 1 1 1 = ln e e ln e
1 0
( ) 1 1= + = e e
0 = y
x ln y =
e x =
Solution:
1 = x
( ) = R A dx
}
x ln
1
e
15
Let g be a function of y which is
continuous and non-negative on the
closed interval [c, d].
Subdivide the closed interval [c, d] into
n sub-intervals by choosing (n - 1)
intermediate numbers
1 2 1 n
y y y ,..., ,
. ... d y y y y y c
n n
= < < < < < =
1 2 1 0

where
16 16
x
y
x = g(y) i
c
The area of the ith
rectangular region is
. y
i
( )
i
gc
The area of the
region R is given
by
( ) . y g lim
i i
n
i
n

1
c

=

( ) ( ) . dy y g R A
d
c
}
=


y = d
y = c
For each ,
choose a number
n ,..., , i 2 1 =
. I
i i
e c
( )
i
g x c =
17 17
Example 3.1.3 Find the area of the region in
the first quadrant enclosed by the graphs of
. x y , y , x y 0 and 4 1
2
= = = =
4
1
2 3
2 3
(

(
=
/
y
/
Thus, the area of the region is 14/3 sq. units.
2
x y =
y x =
|
4
1
2 3
3
2
/
y =
( )
2 3 2 3
1 4
3
2
/ /
=
( ) 1 8
3
2
=
3
14
=
0 = x
1 = y
4 = y
Solution:
( ) = R A dy
}
y
4
1
18 18
Example 3.1.4 Find the area of the region in
the first quadrant enclosed by the graphs of
. ln 2 = = y x y and
|
2
0
y
e =
Thus, the area of the region is (e
2
- 1) sq. units.
x y ln =
0 2
e e =
2 = y
Solution:
( ) = R A dy
}
y
e
2
0
y
e x=
1
2
= e
4
19 19
Theorem 3.1.1 Let f and g be functions of
x which are continuous on [a, b] and
f(x) > g(x)
for all x in [a, b].
Then the area of the region bounded by
the graph of the graphs of f and g and
the lines given by x = a and x = b is given
by
( ) ( ) | | .
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f A
20 20
( ) x g y =
( ) x f y =
a x = b x =
( ) ( ) x g x f
( ) ( ) | |
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f A
21
Example 3.1.5 Set-up the definite integral that
gives the area of the region R bounded by the
graphs of and the y-axis.

9 3 = = y , y
x
Solution:
(2,9)
f(x) = 9
g(x) = 3
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x g x f R A
b
a
=
}


dx
}
=
9 (
2
0
)
x
3
22
Solution:
Example 3.1.6 Set-up the definite integral that
gives the area of the region R bounded by the
graphs of and .

1
2
+ = x y 4 2 + = x y
4 2 1
2
+ = + x x
0 3 2
2
= x x
( )( ) 0 1 3 = + x x
1 3 = = x x or
POI: (3,10) and (-1,2)
23
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x g x f R A
b
a
=
}


dx
}
= ( ) | 4 2 + x
3
-1
( )| 1
2
+ x
3 -1
( ) 1
2
+ = x x g
( ) 4 2 + = x x f
24 24
Theorem 3.1.2 Let f and g be functions of
y which are continuous on [c, d] and
f(y) > g(y)
for all y in [c, d].
Then the area of the region bounded by
the graph of the graphs of f and g and
the lines given by y = c and y = d is given
by
( ) ( ) ( ) . dy y g y f A
d
c
=
}


5
25 25
d y =
c y =
( ) ( ) ( ) . dy y g y f A
d
c
=
}


( ) ( )

y g y f
( ) y f x = ( ) y g x =
26
Solution:
Example 3.1.7 Set-up the definite integral that
gives the area of the region bounded by the
graphs of and y= x 3.

1
2
= x y
3 1
2
+ = + y y
0 2
2
= y y
( )( ) 0 1 2 = + y y
1 2 = = y y or
POI: (5,2) and (2,-1)
27
y
2
= x - 1
y = x - 3

(2,-1)
(5,2)
x = y + 3

x = y
2
+1
( ) ( ) ( )dy y g y f A
d
c
}
=


( ) ( ) ( )dy y y 1 3
2
2
1
+ + =
}

( ) . dy y y
}
+ =
2
1 -
2
2
28
3.2 Volume of a Solid of Revolution
Solid of Revolution
A solid of revolution is obtained when
a region in the xy-plane is rotated about a
fixed line in the plane.
The fixed line is called the axis of
symmetry or axis of revolution of the
resulting solid.
We shall only consider vertical or
horizontal line as axis of revolution.



29
Rotate a triangular region about one of
its legs to obtain a conical solid.
30
Rotate a rectangular region about one of its
sides to obtain a right-circular cylindrical
solid.
6
31
Rotate a parabolic region about its axis of
symmetry to obtain a parabolic cylindrical
solid.
32
33
Methods of finding the volume of a solid of
revolution
1. Circular Disk Method
- a rectangular element is
perpendicular to the axis of
revolution.

2. Cylindrical Shell
- a rectangular element is parallel
to the axis of revolution.
34 34
3.2.1 Circular Disk Method
We derive the formula for finding
the volume of a solid formed when a
plane region is revolved about the x-axis
using the circular disk method.

The method may be applied even
when the axis of revolution is no longer
the x-axis but with a slight modification.



35
We recall that
the volume of a solid
enclosed by a right
circular cylinder of
radius r and altitude
h is
V =tr
2
h.
r
h
36
Let the function f be continuous on
the closed interval [a,b] and assume that
f(x) > 0 for all x in [a,b].
Let R be the
region bounded by
the graph of y = f(x),
the x-axis and the
lines given by x = a
and x = b.



( ) x f y =
a x = b x =
7
37 37
Suppose R is revolved around the x-axis.
38
( ) x f y =
a x = b x =
38
i
c
When the ith rectangular
region is revolved about
the x-axis, a circular disk
is formed.
Its volume is

V
i
=tr
2
h =

( ) | | x f
i i

2
c t
The sum of volumes of
the n disks is

i
n
i
V

=1
( ) | | . x f
i i
n
i

2
1
c t

=
=
39 39
Thus, the volume of the solid formed
when the region R is revolved about
the x-axis is

( ) | | x f lim V
i i
n
i
n

2
1
c t

=

=
or equivalently,
( ) | | . dx x f V
b
a
}
=


2
t
40
Example 3.2.1
( ) x x f =
Consider the region bounded by the graphs of
, and the x-axis. x y = 4 = x
If the region is
revolved about the x-
axis, a solid is
formed.
Using the Disk
Method, the radius of
the disk is given by
( ) x x f =
Solution:
41 41
Using the Disk
Method, the
volume of the
solid generated
is
( ) | | dx x f V
b
a
}
=


2
t
( ) dx x V
2
4
0
}
= t
xdx
}
=
4
0
t
4
0
2
2
(

(
=
x t
t
t
8
2
4
2
=

= cu. units
42
Example 3.2.2
Consider the region bounded by the graphs of

in the first quadrant.
2
x y = 4 = y and
Set up the definite integral
which gives the volume of the
solid formed when the given
region is revolved about
1. x = 0 2. x = 2 3. x = -1
4. y= 0 5. y= 4 6. y= -1


2
x y =
(2,4)
8
43
2
x y =
1. x = 0
y x r = =
}
=t V
(2,4)
dy h=
( )
2
y dy
0
4
44
2
x y =
2. x = 2
y x =
2 1
V V V =
dy h=
2 = r
dy h=
y r = 2
}
= t
1
V
2
2 dy
0
4
x r = 2
}
=t
2
V ( )
2
2 y dy
0
4
45
3. x = -1
2
x y =
y x =
x = -1 x = -1 x = -1
dy h=
x r + =1
y r + =1
dy h=
1 = r
2 1
V V V =
}
= t
1
V ( )
2
1 y + dy
0
4
}
=t
2
V
2
1 dy
0
4
46
2
x y =
4. y= 0
2 1
V V V =
dx h=
4 = r
y r =
dx h=
2
x r =
}
= t
1
V
2
4 dx
0
2
}
=t
2
V
( )
2
2
x
0
2
dx
47 47
2
x y =
5. y= 4
y r = 4
dx h=
}
=t V dx
0
2
2
4 x =
( )
2
2
4 x
48
2
x y =
6. y= -1
2 1
V V V =
dx h=
5 = r
1 + = y r
dx h=
1
2
+ = x r
}
= t
1
V
2
5 dx
0
2
}
=t
2
V
( )
2
2
1 + x
0
2
dx
9
49 49
3.2.2 Cylindrical Shell Method
A cylindrical shell is a
solid contained between
two cylinders having the
same altitude and axis.
The Cylindrical Shell
method involves taking
rectangular elements
which are parallel to the
axis of revolution.
r
1
r
2
h

h r V
2
t =
h r h r V
2
1
2
2
t t =
( )h r r V
2
1
2
2
=t
50 50
Theorem 3.2.2 Let the
function f be continuous
on the closed interval [a, b]
and assume that f(x) > 0
for all x in [a, b].
Let R be the region
bounded by the graph of
y= f(x), the x-axis and the
lines given by x = a and
x = b.



Suppose R is revolved
around the y-axis.
( ) x f y =
a x = b x =
51 51
( ) x f y =
a x = b x =
i
c
When the ith rectangular
region is revolved about
the y-axis, a circular shell
is formed.
Its volume is


( )h r r V
i
2
1
2
2
=
( ) ( )
i i i
f -x x c
2
1
2

=
( )( ) ( )
i i i i i
f x x - x x c
1 1
+ =
( )
i i i
f x c c 2 =
Let .

2
1
+
=
i i
i
x x
c
( ) x f
i i i
2 c c =
52 52
The sum of volumes of the n shells is

( ) ( ) . x f x f
i i i
n
i
i i i
n
i
2 2
1 1
c c t c tc

= =
=
Thus, the volume of the solid formed
when the region R is revolved about the y-
axis is

or equivalently,
( ) x f lim V
i i i
n
i
n
2
1
c c t

=

=
( ) . dx x xf V
b
a
}
=


2t
Distance from the
axis of revolution
Length of a
rectangular element
Width of a
rectangular element
53 53
Example 3.2.3
2
x y =
Consider the region bounded by the graphs of
, and the y-axis in the first quadrant.
2
x y = 4 = y
Using Shell Method, set up the
definite integral which gives the
volume of the solid formed
when the given region is
revolved about
1. x = 0 4. y = 0
2. x = -1 5. y = 5
3. x = 3 6. y = -2


y x =
Solution:
54
2
4 x h =
1. x = 0
x d =
( ) . dx x x V
}
=
2
0
2
4 2t
x = 0
2
x y =
10
55
2. x = -1
2
4 x h =
1 + = x d
( )( ) . dx x x V
}
+ =
2
0
2
4 1 2t
x = -1
2
x y =
56 56
3. x = 3
2
4 x h =
x d = 3
( )( ) . dx x x V
}
=
2
0
2
4 3 2t
x = 3
2
x y =
57
y h =
4. y = 0
y d =
. dy y y V
}
=
4
0
2t
y = 0
2
x y =
58 58
5. y = 5
y d = 5
y = 5
y h =
( ) . dy y y V
}
=
4
0
5 2t
2
x y =
59
6. y = -2
2 + = y d
y = -2
y h =
( ) . dy y y V
}
+ =
4
0
2 2t
2
x y =
60
3.3 Center of mass of a rod
11
61
0
Consider a horizontal rod, of
negligible weight and thickness, placed
on the x-axis.
On the rod is a system of n particles
located at points x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
.
m
1


-
m
2


m
i


m
n


x
1


x
2


x
i


x
n


- - -
62
The total mass of the system is
M = m
1
+ m
2
+ + m
n
. m
n
i
i
=
=
1
The moment of mass of the ith
particle with respect to the origin is
The total moment of mass of the
system with respect to the origin is

. x m
n
i
i i
=
=
1
. x m
i i
n n
x m ... x m x m M + + + =
2 2 1 1 0
63
The center of mass of the system is
at

.
m
x m
n
i
i
n
i
i i

=
=
=
1
1
. x m x m
n
i
i i
n
i
i
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

1 1
M
M
x
0
=
64
Example 3.3.1 Find the center of mass of the
system of 5 particles with masses 3,4,2,1 and 6
kgms located at -2,-1,0,3 and 4 respectively.
Solution:

=
=
=
5
1
5
1
i
i
i
i i
m
x m
x
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
6 1 2 4 3
4 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 2 3
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
.
4
3
16
12
= =
The center of mass of the system is 0.75 to the right
of the origin.

65
A rod is said to be homogeneous if the
mass of a part of it is proportional to the length
of that part.
i
m ~ l
i
i i
kl m =
Linear density
The center of mass of a homogeneous rod is at
its center.
66
Consider a non-homogeneous rod, that is
the linear density varies along the rod. Let L
meters be the length of the rod and place the
rod on the x-axis so that an endpoint of the rod
coincides with the origin and the other
endpoint is at L.
0
L
Suppose the linear density at point x is
(x) where is continuous on [0, L].
12
67
Consider a partition of [0, L] into n sub-
intervals and let the ith subinterval be
| |. x , x I
i i i 1
=
Let c
i
be a number in I
i
.
The length of the ith subinterval is

( ) . x m
i i i
A = c
. x
i
A
An approximation to the mass of the part of the
rod in the ith subinterval is
68
0
L
i
x
1 i
x
i
c
( ) . x m
i i i
A = c
An approximation to the mass of the rod is
=

=
i
n
i
m
1
( ) x
i i
n
i
A =

=
c
1
The mass of the rod is
( ) x lim M
i i
n
i
n
A =

=

c
1
( )dx x
L

}
=

0
69
An approximation to the moment
of mass of the part of the rod in the ith
subinterval with respect to the origin is
i i
x m ( ) ( )
i i i
x c c A =
An approximation to the moment
of mass of the rod with respect to the
origin is
=

=
i i
n
i
x m
1
( ) . x
i i i
n
i
A =

=
c c
1
( ) . x
i i i
A = c c
70
( ) x lim M
i i i
n
i
n
A =

=

c c
1
0
( ) . dx x x
L

}
=

0
The moment of mass of the rod
with respect to the origin is
The center of mass of the rod is at
( )
( )
.
dx x
dx x x
L
L

}
}
=

0

0
M
M
x
0
=
71
Example 3.3.2 Find the center of mass of a rod that
is 20 cm. long and the linear density on the rod at a
point x centimeters from one end is (3x + 2)
gm/cm.
Solution:
( )
( )dx x
dx x x
x
L
L

}
}
=

0

0
( )
( )dx x
dx x x
2 3
2 3
2
2
+
+
=
}
}
0
0
0
0
( )
( )dx x
dx x x
2 3
2 3
2
2
2
+
+
=
}
}
0
0
0
0
|
20
0
20
0
(

(
+
+
=
x x
x x
2
2
3
2
2 3
20 2 20
2
3
20 20
2
2 3
+
+
=
( )
20 2 20
2
3
20 20 20
2
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
32
420
=
8
105
=
72
Example 3.3.3 A rod is 12 cm. long and the linear
density at a point on the rod is a linear function of
the distance of the point from the left endpoint of
the rod. If the linear density at the left end is 3
gm/cm and at the right end is 4 gm/cm, find the
center of mass of the rod.
Solution:
Let x be the distance from the left endpoint
of a point on the rod and (x) be the linear
density at x. Then for some constants a and b,
( ) . b ax x + =
13
73
Since (0) = 3 and (12) = 4, and
(x) =ax + b,
( ) 3 0 = 3 = b
( ) 3 + = ax x
( ) 4 12 = 4 3 12 = + a
12
1
= a
( ) 3
12
1
+ = x x
74
( )
( )dx x
dx x x
x
L
L

}
}
=

0

0
dx x
dx x x
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
}
}
3
12
1
3
12
1
1
1
2
0
2
0
dx x
dx x x
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
}
}
3
12
1
3
12
1
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
12
0
12
0
(

(
+
(

(
+
=
x x
x x
3
24
1
2
3
36
1
2
2 3
75
12 3 12
24
1
12
2
3
12
36
1
2
2 3
+
+
=
12 3 12
24
1
12
2
3
12
36
1
2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
3
2
1
12
2
3
3
1
2
7
18 4 +
=
2
7
22
=
7
44
=
76
3.4 Centroid of a Plane Region
Consider a system of n particles located at
the points (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
,y
2
) , (x
n
,y
n
) in the xy
plane and let their masses be m
1
, m
2
, .., m
n
,
respectively. Imagine the particles as supported
by a sheet of negligible weight and thickness.
-
- -
-
-
(x
1
, y
1
)
(x
2
, y
2
)
(x
3
, y
3
)
(x
4
, y
4
)
(x
5
, y
5
)
77
Let the ith particle, located at (x
i
,y
i
) have
mass m
i
.
The total mass of the system is
. m M
n
i
i
=
=
1
The moment of mass of the system with
respect to the x-axis is
. x m M
n
i
i i y
=
=
1
. y m M
n
i
i i x
=
=
1
The moment of mass of the system with
respect to the y-axis is
78
The center of mass of the system is at
( ) y , x
where
and
M
x m
M
M
x
n
i
i i
y

=
= =
1
.
M
y m
M
M
y
n
i
i i
x

=
= =
1
14
79
Example 3.4.1 Find the center of mass of the
system of 4 particles with masses 4,2,3,6 and which
are located at the points (-2,-3), (1,2), (3,-2) and
(4,-3).
Solution:

=
=
4
1 i
i
m M 15 6 3 2 4 = + + + =

=
=
4
1 i
i i x
y m M
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + + + = 3 6 2 3 2 2 3 4 4

=
=
4
1 i
i i y
x m M
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + + + = 4 6 3 3 1 2 2 4 27
80
The center of mass of the system is
at
( ) y , x
where
.
M
M
y
x
15
4
= =
and
5
9
= = =
15
27
M
M
x
y
81
A lamina is said to be homogeneous if
the mass of a portion of it is proportional
to the area of the part. Thus, if M is the
mass of the region R and A is its area,
then there is a constant k such that
M = kA.
Area density
82
So if we have a homogeneous
rectangular region, its mass M
i
is
given by
M
i
=k(lw).
Also, its centroid or center of mass
is at its center.
-
83
Let R be the region
bounded above and
below, respectively by
the graphs of


and the lines given by
( ) ( ) x g y , x f y = =
a x= . b x= and
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
84
The area of the region is given by

( ) ( ) | | . dx x g x f A
b
a
=
}
Its mass is given by

( ) ( ) | | . dx x g x f k M
b
a
=
}
15
85
| | b , a
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
i
c
As we did in the
first 2 sections,
we subdivide
[a, b] into n
subintervals and
we choose a
number c
i
in
each subinterval.

This time, we choose c
i
as the abscissa
of the midpoint of each sub-interval.

86 86
Then we construct a
rectangle whose width
is and whose
length is .

x
i

( ) ( )
i i
g f c c
The area of the ith
rectangular region is


( ) ( ) | | . x g f
i i i
c c
Thus, the mass of the
ith rectangular region
is
.

( ) ( ) | | x g f k
i i i
c c
| | b , a
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
i
c
87 87
| | b , a
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
The centroid of the ith
rectangular region is
at
.

( ) ( )
( )
2
i i
g f
i
,
c c
c
+
-
( ) ( )
( )
2
i i
g f
i
,
c c
c
+
The moment of mass
m
i,y
with respect to the
yaxis of the ith
rectangular region is
the product of its mass
and the distance of its
centroid from the y-
axis. Thus,

=
i y , i
m c ( ) ( ) | | x g f k
i i i
c c
( ) ( ) | | . x g f k
i i i i
c c c =
88 88
| | b , a
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
-
( ) ( )
( )
2
i i
g f
i
,
c c
c
+
The moment of mass
m
i,x
with respect to the
x- axis of the ith
rectangular region is
the product of its
mass and the distance
of its centroid from
the x-axis. Thus,

( ) ( )
=
+
2
i i
g f
x , i
m
c c
( ) ( ) | | x g f k
i i i
c c
( ) | | ( ) | | | | . x g f
k
i i i

2
2 2
c c =
89
The total moment of mass M
i,y
with respect to
the yaxis of the n rectangular regions is given
by
y , i
n
i
y , i
m M

=
=
1
( ) ( ) | | . x g f k
i i i i
n
i

1
c c c =

=
The moment of mass M
y
with respect to the y
axis of region R is given by

( ) ( ) | | x g f k lim
i i i i
n
i
n

1
c c c =

=

y , i
n
i
n
y , i
n
y
m lim M lim M

=

= =
1
( ) ( ) | | x g f lim k
i i i i
n
i
n

1
c c c =

=

( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f x k
b
a
=
}
90
( ) | | ( ) | | | | . x g f
k
i i i
n
i

2
2 2
1
c c =

=
The total moment of mass M
i,x
with respect to
the x axis of the n rectangular regions is given
by

x , i
n
i
x , i
m M

=
=
1
The moment of mass M
x
with respect to the x
axis of region R is given by

( ) | | ( ) | | | | x g f
k
lim
i i i
n
i
n

2
2 2
1
c c =

=

x , i
n
i
n
x , i
n
x
m lim M lim M

=

= =
1
( ) | | ( ) | | | |dx x g x f
k
b
a
2 2
2
=
}
( ) | | ( ) | | | | x g f lim
k
i i i
n
i
n

2
2 2
1
c c =

=

16
91
If is the centroid of the plane region R
whose mass is M, then
( ) y , x
M
M
x
y
=
M
M
y
x
= and .
Since
( ) ( ) | | , dx x g x f k M
b
a
=
}
( ) ( ) | | , dx x g x f x k M
b
a
y
=
}
( ) | | ( ) | | | |dx x g x f
k
M
b
a
x
2 2
2
=
}
92
M
M
y
x
=
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f k
dx x g x f
k
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
2 2
2
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
2
2 2
M
M
x
y
=
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f k
dx x g x f x k
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f x
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
93 93
Summary:
( ) x g y =
a x = b x =
( ) x f y =
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f x
x
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f
y
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
2
2 2
( ) y , x
-
94
( ) x x f =
Example 3.4.2
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the
graphs of , and the x-axis.
x y = 4 = x
4 = x
( ) 0 = x g
Solution:
95
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f x
x
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
| |
| |dx x
dx x x
0
0
4
0
4
0

=
}
}
dx x
dx x
/
/
2 1
4
0
2 3
4
0
}
}
=
4
0
2 3
4
0
2 5
2 3
2 5
(

(
(

(
=
/
x
/
x
/
/
4
0
2 3
4
0
2 5
3
2
5
2
(

(
(

(
=
/
/
x
x
3
4 2
5
4 2
2 3
2 5
/
/

=
3
16
5
64
=
.
5
12
16
3
5
64
= =
96 96
( )
| |dx x
dx x
0 2
0
4
0
2
2 4
0

=
}
}
dx x
xdx
/ 2 1
4
0
4
0
2
}
}
=
3
16
2
2
4
0
2

(
=
x
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f
y
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
2
2 2
3
16
2
2
4
2

=
3
32
8
= .
4
3
32
3
8 = =
17
97 97
( ) x x f =
- (2.4, 0.75)
The centroid of the region bounded by the
graphs of , and the x-axis is at

x y = 4 = x
(2.4, 0.75).
98
( )
2
4 x x f =
Solution:
Example 3.4.3
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the
graphs of and .
2
4 x y = 2 + = x y
( ) 2 + = x x g
0 2
2
= + x x
2
4 2 x x = +
( )( ) 0 1 2 = + x x
. x x 1 or 2 = =
(-2,0)
(1,3)
99 99
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f x
x
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x x
dx x x x
2 4
2 4
2
1
2
2
1
2
+
+
=
}
}

( )
( )dx x x
dx x x x


=
}
}

2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2 ( )
( )dx x x
dx x x x


=
}
}

2
1
2
2 3
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 3
1
2
3 4
2
2 3
2
3 4

(

(

(

=
x x
x
x x
x
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
4
2
2
3
1
4
1
1
2 3
3 4
2
100
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|

=
2
3
8
4
2
1
3
1
2
3
8
4 2
3
1
4
1
1
3
8
6
2
1
3
1
2
3
8
2
3
1
4
1
1
+
+
=
18
1
9
2
4
1
2
9
4
1
2
1
5
4
1

= =

=
101
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x x
dx x x
2 4 2
2 4
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
+
+
=
}
}

( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dx x g x f
dx x g x f
y
b
a
b
a

=
}
}
2
2 2
( ) ( ) | |
( )dx x x
dx x x x x

+ + +
=
}
}

2
1
2
2 4 2
1
2
2 2
4 4 8 16
( )
( )dx x x
dx x x x

+
=
}
}

2
1
2
4 2
1
2
2 2
4 9 12
102 102
( )
( )dx x x
dx x x x

+
=
}
}

2
1
2
4 2
1
2
2 2
4 9 12
1
2
2 3
1
2
2
5
3
2 3
2 2
2
5
3 12

(
|
|
.
|

\
|

(

(
+
=
x x
x
x
x
x x
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ |
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
1
3
1
2 2
2 2
5
2
2 3 2 12 2
5
1
3 12
2 3
2
5
3
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
2
3
8
4
2
1
3
1
2 2
8
5
32
24 24
5
1
7
4 2
5
12
9
5
108
2
1
5 2
5
33
15
. = = =
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
18
103 103
(-1/18, 2.4).
The centroid of the region bounded by the
graphs of and is at
2
4 x y = 2 + = x y
( )
2
4 x x f =
( ) 2 + = x x g
-
104 104
( ) y g x =
c y =
d y =
( ) y f x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dy y g y f
dx y g y f
x
d
c
d
c

=
}
}
2
2 2
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dy y g y f
dy y g y f y
y
d
c
d
c

=
}
}
( ) y , x
-
105
1
2
= x y
Solution:
Find the centroid of the region bounded by the
graphs of and .
Example 3.4.4
1
2
= x y 5 = x
5 = x
(5,-2)
(5,2)
( )
1
2
+ =
=
y
y g x ( ) 5 = y f
106 106
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |dy y g y f
dx y g y f
x
d
c
d
c

=
}
}
2
2 2
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )dy y
dx y
1 5 2
1 5
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
+
+
=
}
}

( ) | | ( ) | | | |
( ) ( ) | |dy y g y f
dy y g y f y
y
c
c
c
c

=
}
}
( ) ( )
( ) ( )dy y
dx y y
1 5
1 5
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
=
}
}

The centroid of the region

is at where, ( ) y , x
107
Theorem of Pappus
When a plane region R is revolved
about a line which does not intersect the
region except possibly at its boundaries,
the volume of the solid formed is equal to
the area of the region times the distance
traveled by the centroid of the region.
108
( ) y , x
-
Let A be the area of the
region.
d
The distance traveled by the
centroid of the region when
the region is revolved about
the given line is 2td.
The volume of the solid of
revolution is A*(2td).

19
109
Use the Theorem of Pappus to find the volume of
the solid formed when the region bounded by the
graphs of , and the x-axis
is revolved about the indicated line.
a. y = 0 b. y = 6 c. x = 0 d. x = -2
Example 3.4.5
x y = 4 = x
110
From Example 3.4.2,
the centroid of the
region is at (2.4, 0.75).

Solution:
( ) x x f =
4 = x
( ) 0 = x g
Also from Example
3.4.2, the area of the
region is 16/3 sq. units.

111
-

(2.4, 0.75)
75 0. y d = =
=
3
16
V
( ) 75 0 2 . t
4
3
2
3
16
= t
. units cubic 8t =
a. About y = 0.
112 112
b. About y = 6.
4
21
6
4
3
= = = y d
=
3
16
V |
.
|

\
|
4
21
2t
. units cubic 56t =
-

(2.4, 0.75)
6 = y
113
-

(2.4, 0.75)
c. About x = 0.
5
12
4 2 = = = . x d
=
3
16
V
5
12
2 t
. units cubic
5
128t
=
114 114
d. About x = -2.
5
22
2
5
12
2 = + = + = x d
=
3
16
V |
.
|

\
|
5
22
2t
. units cubic
15
704t
=
-

(2.4, 0.75)
2 = x
20
115
3.5 Center of Mass of a Solid of
Revolution
In this section, we only consider
finding the center of mass of a solid of
revolution formed when a region whose
boundary includes the x-axis is revolved
about the x-axis or when a region whose
boundary includes the y-axis is revolved
about the y-axis.
116 116
Remarks:
In a solid of revolution, the center of mass
lies along the axis of revolution, that is,
i. if the solid of revolution S is generated by
revolving a region R about the x-axis, then
the centroid of S is located at .

( ) 0 0, , x
ii. if S is generated by revolving a region R
about the y-axis, then the centroid of S is
located at .

( ) 0 0 , y ,
117 117
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
( ) 0 0, , x
( ) x f y =
( ) | |
( ) | |
}
}
=
b
a
b
a
dx x f
dx x f x
x
2
2
118 118
x
y
( ) 0 0 , y ,
( ) y g x =
( ) | |
( ) | |
}
}
=
d
c
d
c
dy y g
dy y g y
y
2
2
x
y
z
x
y
z
119
Example 3.5.1 Find the center of mass of the
solid formed when the region bounded by the
graphs of

and the x-axis in the first quadrant is revolved
about the x-axis.
x ln y= e x , =
120
0 = y
x ln y =
e x =
Solution:
The centroid of the
solid is at
where,
( ) 0 0, , x
| |
| |
}
}
=
e
e
dx x ln
dx x ln x
x
1
2
1
2
21
121
| |
}
dx x ln x
2
}
= udv
}
= vdu uv
| |
}
= dx
x
x ln
x x
x ln
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
| |
}
= xdx ln x
x ln x
2
2 2
| | xdx dv , x ln u = =
2
2

1
2
2
x
v , dx
x
x ln du = =
122
xdx dv , x ln u = =
2

1
2
x
v , dx
x
du = =
}
xdx ln x
}
= udv
}
= vdu uv
}
= dx
x
x x
x ln
1
2 2
2 2
}
= xdx
x ln x
2
1
2
2
C
x x ln x
+ =
2 2
1
2
2 2
C
x x ln x
+ =
4 2
2 2
123
| |
}
dx x ln x
2 | |
}
= xdx ln x
x ln x
2
2 2
}
xdx ln x C
x x ln x
+ =
4 2
2 2
| |
| |
C
x x ln x x ln x
dx x ln x +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
4 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
| |
| |
C
x x ln x x ln x
dx x ln x + + =
}
4 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
124
| |
| |
e
e
x x ln x x ln x
dx x ln x
1
2 2 2 2
1
2
4 2 2
(

(
+ =
}
| | | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
4
1
2
1
2
1
4 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
ln ln e e ln e e ln e
0 0
1 1
4
1
4
1
4
2 2

= =
e e
125
| |
}
dx x ln
2
}
= udv
| | dx dv , x ln u = =
2
x v , dx
x
x ln du = =
1
2
}
= vdu uv
| |
}
= dx
x
x ln x x x ln
1
2
2
| |
}
= xdx ln x ln x 2
2
| | ( ) C x x ln x x ln x + = 2
2
| | C x x ln x x ln x + + = 2 2
2
126 126
| | | | |
e e
x x ln x x ln x x ln

1
2 2
1
2 2 + =
}
| | | | ( ) | | ( ) 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2
1
+ + =
}
ln ln e e ln e e ln e x ln
e
0 0
| | 2 2 2 2
2
1
= + =
}
e e e e x ln
e
1 1
The center of mass of the solid is at where, ( ) 0 0, , x
| |
| |
}
}
=
e
e
dx x ln
dx x ln x
x
1
2
1
2
( ) 2 4
1
2
4
1
2
2

=
e
e
e
e
24 2. ~
22
127
Example 3.5.2 Find the center of mass of
the solid formed when the region bounded
by the graphs of
,
and the y-axis in the first quadrant is
revolved about the y-axis.
2
x y = 4 = y
128
2
x y =
Solution:
The centroid of the region
is at where, ( ) 0 0 , y ,
( ) | |
( ) | |
}
}
=
d
c
d
c
dx y g
dx y g y
y
2
2
| |
| |
}
}
=
4
0
2
4
0
2
dx y
dx y y
}
}
=
4
0
4
0
2
ydy
dy y
.
3
8
8
3
64
= =
4
0
2
4
0
3
2
3
(

(
(

(
=
y
y
129
3.6 Length of Arc of a Curve

Let the function f and its derivative f
be continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
( ) ( ) a f , a
( ) x f y =
-
( ) ( ) b f , b
-
130
( ) ( ) a f , a
( ) x f y =
-
( ) ( ) b f , b
-
Subdivide the closed interval [a, b] into
n sub-intervals by choosing (n - 1)
intermediate numbers .
1 2 1 n
x ,..., x , x
x
1
|
x
i-1
|
x
i
|
x
n-1
|
x
0
|
x
n
|
-
-
-
-
131
The distance between (x
i-1
, f(x
i-1
)) and
(x
i
, f (x
i
)) is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
+ =
i i i i i
x x x f x f d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
x x f x f
i i i
A + =

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
1 x
x
x f x f
i
i
i i
A
(
(

+
A

=

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1
1 x
x
x f x f
i
i
i i
A
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

=

132
( ) ( )
( ) x
x
x f x f
d
i
i
i i
i
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

+ =

2
1
1
By the Mean-Value Theorem, there exists
an c
i
in [x
i-1
, x
i
] such that
( )
( ) ( )
1
1

=
i i
i i
i
x x
x f x f
f c
( )
( ) ( )
x
x f x f
f
i
i i
i
A

=
1
c
23
133
( ) ( ) ( ) x f d
i i i
A + =
2
1 c
An approximation to the length of the curve
from (a, f(a)) to (b, f(b)) is
( ) ( ) ( ). x f d
i i
n
i
i
n
i
A + =

= =
2
1 1
1 c
134
( ) | |
}
+ =
b
a
dx x ' f L
2
1
The length of the curve from (a, f(a)) to
(b, f(b)) is
( ) ( ) ( ). x f lim d lim L
i i
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
A + = =

=

=

2
1 1
1 c
135
Example 3.6.1 Find the length of the curve
given by from the point where to the
point where

x
e y = 1 = x
. x 2 =
Solution:
( ) | |
}
+ =
b
a
dx x ' f L
2
1
| |
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 dx e
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 dx e
x
( ) ( )
x x
e x ' f e x f = =
136
= +
}
dx e
x 2
1
dx
y
ydy
=
1
2
x
e y
2
1+ =
x
e y
2 2
1+ =
dx e ydy
x 2
2 2 =
dx e ydy
x 2
=
( )dx y ydy 1
2
=
}
y
1
2

y
ydy
}

=
1
2
2
y
dy y
} |
|
.
|

\
|

+ = dy
y 1
1
1
2
( ) ( )
} |
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = dy
y y 1 2
1
1 2
1
1
C y ln y ln y + + + = 1
2
1
1
2
1
137
C
y
y
ln y dx e
x
+
+

+ = +
}
1
1
2
1
1
2
C
e
e
ln y dx e
x
x
x
+
+ +
+
+ = +
}
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
2
2
2
= +
}
2
1
2
1 dx e
x
2
1
2
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
(
(

(
+ +
+
+ =
x
x
e
e
ln y
138
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ =
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
e
e
ln
e
e
ln
1 1
1 1
2
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
2
2
4
4
+ +
+

+ +
+
+ =
e
e
ln
e
e
ln
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+ =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
2
2
4
4
e
e
e
e
ln
24
139
Solution:
( ) ( )
2
2
4
4
x
x
x ' f x x f

= =
Example 3.6.2 Find the length of the curve
given by on the interval

2
4 x y = | | . ,2 2
( ) | |
}
+ =
b
a
dx x ' f L
2
1
}

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
2
2
2
2
4
1 dx
x
x
}

+ =
2
2
2
2
4
1 dx
x
x
140
}

=
2
2 2
4
1
2 dx
x
} }

+

=

2
0 2
0
2 2
4
1
2
4
1
2 dx
x
dx
x
(Improper of type DB and DA)
} }

+

=
+

b
b
a
a
dx
x
lim dx
x
lim
0 2
2
0
2
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
( )| ( )|
b
x
b
a
x
a
sin Arc lim sin Arc lim

0 2
2
0
2
2
2 2
+

+ =
141
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
0 2
a
a
sin Arc sin Arc lim =
+

( ) ( ) 0 2
2
2
sin Arc sin Arc lim
b
b
+

1 -1
-
-
x
y
2
t
2
t

0
0
( )
2
2
2
a
a
sin Arc lim
+

=
( )
2
2
2
b
b
sin Arc lim

+
( )
2
2
t
= ( )
2
2
t
+
t 2 =
142
Let the function g and its derivative g be
continuous on the closed interval . Then the
length of the curve from the point
to the point is given by
| | d , c
( ) y g x = ( ) ( ) c , c g
( ) ( ) d , d g
( ) | |
}
+ =
d
c
dy y ' g L
2
1
143
Example 3.6.3 Find the length of the curve
given by from the point where to the
point where

1 = xy 1 = y
. y 2 =
Solution:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1
y
y ' g
y
y g x xy

= = = =
( ) | |
}
+ =
d
c
dy y ' g L
2
1
} |
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
2
2
1
1 dy
y
L
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 dy
y
The evaluation of the integral is left to you as an exercise.
144
3.7 Area of a surface of
revolution
When a region
is revolved about a
line, a solid is
formed.
When an arc is
revolved about a
line, a surface is
formed.
25
145
( ). r r l SA
2 1
+ =t
l
1
r
2
r
From Euclidean Geometry, the surface
area of a frustum of a cone is
The frustum is generated by revolving
the red segment about the blue one.
146
Let the function f be continuous on
the closed interval [a, b], differentiable on
the open interval (a, b) and f(x) > 0 for
each x in [a, b].

Let C be the arc of the graph of f on
[a, b]. We wish to find the area of the
surface formed when C is revolved about
the x-axis.
147
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
| |
x
y
b
a
| |
x
1
|
x
i-1
|
x
i
|
x
n-1
|
- -
-
-
-
-
148
The length of the ith segment on the curve is
( ) ( ) ( ) x f d
i i i
A + =
2
1 c
( )
1 1
With

=
i
x f r ( )and ,
2 i
x f r =
( ) ( ) ( ), x f l
i i
A + =
2
1 c
The area of the ith frustum is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i i
x f x f x f SA + A + =
1
2
1 c t
( )
2 1
r r l SA + =t
149
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), x f x f
i i i
2 1
2
A + = c t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x f f
i i i
A + ~
2
1 2 c c t
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 i i
i
x f x f
x f
+
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x f x f
i i i
A + =
2
1 2 c t
The area of the surface of revolution is
approximately equal to
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). x f f
i i i
n
i
A +

=
2
1
1 2 c c t
150
( ) ( ) | |
}
+ =
b
a
dx x ' f x f SA
2
1 2t
Distance of a point of the
curve from the axis of
revolution
Element of arclength
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x f f lim SA
i i i
n
i
n
A + =

=

2
1
1 2 c c t
The area of the surface of revolution is equal to
}
=
b
a
ds l d SA 2t
26
151
Example 3.7.a Find the area of the surface
formed when the arc of from the point
where to the point where is
revolved about the given indicated line.

x
e y =
1 = x 2 = x
a. y= 0 d. x = 0
b. y= 9 e. x = 5
c. y= -2 f. x = -1
Solution:
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
From Example 3.6.1, the length of the
arc is given by
152
x
y
x
e y =
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
a. y = 0


( ) ( ) | |
}
+ =
b
a
dx x ' f x f SA
2
1 2t
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 2 dx e e
x x
t
153
x
y
x
e y =
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
b. y = 9


}
+ =
2
1
2
1 ? 2 dx e SA
x
t
( )
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 9 2 dx e e
x x
t
154
x
y
x
e y =
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
c. y = -2


}
+ =
2
1
2
1 ? 2 dx e SA
x
t
( )
}
+ + =
2
1
2
1 2 2 dx e e
x x
t
155
x
y
x
e y =
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
d. x = 0


}
+ =
2
1
2
1 2 dx e x
x
t
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 ? 2 dx e SA
x
t
156
x
y
x
e y =
. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
e. x = 5


}
+ =
2
1
2
1 ? 2 dx e SA
x
t
x = 5
( )
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 5 2 dx e x
x
t
27
157 157
x
y
x
e y =
f. x = -1



. dx e L
x
}
+ =
2
1
2
1
}
+ =
2
1
2
1 ? 2 dx e SA
x
t
x = -1
( )
}
+ + =
2
1
2
1 1 2 dx e x
x
t
158
Example 3.7.b Find the area of the surface
formed when the arc of from the point
where to the point where is
revolved about the given indicated line.

x
e y =
1 = x 2 = x
a. y= 0 d. x = 0
b. y= 9 e. x = 5
c. y= -2 f. x = -1
Solution:
ln
x
y e y x = =
1
dy dx
y
=
1 dx
dy y
=
159
2
2
1
1
e
e
L dy
y
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
The length of the arc is given by
2
2
1
1
e
e
L dy
y
= +
}
x
e y =
, 1 when = x e y=
, 2 when = x
2
e y=
160 160
Example 3.7.c Find the area of the surface
formed when the arc of from the point
where to the point where is
revolved about the given indicated line.

1
y
x =
1 y = 2 y =
a. x = 0 d. y= 0
b. x = 3 e. y= 3
c. x = -1 f. y= -1
Solution:
1
x
y
=
2
1 dx
dy y
=
161 161
b. x = 3

x
y
y
x
1
=
a. x = 0


c. x = -1



}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 ? 2 dy
y
SA t
x = 3
x = -1
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 dy
y
L
( ) ( ) | |
}
+ =
d
c
dy y ' g y g SA
2
1 2t
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1
1
2 dy
y y
t
}
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
4
1
1
1
3 2 dy
y y
t
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 ? 2 dy
y
SA t
}
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
4
1
1
1
1 2 dy
y y
t
162 162
d. y = 3

x
y
y
x
1
=
c. y = 0


e. y = -1



}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 ? 2 dy
y
SA t
y = 3
y = -1
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 dy
y
L
( ) | |
}
+ =
d
c
dy y ' g y SA
2
1 2t
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 2 dy
y
y t
( )
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 3 2 dy
y
y t
}
+ =
2
1
4
1
1 ? 2 dy
y
SA t
( )
}
+ + =
2
1
4
1
1 1 2 dy
y
y t
28
163 163
The End
of Chapter 3