Transformers-part 1

A transformer is a static device which transfers the

electric power from one circuit to the another circuit
with the same frequency.
It can raise or lower the voltage but with the
corresponding decrease or increase in current.
The physical appearance of the transformer is the
mutual induction between the two circuits linked by
the common magnetic flux.


Introduction
2
3
Basically it consists of two windings placed on the
core which is made up of some material (steel). First
winding is called the primary winding and the another
winding is called the secondary winding.
Why Transformers are Essential to Power Systems
Transformers make large power systems possible.
In order to transmit hundreds of megawatts of power
efficiently over long distances, very high voltages are
necessary.
The highest practical design voltage for large
generators is 25kV.
Line losses would be prohibitive at low transmission
voltages.
Moreover high voltages would be unsafe to use in
4
home appliances and most industrial equipment.
Transformer can step up or step down with very little
loss in power.
Connecting a step-up transformer between the
generator and a transmission line, permits a practical
design voltage for the generator and at the same time
an efficient transmission line voltage.
Transformers connected between the transmission line
and the various electrical loads permit the transmitted
power to be used at safe voltage. 5
This transformer's job is to
reduce the 4160 volts down to
the 240 volts that makes up
normal household electrical
service. It is a step down
transformer
6
Potential & Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Current Transformer
7
Single-Phase Auto Transformer
8
Switch Mode Power Supply used in Personal
Computer
Transformer
9
Internal circuit of CFL
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Transformer
10
Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent Tube Light
11
Mobile Charger
Transformer
and Rectifier
12
Linear Regulated power Supply
Step-down Transformer
13
230V/15V
control
transformer
High
Frequency
Transformer
used in
SMPS
Typical other applications of single-phase transformer
14
Self induced emf
Due to change in flux linkage with the coil, an
emf is induced into the coil as per the
Faradays law. This emf is called as self
induced emf, and this phenomenon is called as
the self induction.
Mutually induced emf
If the flux produced by one coil gets linked with
another coil, and due to the change in this flux
produced by the coil one if there is emf induced in
second coil then such an emf is called Mutually
induced emf.
Principle of operation of Transformer
It works on Faradays law of Electro magnetic
induction principle.
Faradays first law says that when ever alternating
quantity is given as input time varying flux will be
produced which in turn produces emf.
Faradays Second law says



17
dt
d
N e


TRANSFORMER ON NO-LOAD
Diagram of a two-winding transformer on no-load, i.e. the
secondary terminals are open while the primary is connected
to a source of constant sinusoidal voltage of frequency f Hz.
An alternating voltage applied ,circulates an alternating
current and this current produces an alternating flux in the
steel core
The primary winding draws a small amount of
alternating current of instantaneous value i
o
, called
the exciting current, from the voltage source with
positive direction as indicated on the diagram.
The exciting current establishes flux in the core
(positive direction marked on diagram) all of which is
assumed confined to the core i.e., there is no leakage
of flux. Consequently the primary winding has flux
linkages,


RMS Value:


EMF Equation of Transformer-Another
method








RMS Value 1.11 AVG (Primary) :








All the core flux also links the secondary coil
(no leakage flux) causing in it an induced emf
of:



e2 tends to cause a current flow whose flux
opposes the mutual flux. V2=e2.

From equation for e1 and e2 we get,






If a linear B-H relationship is assumed (devoid of
hysteresis and saturation), the exciting current is only
magnetizing in nature and is proportional to the
sinusoidal flux and in phase with it.
This is represented by the phasor I
m
, lagging the
induced emf by 90. However, the presence of
hysteresis and the phenomenon of eddy-currents,
though of a different physical nature, both demand
the flow of active power into the system and as a
consequence the exciting current I
o
has another
component in phase with E.
The effect of saturation nonlinearity is to create a
family of odd-harmonic components in the exciting
current, the predominant being the third harmonic;
this may constitute as large as 35--40% of the
exciting current.
I
m
is the magnetizing current and is responsible for
the production of flux, while I
i


is the core-loss
current responsible for the active power* being
drawn from the source to provide the hysteresis and
eddy-current loss.
Since the excitation current in a typical transformer is
only about 5% of the full-load current, the net
current drawn by the transformer under loaded
condition is almost sinusoidal.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
(i) The primary and secondary windings have zero resistance.
It means that there is no ohmic power loss and no resistive
voltage drop in the ideal transformer. An actual transformer
has finite but small winding resistances. It will also be
assumed that there is no stray capacitance, though the
actual transformer has inter-turn capacitance and
capacitance between turns and ground but their effect is
negligible at 50 Hz.
(ii) There is no leakage flux so that all the flux is confined to
the core and links both the windings. An actual transformer
does have a small amount of leakage flux which can be
accounted for in detailed analysis by appropriate circuit
modelling.
(iii) The core-loss (hysteresis as well as eddy-current loss) is
considered zero.





Ideal Transformer on Load

Now let the secondary be connected to a load of
impedance Z
2
so that the secondary feeds a sinusoidal
current of instantaneous value i
2
to the load.
Due to this flow of current, the secondary creates mmf
F2 = i2N2 opposes the flux.
However, the mutual flux cannot change as otherwise
the (V1 ,e1) balance will be disturbed (this balance must
always hold as winding has zero leakage and resistance).
The result is that the primary draws a current i
l
from the
source so as to create mmf F
I
= i
1
N
1
which at all time
cancels out the load caused mmf i
2
N
2
so that flux is
maintained constant independent of the load current
flow.





which implies that currents in an ideal transformer
transform in inverse ratio of winding turns

Transferring an impedance from one side of a
transformer to the other is known as referring
the impedance to the other side.
impedance on the secondary side when seen
(referred to) on the primary side is
transformed in the direct ratio of square of
turns
ON LOAD A few more points
When the secondary is on open circuit, the primary current is such
that the primary ampere-turns are just sufcient to produce the
ux necessary to induce an e.m.f. that is practically equal and
opposite to the applied voltage.
This magnetizing current is usually about 35 per cent of the full-
load primary current.
When a load is connected across the secondary terminals, the
secondary current by Lenzs law produces a demagnetizing
effect.
Consequently the ux and the e.m.f. induced in the primary are
reduced slightly.
The demagnetizing ampere-turns of the secondary are nearly
neutralized by the increase in the primary ampere-turns; and since
the primary ampere-turns on no load are very small compared with
the full-load ampere turns, full-load primary ampere-turns are
approximately equal to full-load secondary ampere-turns.



Assume the transformer to be the ideal
transformer. The secondary is connected to a
load of 5 L30. Calculate the primary and
secondary side impedances, current and their
pf, and the real powers. What is the secondary
terminal voltage?

REAL TRANSFORMER AND
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Both the primary and secondary have finite
resistances R
1
and R
2
which are uniformly spread
throughout the winding; these give rise to associated
copper (I*I*R) losses.
A small amount of flux does leak through paths
which lie mostly in air and link separately the
individual windings (leakage flux)
Magnetically coupled circuits - Actual
Case
Flux has two components: Leakage and
Magnetizing.
Leakage flux links only those respective coils,
whereas magnetizing flux links with both the
coils.
It may be also noted that the above cases are also
not ideal.
Reluctances of leakage paths are difficult to
measure. It is approximated by design.
If both currents are in same direction, mag flux
adds.


Flux linking each coil may be expressed as






Power is unchanged

(Since their unit is also Volt-second)







Substitute for i
2,

2
, v2.


Semi-Ideal Transformer circuits

Both resistances and leakage reactances of the
transformer windings are series effects and for low
operating frequencies at which the transformers are
commonly employed.
the current flowing in the primary of the semi-ideal
transformer can be visualized to comprise two
components as below:
(i) Exciting current I
o
whose magnetizing component I
m

creates mutual flux and whose core-loss component Ii,
provides the loss associated with alternation of flux.
(ii) A load component I
2
which counterbalances the
secondary mmf I
2
N
2
so that the mutual flux remains
constant independent of load, determined only by E1 .
Thus
Some referred relations



Phasor Diagram of Exact Equivalent
Circuit of Transformer


Along with Flux !

Approximate Equivalent Circuits (Since
Mag current is approx negligible)