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The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol

suite (IP), and is so common that the entire suite is often called TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable,
ordered and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between programs running on
computers connected to a local area network, intranet or the public Internet. It resides at
the transport layer.
Web browsers use TCP when they connect to servers on the World Wide Web, and it is used to
deliver email and transfer files from one location to
another. HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, SSH, FTP, Telnet and a variety of other protocols
are typically encapsulated in TCP.
Applications that do not require the reliability of a TCP connection may instead use
the connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which emphasizes low-overhead operation
and reduced latency rather than error checking and delivery validation.
Internet protocol suite
Application layer
BGP
DHCP
DNS
FTP
HTTP
IMAP
LDAP
MGCP
NNTP
NTP
POP
ONC/RPC
RTP
RTSP
RIP
SIP
SMTP
SNMP
SSH
Telnet
TLS/SSL
XMPP
more...
Transport layer
TCP
UDP
DCCP
SCTP
RSVP
more...
Internet layer
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
ICMPv6
ECN
IGMP
IPsec
more...
Link layer
ARP
NDP
OSPF
Tunnels
L2TP
PPP
MAC
Ethernet
DSL
ISDN
FDDI
more...
V
T
E
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical origin
2 Network function
3 TCP segment structure
4 Protocol operation
o 4.1 Connection establishment
o 4.2 Connection termination
o 4.3 Resource usage
o 4.4 Data transfer
4.4.1 Reliable transmission
4.4.2 Error detection
4.4.3 Flow control
4.4.4 Congestion control
o 4.5 Maximum segment size
o 4.6 Selective acknowledgments
o 4.7 Window scaling
o 4.8 TCP timestamps
o 4.9 Out-of-band data
o 4.10 Forcing data delivery
5 Vulnerabilities
o 5.1 Denial of service
o 5.2 Connection hijacking
o 5.3 TCP veto
6 TCP ports
7 Development
8 TCP over wireless networks
9 Hardware implementations
10 Debugging
11 Alternatives
12 Checksum computation
o 12.1 TCP checksum for IPv4
o 12.2 TCP checksum for IPv6
o 12.3 Checksum offload
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
o 16.1 RFC
o 16.2 Others
Historical origin[edit]
In May 1974 the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A
Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication."
[1]
The paper's authors, Vint Cerfand Bob Kahn,
described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet-switching among the
nodes. A central control component of this model was theTransmission Control Program that
incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The
monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting
of the Transmission Control Protocol at the connection-oriented layer and the Internet Protocol at
the internetworking (datagram) layer. The model became known informally as TCP/IP, although
formally it was henceforth called the Internet Protocol Suite.
Network function[edit]
The protocol corresponds to the transport layer of TCP/IP suite. TCP provides a communication
service at an intermediate level between an application program and the Internet Protocol (IP).
That is, when an application program desires to send a large chunk of data across the Internet
using IP, instead of breaking the data into IP-sized pieces and issuing a series of IP requests, the
software can issue a single request to TCP and let TCP handle the IP details.
IP works by exchanging pieces of information called packets. A packet is a sequence
of octets (bytes) and consists of a header followed by a body. The header describes the packet's
source, destination and control information. The body contains the data IP is transmitting.
Due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or other unpredictable network behavior, IP
packets can be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. TCP detects these problems,
requests retransmission of lost data, rearranges out-of-order data, and even helps minimize
network congestion to reduce the occurrence of the other problems. Once the TCP receiver has
reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted, it passes them to the receiving
application. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking
details.
TCP is utilized extensively by many of the Internet's most popular applications, including
the World Wide Web (WWW), E-mail, File Transfer Protocol, Secure Shell, peer-to-peer file
sharing, and some streaming media applications.
TCP is optimized for accurate delivery rather than timely delivery, and therefore, TCP sometimes
incurs relatively long delays (on the order of seconds) while waiting for out-of-order messages or
retransmissions of lost messages. It is not particularly suitable for real-time applications such
as Voice over IP. For such applications, protocols like the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
running over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are usually recommended instead.
[2]

TCP is a reliable stream delivery service that guarantees that all bytes received will be identical
with bytes sent and in the correct order. Since packet transfer over many networks is not reliable,
a technique known as positive acknowledgment with retransmission is used to guarantee
reliability of packet transfers. This fundamental technique requires the receiver to respond with
an acknowledgment message as it receives the data. The sender keeps a record of each packet
it sends. The sender also maintains a timer from when the packet was sent, and retransmits a
packet if the timer expires before the message has been acknowledged. The timer is needed in
case a packet gets lost or corrupted.
[2]

While IP handles actual delivery of the data, TCP keeps track of the individual units of data
transmission, called segments, that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the
network. For example, when an HTML file is sent from a web server, the TCP software layer of
that server divides the sequence of octets of the file into segments and forwards them
individually to the IP software layer (Internet Layer). The Internet Layer encapsulates each TCP
segment into an IP packet by adding a header that includes (among other data) the
destination IP address. When the client program on the destination computer receives them, the
TCP layer (Transport Layer) reassembles the individual segments and ensures they are correctly
ordered and error free as it streams them to an application.
TCP segment structure[edit]
Transmission Control Protocol accepts data from a data stream, divides it into chunks, and adds
a TCP header creating a TCP segment. The TCP segment is then encapsulated into an Internet
Protocol (IP) datagram, and exchanged with peers.
[3]

The term TCP packet appears in both informal and formal usage, whereas in more precise
terminology segment refers to the TCP Protocol Data Unit (PDU), datagram
[4]
to the IP PDU,
and frame to the data link layer PDU:
Processes transmit data by calling on the TCP and passing buffers of data as arguments. The
TCP packages the data from these buffers into segments and calls on the internet module [e.g.
IP] to transmit each segment to the destination TCP.
[5]

A TCP segment consists of a segment header and a data section. The TCP header contains 10
mandatory fields, and an optional extension field (Options, pink background in table).
The data section follows the header. Its contents are the payload data carried for the application.
The length of the data section is not specified in the TCP segment header. It can be calculated
by subtracting the combined length of the TCP header and the encapsulating IP header from the
total IP datagram length (specified in the IP header).
TCP Header
Offs
ets
Oct
et
0 1 2 3
Octe
t
Bi
t

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
0 0 Source port Destination port
4 32 Sequence number
8 64 Acknowledgment number (if ACK set)
12 96
Data
offset
Reserv
ed
0 0 0
N
S
C
W
R
E
C
E
U
R
G
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
Window Size
16
12
8
Checksum Urgent pointer (if URG set)
20
...
16
0
..
.
Options (if data offset > 5. Padded at the end with "0" bytes if necessary.)
...
Source port (16 bits)
identifies the sending port
Destination port (16 bits)
identifies the receiving port
Sequence number (32 bits)
has a dual role:
If the SYN flag is set (1), then this is the initial sequence number. The sequence
number of the actual first data byte and the acknowledged number in the
corresponding ACK are then this sequence number plus 1.
If the SYN flag is clear (0), then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first
data byte of this segment for the current session.
Acknowledgment number (32 bits)
if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the
receiver is expecting. This acknowledges receipt of all prior bytes (if any). The
first ACK sent by each end acknowledges the other end's initial sequence number itself,
but no data.
Data offset (4 bits)
specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. The minimum size header is 5
words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and
maximum of 60 bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header. This field gets
its name from the fact that it is also the offset from the start of the TCP segment to the
actual data.
Reserved (3 bits)
for future use and should be set to zero
Flags (9 bits) (aka Control bits)
contains 9 1-bit flags
NS (1 bit) ECN-nonce concealment protection (added to header by RFC 3540

).
CWR (1 bit) Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag is set by the sending host to
indicate that it received a TCP segment with the ECE flag set and had responded in
congestion control mechanism (added to header by RFC 3168

).
ECE (1 bit) ECN-Echo has a dual role, depending on the value of the SYN flag. It
indicates:
If the SYN flag is set (1), that the TCP peer is ECN capable.
If the SYN flag is clear (0), that a packet with Congestion Experienced flag in IP
header set is received during normal transmission (added to header by RFC 3168

).
URG (1 bit) indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant
ACK (1 bit) indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets
after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set.
PSH (1 bit) Push function. Asks to push the buffered data to the receiving
application.
RST (1 bit) Reset the connection
SYN (1 bit) Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from
each end should have this flag set. Some other flags and fields change meaning
based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it
is clear.
FIN (1 bit) No more data from sender
Window size (16 bits)
the size of the receive window, which specifies the number of window size units (by
default, bytes) (beyond the sequence number in the acknowledgment field) that the
sender of this segment is currently willing to receive (see Flow control and Window
Scaling)
Checksum (16 bits)
The 16-bit checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data
Urgent pointer (16 bits)
if the URG flag is set, then this 16-bit field is an offset from the sequence number
indicating the last urgent data byte
Options (Variable 0320 bits, divisible by 32)
The length of this field is determined by the data offset field. Options have up to three
fields: Option-Kind (1 byte), Option-Length (1 byte), Option-Data (variable). The Option-
Kind field indicates the type of option, and is the only field that is not optional. Depending
on what kind of option we are dealing with, the next two fields may be set: the Option-
Length field indicates the total length of the option, and the Option-Data field contains the
value of the option, if applicable. For example, an Option-Kind byte of 0x01 indicates that
this is a No-Op option used only for padding, and does not have an Option-Length or
Option-Data byte following it. An Option-Kind byte of 0 is the End Of Options option, and
is also only one byte. An Option-Kind byte of 0x02 indicates that this is the Maximum
Segment Size option, and will be followed by a byte specifying the length of the MSS field
(should be 0x04). Note that this length is the total length of the given options field,
including Option-Kind and Option-Length bytes. So while the MSS value is typically
expressed in two bytes, the length of the field will be 4 bytes (+2 bytes of kind and
length). In short, an MSS option field with a value of 0x05B4 will show up as (0x02 0x04
0x05B4) in the TCP options section.
Some options may only be sent when SYN is set; they are indicated below as
[SYN]
.
Option-Kind and standard lengths given as (Option-Kind,Option-Length).
0 (8 bits) End of options list
1 (8 bits) No operation (NOP, Padding) This may be used to align option fields on
32-bit boundaries for better performance.
2,4,SS (32 bits) Maximum segment size (see maximum segment size)
[SYN]

3,3,S (24 bits) Window scale (see window scaling for details)
[SYN][6]

4,2 (16 bits) Selective Acknowledgement permitted.
[SYN]
(See selective
acknowledgments for details)
[7]

5,N,BBBB,EEEE,... (variable bits, N is either 10, 18, 26, or 34)- Selective
ACKnowledgement (SACK)
[8]
These first two bytes are followed by a list of 14
blocks being selectively acknowledged, specified as 32-bit begin/end pointers.
8,10,TTTT,EEEE (80 bits)- Timestamp and echo of previous timestamp (see TCP
timestamps for details)
[9]

14,3,S (24 bits) TCP Alternate Checksum Request.
[SYN][10]

15,N,... (variable bits) TCP Alternate Checksum Data.
(The remaining options are obsolete, experimental, not yet standardized, or unassigned)
Padding
The TCP header padding is used to ensure that the TCP header ends and data begins
on a 32 bit boundary. The padding is composed of zeros.
[11]

Protocol
operation[edit]

A Simplified TCP State Diagram.
SeeTCP EFSM diagram

for a more detailed state diagram
including the states inside the
ESTABLISHED state.
TCP protocol operations may be
divided into three phases. Connections
must be properly established in a
multi-step handshake process
(connection establishment) before
entering the data transfer phase. After
data transmission is completed,
the connection termination closes
established virtual circuits and
releases all allocated resources.
A TCP connection is managed by an
operating system through a
programming interface that represents
the local end-point for
communications, the Internet socket.
During the lifetime of a TCP
connection the local end-point
undergoes a series of statechanges:
[12]

LISTEN
(server) represents waiting for a connection request from any remote TCP and port.
SYN-SENT
(client) represents waiting for a matching connection request after having sent a
connection request.
SYN-RECEIVED
(server) represents waiting for a confirming connection request acknowledgment after
having both received and sent a connection request.
ESTABLISHED
(both server and client) represents an open connection, data received can be delivered to
the user. The normal state for the data transfer phase of the connection.
FIN-WAIT-1
(both server and client) represents waiting for a connection termination request from the
remote TCP, or an acknowledgment of the connection termination request previously
sent.
FIN-WAIT-2
(both server and client) represents waiting for a connection termination request from the
remote TCP.
CLOSE-
WAIT
(both server and client) represents waiting for a connection termination request from the
local user.
CLOSING

(both server and client) represents waiting for a connection termination request
acknowledgment from the remote TCP.
LAST
-
ACK
(both server and client) represents waiting for an acknowledgment of the connection
termination request previously sent to the remote TCP (which includes an
acknowledgment of its connection termination request).
TI
M
E
-
W
A
IT

(either server or client) represents waiting for enough time to pass to be sure the remote
TCP received the acknowledgment of its connection termination request. [According
toRFC 793

a connection can stay in TIME-WAIT for a maximum of four minutes known as
a MSL (maximum segment lifetime).]
C
L
O
S
E
D

(both server and client) represents no connection state at all.
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Any transport or other upper-layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP
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