CllA. III.

CARPENTRY. f>3^
construction of the nave and side erections of tlie building for the Exhibition of 1862 ;
and
also for some of the passages, &c., of the Horticultural Society, where they still exist, and
deserve examination. It is also adojjted for temporary sheds of large spans.
2052a. Tills work by De Lonne deserves tlie study of every one that seeks to bo
an architect, tho igh in these unfortunate days for tlie art the reward of study aad
nailing is very doubtful.
20526. Since the period of De Loime, another system, arising out of it, has been exten-
sively adopted for large buildings. Colonel Emy, having been called upon in 1819 to
design a roof of (JO feet span, succeeded in composing one in which, while timbers of a
greater length might he used, the necessary solidity, with the lightness and economy of the
system of De I.oi me. might be comhiiied. This he carried out in 18:25 and 1826. T'.w
workmanship is less than in De Lonne's roofs, as the
wood is all in straight jiieces, and is within the power
of the ordinary carpenter. An arch is composed of
a series of long and thin jjlanks, laid fl itways, the
flexibility of wliicli permits thtm to he easily and
quickly bent without tlie aid of heat ;
and their
rigidity, jiroperly regulated, maintains the form
given and destroys the thrust. JFiy. 701a is a |ior-
tion of the base of one arc, which will illustrate the
system. 'l"he details are best learnt fiom Emy's
own work, as it would re(juire much space to do
justice to them. The vertical pieces A are
7f
inches
thick, and placed about 4 inches from the wall.
The three first radial pieces 13 are prolonged beyond
the upri^^hts, and enter reces-es in the wnll to steady
the f. allies. 'J'ne ])lates C, breaking joint well with
one another, compose the arc, and are
1^ inch thick,
5|',,
inches broad, and about 40 feet long, bolted to-
gether, the hulls being driven tightly into accurately
made holes, and are further firmly tied together by
iron straps ;
the bolts are ^''g inch diameter, and about
2 foet 6 in. apart ; the ))rincipal rafters are
5^
in.
thick; the trusses are placed 9 feet 10 in. apart.
2052c. Upon an experiment that was made by
Einy to test the strength and thrust of this arch,
he found it necessary to add a supplementary plate
to a ])art of the extrados, and two plates to a part
of the intrados. The following is the proportion of the number of ))lates and their width,
which he adopted as a rule :

ft. ;
From the springing to radial (B) No. 1 - -
7 plates, 1 3 wide
From radial No. 1 to the tie placed between radials
Nos. 6 and 7 -
From this tie to radial No. 6
-
From radial No. 9 to the king-post
These supplementary plates were of oak, and of the same thickness as the others,
roofs are also given with sufficient detail in Newlands' work above-mentioned.
'2052(1. Medi.isval Roofs. In the south of France the few Romanesque roofs did not
differ from the common king-post roof, except in two points, viz., that the tie-beam and
the king-post were stop-chamfered ; and the strain of the
purlines upon the principal rafter was counteracted by a
nearly upright strut from the tie-beam. This system
lelt the principal rafter with a false bearing, if the walls
were not extremely thick in proportion to the width of
the apartment which they enclosed. As a remedy, the
late Romanesque builders tenoned the purline into the
j)rincipals, and, moreover, laid it with its wid.r side to
the rafters, in order that the backs of the common
rafters should be Hush with those of the principal rafters
(similarly to
Ji</. 692.). The next step was to put
jnoper struts from the foot of the king-post. At the
present day the purline is placed on edge for economy of
material.
f'K
'0'6
2052/1 In the north of France there was difficulty in roofing over the vaulting : either
the main walls had to be carried as high as the ridge-rib, or else the frame of the roof
had to be similar in iirauiple to that shown in Jit;. 7016. Experience proved that the
ft. in
7
ilates. 1 3
8 1 7
6
,,
1
5

nearly 11
These