Automobile Engg Lab VIISem

LABORATORY MANUAL
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
LIST OF THE EXPERIMENTS
S.
No.
Name of the Experiment Page No
From To
1. To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e "$ut"!es*
a. +o#$ , Sr#ng "$ut"!
-. .#a!ragm sr#ng "$ut"!
". .ou-$e d#s' "$ut"!
1 /
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e transm#ss#on systems*
a. Syn"!romes! , (our seed range
-. Transa1$e &#t! dua$ seed range
". Four &!ee$ dr#)e and trans(er "ase
d. Steer#ng "o$umn and ($oor s!#(t2 $e)er
3 14
5.

To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e tyres 6 &!ee$*
a. 7ar#ous tyes o( -#as and rad#a$ $#es tyres
-. 7ar#ous tyes o( &!ee$s
11 04
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e steer#ng systems*
a. Manua$ steer#ng system% e.g. #tman arm steer#ng% ra"' and
#n#on steer#ng
- Po&er steer#ng system% e.g. ra"' 6 #n#on o&er steer#ng
systems
" Steer#ng &!ee$s 6 "o$umn% e.g. t#$t and te$es"o#" steer#ng
&!ee$s% "o$$as#-$e steer#ng "o$umns
01 0/
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e -ra'e systems*
a. :ydrau$#" 6 neumat#" -ra'e system
-. .rum -ra'e system
". .#s' -ra'e system
-. Ant#$o"' -ra'e system
03 51
/. To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and 50 5;
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e susens#on systems*
a. Front susens#on system
-. Rear susens#on system
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e dr#)e $#nes and d#((erent#a$s*
a. Rear &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
-. Front &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
". .#((erent#a$% dr#)e a1e$ and (our &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
5< 80
;. To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e automot#)e em#ss#on = o$$ut#on "ontro$ systems. 85 83
<. To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e (ue$ su$y systems*
a. +ar-uretor
-. .#ese$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on systems
". Gaso$#ne (ue$ #n>e"t#on systems
8; 95
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e eng#ne systems and su- systems*
a. Mu$t# "y$#nder* d#ese$ and etro$ eng#ne
-. Eng#ne "oo$#ng and $u-r#"at#ng systems
". Eng#ne start#ng systems
d. +onta"t o#nt and e$e"tron#" #gn#t#on systems
98 9;
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING LAB
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT
Aim
To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and oerat#on o(
t!e (o$$o&#ng Automo-#$e "$ut"!es*
a? +o#$ Sr#ng +$ut"!
-? .#a!ragm Sr#ng +$ut"!
"? Mu$t# $ate +$ut"!
THEOR!
.#agram% +onstru"t#ona$ .eta#$s% @or'#ng Pr#n"#$e and Oerat#on o( t!e a-o)e
A s#m$#(#ed s'et"! o( a s#ng$e $ate "$ut"! #s g#)en #n (#g 1 Fr#"t#on $ate #s !e$d -et&een
t!e ($y&!ee$ and t!e ressure $ate. T!ere are sr#ngs At!e num-er may )ary% deend#ng
uon des#gn? arranged "#r"um(erent#a$$y% &!#"! ro)#de a1#a$ (or"e to 'ee t!e "$ut"! #n
engaged os#t#on. T!e (r#"t#on $ate #s mounted on a !u- &!#"! #s s$#ned (rom #ns#de and
#s t!us (ree to s$#de o)er t!e gear -o1 s!a(t. Fr#"t#on (a"#ng #s atta"!ed to t!e (r#"t#on $ate
-ot! s#des to ro)#de t&o annu$ar (r#"t#on sur(a"es (or t!e transm#ss#on o( o&er. A eda$ #s
ro)#ded to u$$ t!e ressure $ate aga#nst t!e sr#ng (or"e &!ene)er #t #s reBu#red to -e
d#sengaged. Ord#nar#$y #t rema#ns #n engaged os#t#on as #s s!o&n #n (#g.1
@!en t!e "$ut"! eda$ #s ressed% t!e ressure $ate #s mo)ed to t!e r#g!t aga#nst t!e (or"e
o( t!e sr#ngs. T!#s #s a"!#e)#ng -y means o( a su#ta-$e $#n'age and a t!rust -ear#ng. @#t!
t!#s mo)ement o( t!e ressure $ate% t!e (r#"t#on $ate #s re$eased and t!e "$ut"! #s
d#sengaged.
In a"tua$ ra"t#"e t!e "onstru"t#on o( t!e "$ut"! d#((ers. T!e ressure $ate% t!e sr#ngs% t!e
re$ease $e)ers and t!e "o)er (orm a su- assem-$y% "a$$ed t!e "o)er assem-$y &!#"! "an -e
mounted d#re"t$y to t!e eng#ne -$o"'% o( "ourse% $a"#ng t!e "$ut"! $ate #n -et&een t!e
($y&!ee$ and t!e ressure $ate &#t! t!e "$ut"! s!a(t #nserted #n t!#s arrangement.
A"#anta$e%
1 &#t! t!e s#ng$e $ate "$ut"!% gear "!ang#ng #s eas#er t!an &#t! t!e "one "$ut"!% -e"ause
t!e eda$ mo)ement #s $ess #n t!#s "ase
0 #t does not su((er (rom d#sad)antages o( "one "$ut"! #.e. -#nd#ngs o( "ones et". and
!en"e #t #s more re$#a-$e
&i%a"#anta$e%
As "omared to "one "$ut"!% t!e sr#ngs !a)e to -e more st#(( and t!#s means greater (or"e
reBu#re to -e a$#ed -y t!e dr#)er &!#$e d#sengag#ng.
In t!e assem-$ed os#t#on re$eases $e)er rest aga#nst t!e "entre oen#ng o( t!e "o)er ress#ng
t!ere #s an eye-o$t nut &!#"! "auses t!e strut to u$$ t!e ressure $ate aga#nst t!e sr#ngs%
t!us !o$d#ng toget!er t!e assem-$y. @!en t!e "o)er #s -o$ted onto t!e ($y&!ee$% t!e
ressure $ate #s (urt!er us!ed -a"' aga#nst t!e sr#ngs% "aus#ng t!em to -e "omressed
(urt!er% &!#"! re$a1es t!e re$ease $e)ers. Ant# ratt$e sr#ngs ser)e to re)ent t!e undes#ra-$e
no#se due to re$ease $e)ers &!en t!e "$ut"! #s #n t!e engaged os#t#on.
&iaphra$m Sprin$ T'pe Sin$(e P(ate C()t*h
T!e "onstru"t#on o( t!#s tye o( "$ut"! #s s#m#$ar to t!at o( t!e s#ng$e $ate tye o( "$ut"!
des"r#-ed a-o)e e1"et t!at !ere d#a!ragm sr#ngs Aa$so "a$$ed Be$$e)#$$e sr#ngs? are used
#nstead #( t!e ord#nary "o#$ sr#ngs. In t!e (ree "ond#t#on% t!e d#a!ragm sr#ng #s o( "on#"a$
(orm -ut &!en assem-$ed% #t #s "onstra#ned to an aro1#mate$y ($at "ond#t#on -e"ause o(
&!#"! #t e1erts a $oad uon t!e ressure $ate.
A d#a!ragm sr#ng tye "$ut"! #s s!o&n #n (#g. &!ere s!o&s t!e "$ut"! #n t!e engaged
os#t#on and #n t!e d#sengaged os#t#on.
It #s seen (rom t!e a-o)e (#gures t!at t!e d#a!ragm sr#ng #s suorted on a (u$"rum
reta#n#ng r#ng so t!at any se"t#on t!roug! t!e sr#ng "an -e regarded as a s#m$e $e)er. T!e
ressure $ate E #s mo)a-$e a1#a$$y% -ut #t #s (#1ed rad#"a$$y &#t! rese"t to t!e "o)er. T!#s
#s done -y ro)#d#ng a ser#es o( eBua$$y sa"ed $ugs "ast uon t!e -a"' sur(a"e o( t!e
ressure $ate. T!e dr#)e (rom t!e eng#ne ($y&!ee$ #s transm#tted t!roug! t!e "o)er%
ressure $ate and t!e (r#"t#on $ate to t!e gear -o1 #nut s!a(t.
T!e "$ut"! #s d#sengaged -y ress#ng t!e "$ut"! eda$ &!#"! a"tuates t!e re$ease (#ngers -y
means o( a re$ease r#ng. T!#s #)ots t!e sr#ng a-out #ts (u$"rum% re$#e)#ng t!e sr#ng $oad
on t!e outs#de d#ameter% t!ere-y d#s"onne"t#ng t!e dr#)e.
In t!#s "$ut"!% t!ree stras o( sr#ng stee$ are $a"ed eBu#$atera$$y so t!at t!e#r outer ends are
r#)eted to t!e "o)er% &!#$e t!e#r "enters are r#)eted to t!e ressure $ate. .r#)e #s
transm#tted (rom t!e "o)er to t!e ressure $ate )#a t!e stras a$ong $#nes o( a"t#on t!roug!
t!e stra r#)et "enters. Sr#ng ($e1ure o( t!e stras erm#ts t!e a1#a$ mo)ement o( t!e
ressure $ate re$at#)e to t!e "o)er.
Ad)antages o( t!e d#a!ragm sr#ng tye "$ut"!
T!#s tye o( "$ut"! !as no& )#rtua$$y suerseded t!e ear$#er "o#$ sr#ng des#gn #n many
"ountr#es #n "$ut"! s#Ces rang#ng uto 034 mm% #n d#ameter% a$t!oug! #n "ase o( !ea)y
)e!#"$es% t!e "o#$ sr#ng tye "$ut"!es are st#$$ -e#ng used -e"ause o( t!e d#((#"u$ty to
ro)#de su((#"#ent "$am#ng (or"e -y a s#ng$e d#a!ragm sr#ng. T!e d#a!ragm sr#ng
!o&e)er% o((ers "erta#n d#st#n"t ad)antages.
#? #t #s more "oma"t means o( stor#ng energy. T!us "oma"t des#gn resu$ts
#n sma$$er "$ut"! !ous#ng.
##? As t!e d#a!ragm sr#ng #s "omarat#)e$y $ess a((e"ted -y t!e "entr#(uga$
(or"es% #t "an &#t!stand !#g!er rotat#ona$ seeds. On t!e ot!er !and% "o#$
sr#ngs !a)e tenden"y to d#stort #n t!e trans)erse d#re"t#on at !#g!er
seeds.
###? In "ase o( "o#$ sr#ngs% $oad de($e"t#on "ur)e #s $#near. T!ere(ore% &#t! t!e
&ear o( t!e "$ut"! (a"#ng t!e sr#ngs !as $ess de($e"t#on due to &!#"!
t!ey &ou$d a$y $ess (or"e aga#nst t!e "$ut"! $ate. On t!e ot!er !and%
#n "ase o( d#a!ragm sr#ng% t!e $oad de($e"t#on "ur)e #s not $#near
t!ere(ore% #n t!#s "ase% as t!e "$ut"! (a"#ng &ears% (or"e on t!e $ate
gradua$$y #n"reases% &!#"! means t!at e)en #n t!e &orn out "ond#t#on%
t!e sr#ng (or"e #s not $ess t!an #ts )a$ue #n "ase o( ne& "$ut"!. Furt!er%
#t #s a$so seen t!at t!e $oad de($e"t#on "ur)e deends uon t!e rat#os !=t
&!ere ! #s t!e (ree d#s! !e#g!t and t #s t!e t!#"'ness o( t!e sr#ng.
T!ere(ore% #n t!#s "ase &#t! su#ta-$e des#gn% t!e $oad de($e"t#on "ur)e "an
-e #mro)ed to g#)e $o&er re$ease $oads.
#)? T!e d#a!ragm a"ts as -ot! "$am#ng sr#ng and re$ease $e)ers.
T!ere(ore% many e1tra arts $#'e struts% eye -o$ts% $e)ers et". are
e$#m#nated #n t!e d#a!ragm sr#ng% -e"ause o( &!#"! t!e $oss o(
e((#"#en"y due to (r#"t#on &ear o( t!ese arts a$so does not o""ur% &!#"!
resu$ts #n t!e e$#m#nat#on o( sBuea's and ratt$es.
M)(tip(ate *()t*h
T!ese "$ut"!es are used #n !ea)y "ommer"#a$ )e!#"$es% ra"#ng "ars and motor "y"$es (or
transm#tt#ng !#g! torBue. In "omar#son to s#ng$e $ate tye% t!ese s&#t"!es are smoot!er and
eas#er to oerate due to t!e#r assem-$y o( (r#"t#on sur(a"es "onta"t. T!ey may -e used &!ere
sa"e #s )ery $#m#ted% #.e. #n automat#" transm#ss#on and motor "y"$es. In t!e $atter "ases a
mu$t#$ate "$ut"! o( sma$$ oerator transm#ts aro1#mate$y t!e same torBue as a s#ng$e $ate
"$ut"! o( t&#"e t!at d#ameter. T!ese are a$so used #n "ases &!ere )ery $arge torBues are to -e
transm#tted #.e. #n !ea)y "ommer"#a$ )e!#"$es% "ars% se"#a$ urose m#$#tary and agr#"u$tura$
)e!#"$es. T!ese "$ut"!es may -e dry or &et. @!en t!e "$ut"! o( t!#s tye #s oerated #n a -at!
o( o#$% #t #s "a$$ed a &et "$ut"!. But t!ese o#$ #mmersed or &et "$ut"!es are genera$$y used #n
"on>un"t#on &#t! or as a art o( t!e automat#" transm#ss#on. It "ons#sts o( a num-er o( t!#n
$ates "onne"ted a$ternate$y to #nut and outut s!a(t resu$t#ng #n a )ery $arge area o( &or'#ng
sur(a"e #n a "omarat#)e$y sma$$ sa"e. T!e #n"reased num-er o( $ates ro)#des t!e #n"reased
torBue transm#tt#ng a-#$#ty o( t!e "$ut"!.
REFERENCE BOO+S
1 Automot#)e Me"!an#"s , +rouse = Ang$#n
0 Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng -y .r D#ra$ S#ng!
7#)a Euest#ons
1. @!at #s t!e (un"t#on#ng o( a "$ut"!F
.#s"uss )ar#ous (a"tors a((e"t#ng t!e torBue transm#ss#ons #n a "$ut"!
0. E1$a#n t!e &or'#ng o( mu$t# $ate dry "$ut"!
5. @!at are t!e essent#a$ roert#es reBu#red (or a "$ut"! (a"#ng mater#a$s
8. E1$a#n #n deta#$ )ar#ous "auses o( "$ut"! trou-$es. :o& "an t!ese -e remed#edF
9. +omare t!e !ydrau$#" and me"!an#"a$ met!ods o( oerat#ng "$ut"!es
/. @!ere and &!y &e use mu$t# $ate "$ut"!es
3. .#s"uss t!e "onstru"t#ona$ (eatures o( a "$ut"! $ate
;. .es"r#-e sem# and (u$$y "entr#(uga$ "$ut"!es
<. @#t! t!e !e$ o( a su#ta-$e d#agram% des"r#-e t!e "onstru"t#ona$ (eatures o( a d#a!ragm
tye sr#ng "$ut"!
14. .er#)e mat!emat#"a$ e1ress#ons (or t!e torBue transm#tted #n a mu$t#$ate "$ut"! &#t! n
no o( $ates
11. +omare dry and &et tye o( (r#"t#on "$ut"!es.
10. @!y are t!e "$ut"! (r#"t#on $ates er(oratedF
15. @!at #s t!e need o( a "$ut"! #n an automo-#$e
18. @!y do &e !a)e sr#ngs #n "$ut"! (r#"t#on $ates
19. @!at are t!e (un"t#ons o( a damer sr#ngs #n a "$ut"! dr#)#ng d#s"
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO, -
Aim
t!e (o$$o&#ng Automot#)e Transm#ss#on Systems*
a? S$#d#ng Mes!
-? +onstant Mes!
"? Syn"!romes! , (our seed range
.
S(i"in$ Me%h t'pe Gear Box
T!#s #s t!e s#m$est tye o( gear -o1 AF#g 5?. T!e o&er #s trans(erred (rom t!e eng#ne to t!e
"$ut"! s!a(t and t!en to t!e "$ut"! gear &!#"! #s a$&ays #n mes! &#t! a gear on t!e $ays!a(t. A$$
t!e gears on t!e $ay s!a(t are (#1ed and as su"! t!ey are a$$ t!e t#me rotat#ng &!en t!e eng#ne #s
runn#ng and t!e "$ut"! #s engaged. T!ree d#re"t and one re)erse seeds are atta#ned -y su#ta-$y
mo)#ng t!e gear on t!e ma#n s!a(t -y means o( se$e"tor me"!an#sm.
Con%tant Me%h Gear Box
In t!#s tye o( gear -o1% a$$ t!e gears are #n "onstant mes! &#t! t!e "orresond#ng gears on t!e
$ays!a(t. T!e gears on t!e ma#n s!a(t &!#"! #s s$#ned% are (ree. T!e dog "$ut"!es are ro)#ded
&!#"! s$#de on t!e ma#n s!a(t. T!e gears on t!e $ays!a(t are% !o&e)er% (#1ed.
@!en t!e $e(t dog "$ut"! #s s$#ded to t!e $e(t -y means o( t!e se$e"tor me"!an#sm% #ts teet! o(
t!e gear are engaged &#t! t!e "$ut"! gear. T!e same dog "$ut"!% !o&e)er% &!en s$#de to r#g!t
ma'es "onta"t &#t! t!e se"ond gear and se"ond gear rat#o #s o-ta#ned. S#m#$ar$y mo)ement o(
t!e r#g!t dog "$ut"! to t!e $e(t resu$ts #n $o& gear and to&ards r#g!t #n re)erse gear.
S'n*hrome%h Gear Box
T!#s tye o( gear -o1 #s s#m#$ar to t!e "onstant mes! tye. In t!#s a$$ t!e gears on t!e ma#ns!a(t
are #n "onstant mes! &#t! t!e "orresond#ng gears on t!e $ays!a(t. T!e gears on t!e $ays!a(t
are (#1ed to #t &!#$e t!ose on t!e ma#ns!a(t are (ree to rotate on t!e same s!a(t. Its &or'#ng #s
a$so s#m#$ar to t!e "onstant mes! tye% -ut #n t!e (ormer t!ere #s one de(#n#te #mro)ement o)er
t!e $atter. T!#s #s t!e ro)#s#on o( syn"!romes! de)#"e &!#"! a)o#ds t!e ne"ess#ty o( dou-$e
de"$ut"!#ng. T!e arts &!#"! u$t#mate$y are reBu#red to -e engaged% are (#rst -roug!t #nto
(r#"t#ona$ "onta"t &!#"! eBua$#Ces t!e#r seed% a(ter &!#"! t!ese may -e engaged smoot!$y.
F#g s!o&s t!e "onstru"t#on and &or'#ng o( a syn"!romes! gear -o1. In most o( t!e "ars%
!o&e)er% t!e syn"!romes! de)#"es are not (#tted to a$$ t!e gears. T!ey are on$y on t!e !#g!
seed gears -ut on t!e $o& seed and re)erse gears% ord#nary dog "$ut"!es are on$y ro)#ded.
T!#s #s done to redu"e t!e "ost.
In ot!er &ords% t!e gear &!ee$s &!#"! are to -e os#t#)e$y "onne"ted are (#rst -roug!t #nto
(r#"t#ona$ "onta"t and &!en t!e (r#"t#on !as eBua$#Ced t!e#r seeds% t!e os#t#)e "onne"t#ons are
made. Syn"!romes! de)#"es "an -e a$#ed to t!e s$#d#ng mes! gear -o1 -ut t!ey are
un#)ersa$$y used &#t! "onstant mes! gear -o1es used #n d#((erent motor )e!#"$es. T!e ma#n
(eatures o( t!#s gear -o1 are*
a? T!e outut gears are (ree to rotate on -us!es on t!e outut s!a(t. T!ey are #nterna$$y
$o"ated -y s$#ned t!rust -ear#ngs. S#ng$e or dou-$e !e$#"a$ gears rema#n #n "onstant
mes! &#t! t!e $ay s!a(t gears.
-? T!e outut gears are $o"'ed to t!e#r s!a(t -y t!e dog "$ut"!
"? +!ange o( t!e syn"!ron#C#ng !u- ta'es $a"e &!en #ts seed eBua$#Ces or
syn"!ron#Ces -y t!e#rs "ones.
In "ase t!#s gear #s not used% #t #s $e(t to t!e s'#$$ o( t!e dr#)er to -r#ng one or more gears (or
mes!#ng. By t!e s'#$$(u$ use o( t!#s "$ut"! and a""e$erator eda$% !e "an -r#ng t!e gears
aro1#mate$y t!e same seed. E)en (or t!e uns'#$$ed dr#)er #t #s not d#((#"u$t to a((e"t Bu#te
sat#s(a"tory t!e "!ange o( gears. :e "an do #t s#m$y -y us#ng t!e "$ut"! eda$ gear $e)er &#t!
t!e !e$ o( su""ess(u$ "ommer"#a$ gear syn"!ron#Cers.
Referen*e Boo.%/
1 Automot#)e Me"!an#"s , +rouse=Ang$#n
5 Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng -y P#tman
7#)a Euest#ons
0 @!y gear -o1 #s used #n a )e!#"$e
5 @!at #s a syn"!romes! de)#"eF
8 E1$a#n "$ear$y t!e ne"ess#ty o( a transm#ss#on #n a )e!#"$e
9 .#s"uss t!e ad)antages o( a "onstant mes! gear -o1 o)er t!e s$#d#ng mes! tye gear -o1
/ .es"r#-e t!e &or'#ng o( a syn"!romes! gear -o1 &#t! t!e !e$ o( a neat s'et"!
3 @!at #s trans(er -o1 F &!ere #t #s used F
; @!at are t!e mer#ts and demer#ts o( syn"!romes! gear -o1 "omared to a s$#d#ng mes!
on "onstant mes! tye
< E1$a#n t!e "ommon trou-$es en"ountered #n gear -o1es and suggest su#ta-$e remed#es
14 @!at #s a syn"!ron#Cer
11 @!y #s syn"!romes! de)#"e usua$$y not em$oyed (or t!e re)erse gear
10 @!at may -e t!e oss#-$e reason &!en t!e gear s$#s out o( engagement
15 @!at s!ou$d -e t!e "ause &!en t!e )e!#"$e #s runn#ng &#t! e1"ess#)e no#se #n t!e gear
-o1
AUTOMOBILES ENGINEERING LAB
INSTRUCTON SHEET
EXPERIMENT 0
Aim
t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e tyres and &!ee$s.
a? 7ar#ous tyes o( B#as 6 Rad#a$ P$#es Tyres
-? 7ar#ous tyes o( @!ee$s
&i%* 1hee(
T!#s tye o( &!ee$ "ons#sts o( t&o arts% a stee$ r#m &!#"! #s -ase to re"e#)e t!e tyre and a
ressed stee$ d#s". T!e r#m and t!e d#s" may -e % ermanent$y atta"!ed or atta"!a-$e%
deend#ng uon des#gn. A ty#"a$ stee$ d#s" &!ee$ #s s!o&n #n (#g A5?. #n &!#"! t!e ressed
stee$ d#s" #s &e$ded to t!e r#m.
@!en t!e -ead o( t!e tyre #s rests #n t!e r#m% #t -e"omes oss#-$e to (#t #n os#t#on o( t!e r#m.
@#t!out t!e &e$$ #t &ou$d not -e oss#-$e to mount or remo)e t!e tyre (rom t!e &!ee$. T!e seat
o( t!e r#m &!ere t!e tyre rests usua$$y !as a 9 degree or 19 deg taer Anot s!o&n? so t!at as t!e
tyre #s #n($ated% t!e -eads are (or"ed u t!e taer to g#)e a &edge (#t. @#t! tu-e$ess tyres% t!e
taer !e$s to -u#$d a good sea$.
T!e stee$ d#s" er(orms t!e (un"t#ons o( t!e so'es. T!e &!ee$ !u- #s (#tted on t!e a1$e. Some
s$ots are genera$$y ro)#ded #n t!e &!ee$ d#s" to a$$o& t!e a#r to ass to t!e #nner s#de (or -etter
"oo$#ng o( t!e -ra'e drum #ns#de. S#n"e t!ese !o$es tend to &ea'en t!e d#s"% t!e !o$es #n
modern &!ee$s are s&aged &!#"! means t!at some ort#on o( t!e d#s" around ea"! !o$e #s
turned #n&ard smoot!$y to "omensate (or t!e $oss o( strengt! due to !o$es. A searate "o)er #s
a$so ro)#ded on t!e &!ee$ d#s". A !o$e #n t!e r#m ser)es to a""ommodate tu-e )a$)e.
A &!ee$ may -e #nset% Cero set or outset% deend#ng uon t!e os#t#on o( t!e r#m #n re$at#on to
atta"!ment (a"e o( t!e d#s". In t!e #nset &!ee$ t!e "entre $#ne o( t!e r#m #s% $o"ated #n-oard o(
t!e atta"!ment (a"e o( t!e d#s". Inset #s d#stan"e t!e d#stan"e (rom t!e atta"!ment (a"e o( t!e
d#s" to t!e "entre $#ne o( t!e r#m. A Cero set &!ee$ #s t!e one #n &!#"! t!e r#m "entre $#ne
"o#n"#des &#t! t!e atta"!ment (a"e o( t!e d#s" &!#$e #n t!e outset &!ee$ t!e "entre $#ne o( t!e
r#m #s $o"ated out-oard o( t!e atta"!ment (a"e o( t!e d#s". A &!ee$ &!ose d#s" "an -e mounted
on e#t!er (a"e to ro)#de #nset or outset% t!us de"reas#ng or #n"reas#ng t!e &!ee$ tra"' #s "a$$ed
re)ers#-$e &!ee$. @!ee$ "onstru"ted #n t&o arts% &!#"! &!en se"ure$y (astened toget!er
"om-#ne to (orm a r#m !a)#ng t&o (#1ed ($anges #s "a$$ed a d#)#ded &!ee$ r#m.
2ire 2hee(
Un$#'e t!e d#s" &!ee$ t!e &#re &!ee$ !as a searate !u- &!#"! #s atta"!ed to t!e r#m t!roug!
t!e num-er o( &#re so'es. T!e so'es "arry t!e &e#g!t% transm#t t!e dr#)#ng and -ra'#ng
torBues and &#t!stand t!e s#de (or"es &!#$e "orner#ng% #n tens#on. So'es are $ong% t!#n &#res
and as su"! t!ese "an not ta'e any "omress#)e or -end#ng stresses. A$$ tyes o( $oads are
susta#ned -y t!e so'es #n tens#on .T!e so'es are mounted #n a "om$#"ated "r#ss2"ross (as!#on
#nsta$$ed #n t!e t!ree $anes. T!e "omonent o( )e!#"$e &e#g!t #n t!e d#re"t#on o( so'es a-o)e
t!e !u- #s susta#ned -y t!ese so'es #n tens#on. S#m#$ar$y% t!e dr#)#ng and t!e -ra'#ng torBues
are ta'en u -y t!e tens#on #n t!e so'es #n t!e des#red d#re"t#on as s!o&n -y (#g rese"t#)e$y.
T!e s#de (or"es on "orner#ng are ta'en u -y t!e so'es (orm#ng tr#angu$ar arrangement. T!us
#t #s seen t!at t!e so'es !a)e to -e mounted on t!e &!ee$. T!e #n#t#a$ tens#on o( t!e so'es "an
-e ad>usted -y means o( s"re& n#$es &!#"! a$so ser)e to se"ure t!e so'es to t!e r#m. T!e
!u- #s ro)#ded &#t! #nterna$ s$#nes to "orresond to t!e s$#nes ro)#ded on t!e a1$e s!a(t. A
&#ng nut s"re&s t!e !u- on t!e a1$e s!a(t. T!e ad)antages o( t!#s tye o( &!ee$ are $#g!t
&e#g!t and !#g! strengt!% and a-o)e a$$ #t ro)#des mu"! -etter "oo$#ng o( t!e -ra'e drum. It #s
a$so easy to "!ange t!e &!ee$ &!en reBu#red% -e"ause on$y one nut !as to -e oened. :o&e)er%
&#re &!ee$s are e1ens#)e due to t!e#r #ntr#"ate "onstru"t#on. T!e r#m o( a &#red &!ee$ #s not
"aa-$e to (#t tu-e$ess tyres.
Li$ht a((o' *a%t or for$e" 1hee(
T!e $atest trend #n "ase o( automo-#$e &!ee$s #s t!e use o( &!ee$s made (rom a$um#num or
magnes#um a$$oys "ast &!ee$s are genera$$y used (or "ars &!#$e (orged &!ee$s are re(erred (or
&!ee$s o( !ea)#er )e!#"$es. T!e ma#n ad)antage o( $#g!t2a$$oy &!ee$s #s t!e#r redu"ed &e#g!t
&!#"! redu"es unsrung &e#g!t. A magnes#um a$$oy &!ee$ &e#g!s a-out 94 er "ent o( a stee$
&!ee$ and a-out 34 er "ent o( an a$um#num a$$oy &!ee$ (or s#m#$ar strengt!. Moreo)er% $#g!t
a$$oys !a)e -etter "ondu"t#)#ty o( !eat &!#"! !e$s t!e &!ee$s to d#ss#ate !eat generated -y
t!e tyres or -ra'es and t!ere-y run "oo$er. Furt!er% &#der r#ms #mro)e sta-#$#ty on "orner#ng.
T!roug! "ast or (orged &!ee$s !a)e to -e ma"!#ned% yet t!#s !e$s to ma#nta#n "$ose to$eran"es
and a$so rodu"e -etter aearan"e. Magnes#um a$$oys !a)e !#g! #ma"t and (at#gue strengt!
so t!at t!ey "an stand )#-rat#ons and s!o"' $oad#ng -etter. :o&e)er% -e#ng tune to "orros#on%
t!ese !a)e to -e g#)en some rote"t#)e "oat#ng. A$um#num a$$oys do not !a)e !#g! res#stan"e
to )#-rat#on and s!o"' as #n "ase o( magnes#um a$$oys% -ut t!ese are re$at#)e$y eas#er to "ast or
(orge and a$so $ess tune to "orros#on. Genera$$y% a$um#num a$$oys are used (or "ars sorts and
ra"#ng "ars usua$$y !a)e magnes#um a$$oy &!ee$s. :#g!er "ost #s t!e on$y d#sad)antage o(
$#g!t a$$oy &!ee$s.
@!ee$ sty$#ng -e#ng a modern trend #n automot#)e #ndustry% &!ee$ d#)#s#on o( .un$o L#m#ted
!as des#gned a range o( &!ee$s o( "ast a$um#num a$$oy and des#gnated t!#s range as Formu$a .
T!#s range a$so #n"$udes "omos#te &!ee$s% #.e. t!e &!ee$s &#t! "ast a$um#num -ody a$$oy and
stee$ r#ms.
T're
A tyre #s a "us!#on ro)#ded &#t! an automo-#$e &!ee$. It "ons#sts o( ma#n$y t!e outer "o)er #.e
t!e tyre and t!e tu-e #ns#de. T!e tyre tu-e assem-$y #s mounted o)er t!e &!ee$ r#m. It #s t!e
a#r #ns#de t!e tu-e t!at "arr#ers t!e ent#re $oad and ro)#des t!e "us#on. .
T!e tyre er(orms t!e (o$$o&#ng (un"t#ons
1 Suorts t!e )e!#"$e $oad
0 Pro)#des "us!#on aga#nst s!o"'s
5 Transm#ts dr#)#ng and -ra'#ng (or"e to t!e road
8 Pro)#des "orner#ng o&er (or smoot! steer#ng
Tyre Proert#es
Non s'#dd#ng
T!#s #s one o( t!e most #mortant tyre roert#es. T!e tread attern on t!e tyre must -e su#ta-$y
des#gned to erm#t $east s'#dd#ng e)en on &et roads.
Un#(orm &ear
To ma#nta#n t!e non s'#dd#ng roerty% #t #s )ery essent#a$ t!at t!e &ear o( t!e tyre treat must -e
un#(orm. T!e r#--ed tread attern !e$s to a"!#e)e t!#s.
Load "arry#ng "aa"#ty
T!e tyre #s su->e"ted to a$ternat#ng stresses dur#ng ea"! re)o$ut#on o( t!e &!ee$. T!e tyre
mater#a$ and des#gn must -e a-$e to ensure t!at t!e tyre susta#ns t!e stresses.
+us!#on#ng
T!e tyre s!ou$d -e a-$e to a-sor- !#g! (reBuen"y )#-rat#ons set u -y t!e road sur(a"e and t!us
ro)#de "us!#on#ng e((e"t
Po&er "onsumt#on
T!e automot#)e tyre s!ou$d a-sor- some o&er &!#"! #s due to (r#"t#on -et&een t!e tread
ru--er and road sur(a"e and a$so due to !yster#"s $oss on a""ount o( t!e tyre -e#ng "ont#nuous$y
(#1ed and re$eased. T!#s o&er "omes (rom t!e eng#ne and s!ou$d -e $east. It #s seen t!at t!e
synt!et#" tyres "onsume more o&er &!#$e ro$$#ng t!an t!e ones made out o( natura$ ru--er.
Tyre no#se
T!e tyre no#se must -e #n t!e (orm o( de(#n#te attern% a seBue$ or a $oud roar. In a$$ t!ese "ases%
#t #s des#ra-$e t!at t!e no#se s!ou$d -e m#n#mum.
Ba(an*in$
Ba$an"#ng #s )ery #mortant "ons#derat#on (or tyres. T!e tyre -e#ng a rotat#ng art o( t!e
automo-#$e% #t must -e -a$an"ed stat#"a$$y as &e$$ as dynam#"a$$y. T!e a-sen"e o( -a$an"#ng
g#)es r#se to e"u$#ar os"#$$at#ons "a$$ed &!ee$ tram and &!ee$ &o--$e.
T'pe% of t're%
T!e use o( so$#d tyres #n automo-#$es #s a$most o-so$ete and on$y t!e neumat#" tyres are used
un#)ersa$$y. T!ese neumat#" tyres are o( t&o tyes )#C. t!e "on)ent#ona$ tyre &#t! a tu-e and
t!e tu-e$ess tyre.
Con#entiona( T)3e t're
F#g g#)es #n a s#m$#(#ed (orm t!e "ross se"t#on o( su"! a tyre. It "ons#sts o( t&o ma#n arts%
)#C. t!e "ar"ass and t!e tread. T!e "ar"ass #s t!e -as#" stru"ture ta'#ng ma#n$y t!e )ar#ous $oads
and "ons#sts o( a num-er o( $#es &ound #n a art#"u$ar (as!#on (rom t!e "ords o( rayon or any
ot!er su#ta-$e mater#a$. Ea"! "ord #n ea"! $y #s "o)ered &#t! res#$#ent ru--er "omounds and
a$$ t!e $#es are #nsu$ated aga#nst ea"! ot!er. T!e term $y rat#ng &!#"! #s o(ten used #n tyre
#ndustry does not #nd#"ate e1a"t num-er o( $#es #n t!e tyre. It #s on$y a re$at#)e #nde1 o( tyre
strengt! and $oad "arry#ng "aa"#ty. A (our $y rat#ng tyre% may !a)e on$y t&o $#es. In order
to re)ent t!e tyre (rom -e#ng t!ro&n o(( t!e r#m% t!e $#es are atta"!ed to t&o r#ngs o( !#g!
tens#on stee$ &#re. T!ese r#ngs are made to (#t snug$y aga#nst &!ee$ r#m t!ere-y an"!or#ng t!e
tyre to t!e r#m. T!ese r#ngs are "a$$ed -eads.
T!e tread #s t!e art o( t!e tyre &!#"! "onta"ts t!e road sur(a"e &!en t!e &!ee$ ro$$s.It #s
genera$$y made o( synt!et#" ru--er and t!e des#gn o( t!e tyre tread deend on )ar#ous tyre
roert#es )#C t!e gr#% t!e no#se and t!e &ear. T!e tread #s mou$ded #nto a ser#es o( groo)es and
r#-s. T!e r#-s ro)e t!e tra"t#on edges reBu#red (or gr##ng t!e road sur(a"e &!#$e t!e groo)es
ro)#de assage (or Bu#"' es"ae o( any (ore#gn matter su"! as &ater et". Tra"t#on edges and
s#es are ro)#ded on t!e r#-s. S#es are t!e sma$$ gro)es mou$ded #nto t!e r#-s o( t!e tyre
tread% t!ese #n"rease t!e tra"t#on a-#$#ty o( t!e tyre -y #n"reas#ng num-er o( tra"t#on edges. As
t!e tyre ($e1es on t!e road sur(a"e% t!e s#es oen to ro)#de e1tra gr##ng a"t#on. T!e s#es
aear to -e s!a$$o& -ut #n (a"t t!ese tra)e$ t!e ent#re det! o( t!e tread. T!e des#gn o( t!e tyre
tread !as a d#re"t e((e"t on t!e tyre $#(e% #ts !and$#ng "!ara"ter#st#"s% Bua$#ty o( r#de "om(ort%
no#se% and tra"t#on. Bet&een t!e !ead and t!e tread t!e outer ru--er "o)er#ng o( t!e "ar"ass #s
"a$$ed s#de &a$$. T!e s#de&a$$s are des#gned to ($e1 and -end &#t!out "ra"'#ng &!en su->e"ted
to "ont#nuous de($e"t#on &!#$e runn#ng. In ot!er &ords% t!e s#de&a$$ mater#a$ must !a)e !#g!
(at#gue strengt!. At t!e #nner edges% -eads are (ormed -y re#n(or"#ng &#t! stee$ &#res. T!#s
ro)#des t!e tyre &#t! strong s!ou$ders (or -ear#ng aga#nst t!e &!ee$ r#m. A$$ $#es are t#ed to
t!e -eads &!#"! re)ent any "!ange o( s!ae.
Ins#de t!e tyre% t!ere #s a tu-e &!#"! "onta#ns t!e a#r under ressure. T!e tu-e -e#ng )ery t!#n
and ($e1#-$e% ta'es u t!e s!ae o( t!e tyre "o)er &!en #n($ated. A )a$)e stem #s atta"!ed to t!e
tu-e (or #n($at#ng or de($at#ng t!e same.
T)3e(e%% t're
T!#s tye o( tyre does not need a searate tu-eG #nstead t!e a#r under ressure #s (#$$ed #n t!e
tyre (or &!#"! urose a non2return )a$)e #s (#tted to t!e r#m A(#g /? T!e #nner "onstru"t#on o(
t!e tyre #s a$most same as t!at o( tu-e tyre% e1"et t!at #t #s $#ned on #ns#de &#t! a se"#a$ a#r2
reta#n#ng $#ner.
T!e tu-e$ess tyres ossess (o$$o&#ng ad)antages o)er t!e "on)ent#ona$ tu-ed tyres.
1. Lesser usrung &e#g!t , -e#ng $#g!ter% unsrung &e#g!t #s redu"ed% and u$t#mate$y
redu"es &!ee$ -oun"#ng.
0. Better "oo$#ng 2 In "ase o( tu-e tyres% !eat #n t!e "omressed a#r !as to ass t!roug! t!e
tu-e mater#a$% #.e. ru--er% &!#"! #s not a good "ondu"tor o( !eat. S#n"e t!ere #s no tu-e #n t!e
tu-e$ess tyres% !en"e !eat asses to t!e atmos!ere d#re"t$y resu$t#ng -etter "oo$#ng t!ere-y
#n"reas#ng t!e tyre $#(e.
5. S$o&er $ea'age o( a#r , s#n"e t!e #nner $#ner #n t!e tu-e$ess tyres #s not stret"!ed $#'e t!e
tu-e% #t reta#ns t!e a#r -etter resu$t#ng #n #ts s$o&er $ea'age.
8. S#m$er assem-$y , On$y t!e tyre !as to -e (#tted o)er t!e r#m. T!ere #s no danger o(
t!e tu-e -e#ng un"tured dur#ng assem-$y.
9. Imro)ed sa(ety , In "ase o( any t#ny !o$e -e#ng "aused #n t!e tyre% t!e same "an -e
rea#red s#m$y -y $ugg#ng% &!ereas #n "ase o( t!e "on)ent#ona$ tyres #t ta'es Bu#te some t#me
to remo)e t!e tu-e (or rea#r. Aart (rom t!#s% a tu-e$ess tyre reta#ns t!e a#r ressure (or $onger
er#od e)en &!en un"tured -y na#$ ro)#ded t!e same #s !e$d #n $a"e.
Car*a%% T'pe%
+ar"ass or s'e$eton o( t!e tyre #s o( 5 tyes
1 +ross $y or -#as $y
0 Rad#a$ P$y
5 Be$ted -#as tye
T!e tyre #s named a(ter t!e art#"u$ar tye o( "ar"ass #t "onta#ns as t!#s #s t!e ma#n stru"ture
ta'#ng t!e stresses &!#$e #n oerat#on.
Cro%% P(' t'pe
In t!#s tye% t!e $y "ords are &o)en at an ang$e A54deg , 84deg? to t!e tyre a1#s. T!ere are t&o
$ayers &!#"! run #n oos#te d#re"t#ons. :o&e)er% t!e "ords are not &o)en $#'e &ra and &e(t
o( ord#nary "$ot! -e"ause t!at &ou$d $ead to ru--#ng o( t!e t&o $ayers and t!us rodu"e !eat
&!#"! &ou$d damage t!e tyre mater#a$ A(#g 1?.
Ra"ia( p(' t'pe
In t!#s $y "ords run #n t!e rad#a$ d#re"t#on #.e. #n t!e d#re"t#on o( t!e tyre a1#s. O)er t!#s -as#"
stru"ture% run a num-er o( -rea'er str#s #n t!e "#r"um(erent#a$ d#re"t#on. T!e mater#a$ (or t!e
-rea'er str#s must -e ($e1#-$e -ut #ne1tens#-$e% so t!at no "!ange o( "#r"um(eren"e ta'es $a"e
&#t! "!ange o( t!e amount o( #n($at#on. @#t!out t!e -rea'er str#s% rad#a$ $#es &ou$d g#)e )ery
so(t r#de% -ut t!ere &#$$ not -e any $atera$ sta-#$#ty. T!e e1tens#-$e -rea'er str# -e!a)es $#'e a
g#rder #n #ts o&n $ane and ro)#des t!e d#re"t#ona$ sta-#$#ty A(#g 0?.
Be(te" 3ia% t'pe
T!#s #s a "om-#nat#on o( "ross $y 6 "ross $y tyres. T!e -as#" "onstru"t#on #s t!e -#as $y o)er
&!#"! run a num-er o( -rea'er -e$ts. T!e -e$ts #mro)e t!e "!ara"ter#st#"s o( t!e -#as2$y tyre
to a $arge e1tent. A1? t!e stresses #n t!e "ar"ass are restr#"ted and t!e tread area #s sta-#$#Ced -y
-e$ts. T!#s resu$ts #n redu"t#on o( tread2s"ru--$#ng and t!us are"#a-$e #n"rease #n tyre $#(e A0?
t!e -rea'er -e$ts !o$d t!e tread ($atter aga#nst t!e road sur(a"e% t!us "aus#ng #n"rease o( tra"t#on
and sa(ety% A5? t!e -e$ts #n"rease t!e res#stan"e o( t!e tyre aga#nst un"ture.
Referen*e Boo.%/
1. Automot#)e Me"!an#"s , +rouse=Ang$#n
0. Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng -y .r D#ra$ S#ng!
5. Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng -y P#tman

7#)a Euest#ons
1 .es"r#-e t!e reBu#rements o( an automo-#$e &!ee$
0 @!at #s a $#g!t a$$oyF .#s"uss t!e mer#ts and demer#ts o( $#g!t a$$oy #n
automo-#$e &!ee$s
5 @!at are t!e ad)antages o( a d#s" &!ee$
8 @!at are #nset% Cero set and outset &!ee$s
9 :o& #s t!e )e!#"$e &e#g!t suorted #n "ase o( a &#re &!ee$
/ @!at are t!e ad)antages o( a &#re &!ee$
3 @!y &#re &!ee$s "an not -e used to mount a tu-e$ess tyre
; Name t!e d#((erent mater#a$s (or automo-#$e &!ee$s
< State t!e ad)antages o( A#? Magnes#um a$$oys A##? A$um#num a$$oy &!ee$s
14 @!at are t!e (un"t#ons o( an automo-#$e tyre
11 State )ar#ous des#ra-$e roert#es o( an automo-#$e tye
10 State )ar#ous (a"tors a((e"t#ng tyre $#(e
15 :o& does a tyre &ear #n "ase o( A#? o)er2#n($at#on A##? under2#n($at#on
18 :o& tyre #s des#gnated
19 @!at #s tye "ar"ass
1/ @!at #s a (un"t#on o( a -rea'er -e$t
13 State t!e (a"tors &!#"! road gr# o( a tyre deends
1; @!at #s stat#" un-a$an"e and dynam#" un-a$an"e
1< @!at #s t!e reasons (or !#g!er -ra'#ng e((#"#en"y on &et roads #n "ase o( rad#a$
$y tyres
04 @!at #s $y rat#ng o( a tyre
01 .ra& "ross se"t#on o( an automo-#$e tyre and s!o& on #t )ar#ous "onstru"t#ona$
(eatures
00 :o& #s tyre manu(a"turedF E1$a#n -r#e($y.
05 +omare t!e rad#a$ and -#as $y tye "ar"ass tyres
08 :o& does !eat a((e"t t!e tyre $#(e
09 State reasons (or t!e (o$$o&#ng tyre de(e"ts*
A#? P$y searat#ons
A##? Une)en &ear
A###? Tread "ra"'#ng
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT 4
Aim
t!e (o$$o&#ng Automot#)e Steer#ng Systems*
a? Manua$ Steer#ng systems e.g. P#tman Arm Steer#ng% Ra"' 6 P#n#on Steer#ng
-? Po&er Steer#ng Systems e.g. Ra"' and P#n#on Po&er Steer#ng System
P)rpo%e of Steerin$ S'%tem
T!e steer#ng system a$$o&s t!e dr#)er to gu#de t!e )e!#"$e a$ong t!e road and turn $e(t or r#g!t
as des#red. T!e system #n"$udes t!e steer#ng &!ee$% &!#"! "ontro$s t!e steer#ng gear. It "!anges
t!e rotary mot#on o( t!e &!ee$ #nto stra#g!t $#ne mot#on. Manua$ systems &ere ou$ar -ut no&
o&er steer#ng !as -e"ome ou$ar. It #s no& #nsta$$ed on a-out <4H o( t!e )e!#"$es -e#ng
manu(a"tured.
T'pe% of Steerin$ S'%tem%
F#gure s!o&s a s#m$#(#ed #tman2arm tye o( steer#ng system. T!e ra"'2and2#n#on tye #s
s!o&n #n (#g. des"r#-es !o& t!e &!ee$s are suorted on steer#ng 'nu"'$es. T!e steer#ng
'nu"'$es are atta"!ed to t!e steer#ng arms -y -a$$ >o#nts. T!e -a$ >o#nts at ea"! &!ee$ erm#t
t!e steer#ng 'nu"'$e to s&#ng (rom s#de to s#de. T!#s mo)ement turns t!e (ront &!ee$s $e(t or
r#g!t so t!at t!e "ar "an -e steered.
T!e re"#r"u$at#ng -a$$ steer#ng gear #s s!o&n #n (#g. In t!ese un#ts% t!e &orm gear on t!e end o(
t!e steer#ng s!a(t !as a se"#a$ nut% runn#ng on #t. T!e nut r#des on ro&s o( sma$$ re"#r"u$at#ng
-a$$s. T!e re"#r"u$at#on -a$$s mo)e (ree$y t!roug! groo)es #n t!e &orm and #ns#de t!e nut. As
t!e steer#ng s!a(t #s rotated% t!e -a$$s (or"e t!e nut to mo)e u and do&n t!e &orm gear. A
s!ort ra"' o( gear teet! on one s#de o( t!e nut mes! &#t! t!e se"tor gear. T!ere(ore% as t!e nut
mo)es u and do&n t!e &orm % t!e se"tor gear turns #n on d#re"t#on or t!e ot!er (or steer#ng.

T!e re"#r"u$at#ng -a$$s are t!e on$y "onta"ts -et&een t!e &orm and t!e nut. T!#s great$y
redu"es (r#"t#on and t!e turn#ng e((ort or (or"e a$#ed -y t!e dr#)er (or steer#ng.
T!e -a$$s are "a$$ed re"#r"u$at#ng -a$$s -e"ause t!ey "ont#nuous$y re"#r"u$ate (rom one end o(
t!e -a$$ nut to t!e ot!er end t!roug! a a#r o( -a$$ return gu#des. For e1am$e% suose t!e
dr#)er ma'es a r#g!t turn% t!en t!e &orm gear rotated #n a "$o"'&#se d#re"t#on &!en )#e&ed
(rom t!e dr#)ers seat. T!#s "auses t!e -a$$ nut to mo)e u&ard. T!e -a$$ ro$$ -et&een t!e
&orm and t!e -a$$ nut. As t!e -a$$s rea"! t!e uer end o( t!e nut% t!ey enter t!e return gu#de
and t!e ro$$ -a"' to t!e $o&er end. T!ere t!ey reenter t!e groo)e -et&een t!e &orm and t!e
-a$$ nut.
Ra*. an" pinion %teerin$ $ear%
T!e ra"' and #n#on steer#ng gear !as -e"ome #n"reas#ng ou$ar (or todayIs sma$$er "ars. It #s
s#m$er% more d#re a"t#ng and may -e stra#g!t me"!an#"a$ or o&er ass#sted oerat#on. F#gure
s!o&s a "om$ete ra"' and #n#onJ
Ra*. an" Pinion Po1er Steerin$
A o&er ra"' and #n#on steer#ng gear #s anot!er des#gn o( #ntegra$ o&er steer#ng T!e ra"'
(un"t#ons as t!e o&er #ston. T!e t#e rods are atta"!ed -et&een t!e ra"' and t!e s#nd$e
steer#ng arms. T!e "ontro$ )a$)e #s "onne"ted to t!e #n#on gear
Oerat#on o( t!e "ontro$ )a$)e #s s#m#$ar to t!at (or t!e #ntegra$ o&er steer#ng gear @!en t!e
steer#ng &!ee$ #s turned% t!e res#stan"e o( &!ee$s and t!e &e#g!t o( )e!#"$e "ause t!e tors#on
-ar to t&#st. T!#s t&#st#ng "auses rotary )a$)e to mo)e #n #ts s$ee)e% a$#gn#ng t!e ($u#d assages
(or t!e $e(t% r#g!t% or neutra$ os#t#on. O#$ ressure e1erts (or"e on t!e #ston and !e$s mo)e
t!e ra"' to ass#st t!e turn#ng e((ort. T!e #ston #s atta"!ed d#re"t$y to t!e ra"'. T!e !ous#ng
tu-e (un"t#ons as t!e o&er "y$#nder.
T!e gear assem-$y #s a$&ays (#$$ed &#t! ($u#d% and a$$ #nterna$ "omonents are #mmersed #n
($u#d. T!#s ma'es er#od#" $u-r#"at#on unne"essary% and a$so a"ts as a "us!#on to !e$ a-sor-
road s!o"'s. On some ra"' and #n#on o&er steer#ng gears a$ ($u#d assages are #nterna$
e1"et (or t!e ressure and return !oses -et&een t!e gear and um.
Steerin$ Lin.a$e%
Steer#ng $#n'age deends uon t!e tye o( t!e )e!#"$e% &!et!er #t #s a "ar &!#"! !as
#ndeendent (ront susens#on or a "ommer"#a$ )e!#"$e !a)#ng genera$$y a r#g#d a1$e tye (ront
susens#on. Ea"! o( t!ese $#n'ages &#$$ no& -e des"r#-ed.
Steerin$ (in.a$e for #ehi*(e 1ith ri$i" ax(e front %)%pen%ion,
F#gs s!o& su"! a steer#ng $#n'age. T!e dro arm Aa$so "a$$ed #tman arm ? #s r#g#d$y "onne"ted
to t!e "ross s!a(t o( t!e steer#ng gear at #ts uer end% &!#$e #ts $o&er end #s "onne"ted to t!e
$#n' rod t!roug! a -a$$ >o#nt. To t!e ot!er end o( t!e $#n' rod #s "onne"ted t!e $#n' rod arm
t!roug! a -a$$ >o#nt. Atta"!ed r#g#d$y to t!e ot!er end o( t!e $#n' rod arm #s t!e stu- a1$e on
&!#"! t!e road &!ee$ #s mounted. Ea"! stu- a1$e !as a (orge tra"' rod arm r#g#d$y -o$ted to t!e
&!ee$ a1#s. T!e ot!er ends o( t!e tra"' rod arms are "onne"ted to t!e tra"' rod -y means o(
-a$$ >o#nts . T!e des#gn o( t!ese -a$$ >o#nts #s su"! t!at t!e e1and#ng sr#ng "omensates (or
&ear or m#s2ad>ustments. An ad>uster #s a$so ro)#ded #n t!e tra"' rod to "!ange #ts $engt! (or
ad>ust#ng &!ee$ a$#gnment.
T!e steer#ng gear ro)#des me"!an#"a$ ad)antage so t!at on$y a sma$$ e((ort #s reBu#red at t!e
steer#ng &!ee$ to a$y a mu"! $arger (or"e to t!e steer#ng $#n'age. Moreo)er #t a$so ro)#des
t!e des#red )e$o"#ty rat#o so t!at mu"! sma$$er mo)ement o( t!e stu- a1$e #s o-ta#ned &#t! $arge
angu$ar mo)ement o( t!e steer#ng &!ee$. @!en t!e steer#ng &!ee$ #s turned% t!e s&#ng#ng
a"t#on o( t!e dro arm #marts a near $#near mo)ement to t!e $#n' rod. T!#s mo)ement #s
transm#tted t!roug! t!e $#n' rod arm to t!e stu- a1$e so as to turn t!e $ater a-out #ts #)ot% &!#"!
may -e a '#ng #n or -a$$ >o#nts. T!e ot!er &!ee$ #s steered t!roug! t!e tra"' rod. T!us on$y
one &!ee$ #s os#t#)e$y steered.
Ra*. an" pinion %teerin$ $ear
T!#s tye o( steer#ng gear #s used on $#g!t )e!#"$es $#'e "ars and #n o&er steer#ng. Marut# ;44
"ars em$oy t!#s steer#ng gear. It #s s#m$e% $#g!t and resons#)e. It o""u#es )ery sma$$ sa"e
and uses $esser num-er o( $#n'age "omonents "omared to t!e &orm and &!ee$ tye o( gear.
Po1er Steerin$
Larger amount o( torBue #s reBu#red to -e a$#ed -y t!e dr#)er (or steer#ng o( med#um and
!ea)y )e!#"$es. T!e o&er steer#ng system ro)#des automat#" !ydrau$#" ass#stan"e to t!e
turn#ng e((ort a$#ed to t!e manua$ steer#ng system. T!e o&er system #s des#gned to -e"ome
oerat#)e &!en t!e e((ort at &!ee$ e1"eeds a redeterm#ned )a$ue% say 14N. t!e system #s
a$&ays so des#gned t!at #n t!e e)ent o( t!e (a#$ure o( t!e o&er system% t!e dr#)er #s a-$e to
steer t!e )e!#"$e manua$$y a$t!oug! &#t! #n"reased e((ort. F#g s!o&s a ty#"a$ o&er steer#ng
system #nsta$$ed on a "ar.
T!e o&er steer#ng systems are oerated -y ($u#d under ressure. T!e ($u#ds usua$$y used are
o#$s o( )#s"os#ty rat#ng SAE 9 @ or SAE 14 @ or !#g!er deend#ng uon atmos!er#"
"ond#t#ons. T!e systems oerate under (a#r$y !#g! ressures &!#"! may -e as mu"! as 3 MPa.
T!e r#n"#$e o( &or'#ng o( a$$ t!e o&er steer#ng systems #s same. T!e s$#g!t mo)ement o(
t!e steer#ng &!ee$ a"tuates a )a$)e so t!at t!e ($u#d under ressure (rom t!e reser)o#r enters on
t!e aror#ate s#de o( a "y$#nder% t!ere-y a$y#ng ressure on t!e s#de o( a #ston to oerate
t!e steer#ng $#n'age% &!#"! steers t!e &!ee$ #n t!e aror#ate d#re"t#on.
@!en t!e dr#)er a$#es a (or"e on t!e steer#ng &!ee$ to steer% t!e (ar end o( t!e tors#on -ar%
-e#ng "onne"ted to t!e soo$ o( t!e rotary )a$)e and t!e &orm o((ers res#stan"e. @!en t!e
(or"e at t!e &!ee$ e1"eeds a redeterm#ned )a$ue% t!e soo$ turns t!roug! a sma$$ ang$e% &!en
t!e return $#ne #s "$osed and t!e ($u#d under ressure goes to one s#de o( t!e ra"' #ston and
mo)es #t to e((e"t steer#ng #n t!e des#red d#re"t#on. T!e tors#on -ar #s meant to g#)e a (ee$ o( t!e
steer#ng to t!e dr#)er. T!e rotat#on o( t!e steer#ng &!ee$ #n t!e oos#te d#re"t#on "onne"ts t!e
ot!er s#de o( t!e steer#ng gear to t!e ressure $#ne. In t!e neutra$ steer os#t#on -ot! s#des o( t!e
#ston Anut? are s!ut o(( to t!e ressure $#ne and so t!ey are at t!e same ressure -ut t!e return
$#ne #s oen due to &!#"! t!e ($u#d goes on "#r"u$at#ng t!roug! t!e )a$)e &#t!out "aus#ng any
steer#ng e((e"t.
Referen*e Boo.%
1 Automot#)e Me"!an#"s 2 +rouse=Ang$#n
5 T!e Motor 7e!#"$e , Ne&ton% Steeds% Garret% Butter @ort!s

7#)a Euest#ons
1 State t!e reBu#rements o( a steer#ng system
0 @!at #s t!e mater#a$ used (or (ront a1$e F :o& #t #s manu(a"turedF
5 @!at #s stu- a1$eF
8 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( a '#ng #nF
9 @!at #s steer#ng a1#sF
/ @!at #s &!ee$ a$#gnmentF .es"r#-e
3 .e(#ne +am-er% SAI and +astor.
; @!at #s s$# ang$eF .e(#ne
< .e(#ne under steer and o)er steer.
14 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( -a$$s #n re"#r"u$at#ng -a$$ tye steer#ng gearF
11 State t!e ad)antages o( a ra"' and #n#on tye steer#ng gear
10 @!at #s o&er steer#ng
15 .e(#ne "orner#ng (or"e and "orner#ng o&er
18 .e(#ne t!e term KToe #n 6 KToe outI
19 .e(#ne t!e term K"am-erI 6 "astor
1/ State )ar#ous (a"tors o( &!ee$ a$#gnment
13 .#s"uss t!e steer#ng $#n'age (or a )e!#"$e &#t! #ndeendent susens#on
1; @!at are t!e e((e"ts o( "am-er "astor% toe out and steer#ng a1#s #n"$#nat#on on t!e
steer#ng "!ara"ter#st#"s o( a )e!#"$e
1< E1$a#n t!e ne"ess#ty o( o&er steer#ng #n automo-#$es
04 .#s"uss )ar#ous tyes o( steer#ng gears &#t! s#m$e s'et"! and d#s"uss
ad)antages o( ra"' and #n#on tye steer#ng gear o)er ot!er gears.
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING LAB,
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT 5
Aim
To study and reare reot on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and oerat#on o(
Automot#)e Bra'e Systems.
a? :ydrau$#" and Pneumat#" Bra'e Systems
-? .rum Bra'e System
"? .#s" Bra'e System
Theor'
La-e$$ed .#agram% +onstru"t#ona$ .eta#$s% @or'#ng Pr#n"#$e and Oerat#on o( t!e a-o)e
Steer#ng Systems
PRINCIPLE
It goes &#t!out say#ng t!at -ra'es are one o( t!e most #mortant "ontro$ "omonents o( )e!#"$e.
T!ey are reBu#red to sto t!e )e!#"$e &#t!#n t!e sma$$est oss#-$e d#stan"e and t!#s #s done -y
"on)ert#ng t!e '#net#" energy o( t!e )e!#"$e #nto t!e !eat energy &!#"! #s d#ss#ated #nto t!e
atmos!ere.
BRA+ING RE6UIREMENTS
1 T!e -ra'es must -e strong enoug! to sto t!e )e!#"$e &#t!#n a m#n#mum d#stan"e #n an
emergen"y. But t!#s s!ou$d a$so -e "ons#stent &#t! sa(ety. T!e dr#)er must !a)e roer
"ontro$ o)er t!e )e!#"$e dur#ng emergen"y -ra'#ng and t!e )e!#"$e must not s'#d.
0 T!e -ra'es must !a)e good ant#(ade "!ara"ter#st#"s #.e. t!e#r e((e"t#)eness s!ou$d not
de"rease &#t! "onstant ro$onged a$#"at#on e.g. &!#$e des"end#ng !#$$s. T!#s
reBu#rement demands t!at t!e "oo$#ng o( t!e -ra'es s!ou$d -e )ery e((#"#ent.
H!&RAULIC BRA+ES
Most o( t!e "ars today use !ydrau$#"a$$y oerated (oot -ra'es on a$$ t!e (our &!ee$s &#t! an
add#t#ona$ !and -ra'e me"!an#"a$$y oerated on t!e rear &!ee$s. An out$#ne o( t!e !ydrau$#"
-ra'#ng system #s s!o&n #n (#g. t!e ma#n "omonent #n t!#s #s t!e master "y$#nder &!#"!
"onta#ns reser)o#r (or t!e -ra'e ($u#d. Master "y$#nder #s oerated -y t!e -ra'e eda$ and #s
(urt!er "onne"ted to t!e &!ee$ "y$#nders #n ea"! &!ee$ t!roug! stee$ #e $#nes% un#ons and
($e1#-$e !oses. In "ase o( :#ndustan Am-assador "ar% on (ront &!ee$s ea"! -ra'e s!oe #s
oerated -y searate &!ee$ "y$#nder At!us ma'#ng t!e -ra'e t&o s!oe $ead#ng? &!ereas #n "ase
o( rear &!ee$s t!ere #s on$y one "y$#nder on ea"! &!ee$ &!#"! oerates -ot! t!e s!oes At!us
g#)#ng one $ead#ng and one tra#n#ng s!oe -ra'es.? As t!e rear &!ee$ "y$#nders are a$so oerated
me"!an#"a$$y &#t! t!e !and -ra'e% t!ey are made ($oat#ng. Furt!er% a$$ t!e s!oes #n t!e
Am-assador "ar are o( t!e ($oat#ng an"!or tye.
T!e system #s so des#gned t!at e)en &!en t!e -ra'es are #n t!e re$eased os#t#on% a sma$$
ressure o( a-out 94 'Pa #s ma#nta#ned #n t!e #e $#nes to ensure t!at t!e "us o( t!e &!ee$
"y$#nder are 'et e1anded. T!#s re)ents t!e a#r (rom enter#ng t!e &!ee$ "y$#nders &!en t!e
-ra'es are re$eased. Bes#des% t!#s ressure a$so ser)es t!e (o$$o&#ng uroses.
A#? #t 'ees t!e (ree tra)e$ o( t!e eda$ m#n#mum -y oos#ng t!e -ra'e s!oe retra"t#on
sr#ngs.
A##? .ur#ng -$eed#ng% #t does not a$$o& t!e ($u#d umed #nto t!e $#ne to return% t!us Bu#"'$y
urg#ng a#r (rom t!e system.
&RUM BRA+ES
In t!#s tye o( -ra'es% a -ra'e drum #s atta"!ed "on"entr#" to t!e a1$e !u- &!ereas on t!e a1$e
"as#ng #s mounted a -a"' $ate. In "ase o( (ront a1$e% t!e -a"' $ate #s -o$ted to t!e steer#ng
'nu"'$e. T!e -a"' $ate #s made o( ressed stee$ s!eet and #s r#-ed to #n"rease r#g#d#ty and to
ro)#de suort (or t!e e1ander% an"!or and -ra'e s!oes. It a$so rote"ts t!e drum and s!oe
assem-$y (rom mud and dust. Moreo)er% #t a-sor-s t!e "om$ete torBue rea"t#on o( t!e s!oes
due to &!#"! reason #t #s somet#mes a$so "a$$ed torBue $ate. T&o -ra'e s!oes are an"!ored on
t!e -a"' $ate as s!o&n #n (#g. Fr#"t#on $#n#ngs are mounted on t!e -ra'e s!oes. One or t&o
retra"tor sr#ngs are used &!#"! ser)e to 'ee t!e -ra'e s!oes a&ay (rom t!e drum &!en t!e
-ra'es are not a$#ed. T!e -ra'e s!oes are an"!ored at one end% &!ereas on t!e ot!er ends
(or"e F #s a$#ed -y means o( some -ra'e a"tuat#ng me"!an#sm &!#"! (or"es t!e -ra'e s!oe
aga#nst t!e re)o$)#ng drum% t!ere-y a$y#ng t!e -ra'es. An ad>uster #s a$so ro)#ded to
"omensate (or &ear o( (r#"t#on $#n#ng &#t! use. T!e re$at#)e -ra'#ng torBue o-ta#ned at t!e
s!oes (or t!e same (or"e a$#ed at t!e eda$ )ar#es deend#ng uon &!et!er t!e e1ander A"am
or togg$e $e)er? #s (#1ed to t!e -a"' $ate or #t #s ($oat#ng% &!et!er t!e an"!or #s (#1ed or ($oat#ng
and &!et!er t!e s!oes are $ead#ng or tra#$#ng.
&ISC BRA+ES
As s!o&n #n (#g. a d#s" -ra'e "ons#sts o( a "ast #ron d#s" -o$ted to t!e &!ee$ !u- and a
stat#onary !ous#ng "a$$ed "a$#er. T!e "a$#er #s "onne"ted to some stat#onary art o( t!e
)e!#"$e% $#'e t!e a1$e "as#ng or t!e su- a1$e and #s "ast #n t&o arts% ea"! art "onta#n#ng a
#ston. In -et&een ea"! #ston and d#s"% t!ere #s (r#"t#on ad !e$d #n os#t#on -y reta#n#ng #ns%
sr#ng $ates et". Passages are dr#$$ed #n t!e "a$#er (or t!e ($u#d to enter or $ea)e ea"! !ous#ng.
T!ese assages are a$so "onne"ted to anot!er one (or -$eed#ng. Ea"! "y$#nder and "onta#ns a
ru--er sea$#ng r#ng -et&een t!e "y$#nder and t!e #ston.
@!en t!e -ra'es are a$#ed% !ydrau$#"a$$y a"tuated #stons mo)e t!e (r#"t#on ads #nto "onta"t
&#t! t!e d#s"% a$y#ng eBua$ and oos#te (or"es on t!e $ater. On re$eas#ng t!e -ra'es% t!e
ru--er sea$#ng r#ngs a"t as return sr#ngs and retra"t t!e #stons and t!e (r#"t#on ads a&ay (rom
t!e d#s".
For a -ra'e o( t!#s tye
T L 0MaR
@!ere
M L "oe((#"#ent o( (r#"t#on
L ($u#d ressure
a L "ross se"t#ona$ area o( one #ston
R L d#stan"e o( t!e $ong#tud#na$ a1#s o( t!e #ston (rom t!e &!ee$ a1#s
BRA+E S!STEM FOR MARUTI 7SU8U+I9 :;; CAR
T!e (ront &!ee$ -ra'es are o( t!e d#s" tye% &!ereas (or rear &!ee$s drum tye -ra'es A$ead#ng
tra#$#ng s!oes? are em$oyed. Par'#ng -ra'e #s me"!an#"a$$y oerated -y a &#re and $#n' system
and &or's on t!e rear &!ee$s on$y. Same -ra'e s!oes are used (or ser)#"e and ar'#ng -ra'es.
T!e $ayout o( t!e system #s s!o&n #n (#g.
A tandem master "y$#nder #s em$oyed. T!e !ydrau$#" ressure rodu"ed t!ere #s a$#ed to
t&o #ndeendent "#r"u#ts. One "#r"u#t #s (or (ront $e(t and rear r#g!t -ra'es% &!ereas t!e ot!er #s
(or (ront r#g!t and rear $e(t -ra'es. .ue to t!#s reason% t!e -ra'#ng system #n t!e Marut# !as
greater sa(ety -e"ause e)en #( a ressure $ea' o""urs #n t!e -ra'e $#ne o( one "#r"u#t% t!e ot!er
-ra'#ng "#r"u#t &or's% due to &!#"! a "erta#n degree o( -ra'#ng #s st#$$ a)a#$a-$e to t!e )e!#"$e.
Referen*e Boo.%
1 Automot#)e Me"!an#"s 2 +rouse=Ang$#n
0 Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng 2 .r D#ra$ S#ng!
7#)a Euest#ons
1 @!at #s t!e r#n"#$e o( automot#)e -ra'e
0 @!at do t!e -ra'es do to t!e energy as t!ey sto a mo)#ng "ar
5 @!at are t!e r#mary and se"ondary -ra'es
8 @!y -ra'es &#t! more t!an ;4H e((#"#en"y are not used #n automo-#$es
9 @!at #s (ad#ng o( -ra'es
/ On &!at (a"tors does t!e (or"e o( ad!er#on -et&een t!e road &!ee$s and t!e road
deends
3 :o& does s'#dd#ng ta'es $a"e
; @!at #s $ead#ng s!oe
< @!at #s t!e d#((eren"e -et&een o&er ass#sted and o&er oerated -ra'es
14 @!at #s t!e ad)antage o( a t&o s!oe tra#$#ng -ra'e
11 Name #mortant "omonents o( a d#s" -ra'e
10 @!at #s t!e ad)antage o( a s&#ng#ng "a$#er tye d#s" -ra'e
15 Name #mortant "omonents o( a drum -ra'e
18 @!at #s a s$#t !ydrau$#" -ra'e system
19 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( a meter#ng )a$)e #n t!e -ra'#ng system
1/ @!at are t!e ma#n "onst#tuents o( a -ra'#ng ($u#d
13 @!at are t!e ad)antages o( !ydrau$#" -ra'es o)er me"!an#"a$ -ra'es
1; @!at #s t!e urose o( -ra'e s!oe ad>uster
1< E1$a#n "$ear$y reBu#rements o( automo-#$e -ra'e
04 .#s"uss #n deta#$ t!e -ra'#ng system em$oyed #n "ase o( Marut# ;44 "ars
01 @!at #s tandem master "y$#nder. .e(#ne.
00 .es"r#-e t!e r#n"#$es o( )ar#ous te"!n#Bues em$oyed to re)ent s'#dd#ng
05 .ra& a neat s'et"! s!o&#ng t!e $#n'age to oerate -ra'e master "y$#nder
08 @!at are t!e ad)antages o( us#ng s$#t -ra'e system
09 @!at are t!e essent#a$ "!ara"ter#st#"s reBu#red o( a good -ra'#ng ($u#d.
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO <
Aim
To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and oerat#on o( t!e
(o$$o&#ng automot#)e susens#on systems.
a? Front susens#on system
-? Rear susens#on system
Theor'
La-e$ed d#agram% "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$e and oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng
susens#on systems
#? .ou-$e @#s!-one Susens#on
##? Ma"!erson Strut Front Susens#on
#? Lea( Sr#ng Rear Susens#on
##? +o#$ Sr#ng Rear Susens#on
###? Ma"!erson Strut Rear Susens#on
O3=e*t% of S)%pen%ion
1 To re)ent t!e road s!o"'s (rom -e#ng transm#tted to t!e )e!#"$e "omonents
0 To sa(eguard t!e o""uants (rom road s!o"'s
5 To reser)e t!e sta-#$#ty o( t!e )e!#"$e #n #t"!#ng or ro$$#ng% &!#$e #n mot#on
Lea( Sr#ngs
Sem# e$$#t#" $ea( sr#ngs are a$most un#)ersa$$y use (or susens#on #n $#g!t and !ea)y
"ommer"#a$ )e!#"$es. For "ars a$so% t!ese are &#de$y used (or rear susens#on.
Tapere" Leaf Sprin$%
Eng$#s! Stee$ +ororat#on Ltd. O( Eng$and !as rodu"ed KTaer$#teI sr#ngs &!#"! !a)e t!e
(o$$o&#ng ad)antages o)er t!e "on)ent#ona$ $ea( sr#ngs due to &!#"! t!ese are -e"om#ng
#n"reas#ng$y ou$ar "omared to "onstant se"t#on "on)ent#ona$ $ea( sr#ngs.
1. L#g!t &e#g!t , near$y /4H o( t!e "orresond#ng "on)ent#ona$ sr#ng
0. T!ere #s no #nter$ea( (r#"t#on #n "ase o( s#ng$e taer $ea( sr#ng. E)en #n "ase o( !ea)y
)e!#"$es &!ere more $ea)es may -e reBu#red% t!e num-er o( su"! $ea)es #s st#$$ $ess t!an
#n "ase o( "on)ent#ona$ sr#ngs. Furt!er% t!ese ru- aga#nst ea"! ot!er on$y at t!e ends.
.ue to t!ese reasons e)en #n mu$t# taer $ea( sr#ngs re$at#)e$y $ess #nter $ea( (r#"t#on
&#$$ -e resent.
5 A-sen"e o( sBuea'#ng
8. T!e stresses are $o&er and more un#(orm "omared to t!e "on)ent#ona$ sr#ngs% t!us
g#)#ng $onger $#(e.
9. T!ey o""uy $ess sa"e.
/. In "ase o( s#ng$e taer $ea( sr#ng% t!ere #s no "o$$e"t#on o( mo#sture -et&een t!e $ea)es
and !en"e no (rett#ng (at#gue.
Coi( Sprin$%
T!e "o#$ sr#ngs are used ma#n$y &#t! #ndeendent susens#on% t!oug! t!ey !a)e a$so -een used
#n t!e "on)ent#ona$ r#g#d a1$e susens#on as t!ey "an -e &e$$ a""ommodated #n restr#"ted
sa"es. T!e energy stored er un#t )o$ume #s a$most dou-$e #n t!e "ase o( "o#$ sr#ngs t!an t!e
$ea( sr#ngs.
+o#$ sr#ngs do not !a)e no#se ro-$ems nor do t!ey !a)e stat#" (r#"t#on "aus#ng !ars!ness o(
r#de as #n "ase o( $ea( sr#ngs.
T!e sr#ng ta'es t!e s!ear as &e$$ as -end#ng stresses. T!e "o#$ sr#ngs% !o&e)er% "annot ta'e
torBue rea"t#on and s#de t!rust% (or &!#"! a$ternat#)e arrangements !a)e to -e ro)#ded.
A !e$er "o#$ sr#ng #s a$so somet#mes used to ro)#de rogress#)e st#((ness aga#nst #n"reas#ng
$oad.
Sho*. A3%or3er%
A sr#ng#ng de)#"e must -e a "omrom#se -et&een ($e1#-#$#ty and st#((ness. I( #t #s more r#g#d%
#t &#$$ not a-sor- road s!o"'s e((#"#ent$y and #( #t #s more ($e1#-$e% #t &#$$ "ont#nue to )#-rate
e)en a(ter t!e -um !as assed. So &e must !a)e su((#"#ent dam#ng o( t!e sr#ng to re)ent
e1"ess#)e ($e1#ng.
T!e (r#"t#on -et&een t!e $ea)es o( a $ea( sr#ng ro)#des t!#s dam#ng% -ut -e"ause o( t!e
un"erta#n$y o( t!e $u-r#"at#on "ond#t#ons% t!e amount o( (r#"t#on a$so )ar#es and !en"e t!e
dam#ng "!ara"ter#st#"s do not rema#n "onstant. For t!#s reason% t!e (r#"t#on -et&een t!e
sr#ngs #s redu"ed to m#n#mum and add#t#ona$ dam#ng #s ro)#ded -y means o( de)#"es "a$$ed
damers or s!o"' a-sor-ers. In "ase o( "o#$ sr#ngs% t!e &!o$e o( dam#ng #s ro)#ded -y t!e
s!o"' a-sor-ers. T!e s!o"' a-sor-ers t!us "ontro$ t!e e1"ess#)e sr#ng )#-rat#ons.
In (a"t t!e name s!o"' a-sor-er #s rat!er m#s$ead#ng s#n"e #t #s t!e sr#ng and not t!e s!o"'
a-sor-er t!at #n#t#a$$y a-sor-es t!e s!o"'. T!e s!o"' a-sor-er a-sor-s t!e energy o( s!o"'
"on)erted #nto )ert#"a$ mo)ement o( t!e a1$e -y ro)#d#ng dam#ng and d#ss#at#ng t!e same
#nto !eat. T!us% #t mere$y ser)es to "ontro$ t!e am$#tude and (reBuen"y o( sr#ng )#-rat#ons. It
"an not suort &e#g!t and !as Cero res#$#en"e. T!ere(ore% KdamerI #s a -etter term te"!n#"a$$y
to des"r#-e t!e s!o"' a-sor-er.
T!e s!o"' a-sor-ers are -as#"a$$y o( t&o tyes , t!e (r#"t#on tye and t!e !ydrau$#" tye. T!e
(r#"t#on tye !as a$most -e"ome o-so$ete due to #ts non red#"ta-$e dam#ng "!ara"ter#st#"s.
T!e r#n"#$e o( oerat#on o( a !ydrau$#" s!o"' a-sor-er #s t!at &!en a #ston (or"es t!e ($u#d #n
a "y$#nder to ass t!roug! some !o$e a !#g! res#stan"e to t!e mo)ement o( #ston #s de)e$oed%
&!#"! ro)#des t!e dam#ng e((e"t. T!e !ydrau$#" tye !as t!e add#t#ona$ ad)antage t!at t!e
dam#ng #s roort#ona$ to t!e sBuare o( t!e seed. So (or sma$$ )#-rat#ons% t!e dam#ng #s a$so
sma$$% &!#$e (or $arger ones t!e dam#ng -e"omes automat#"a$$y more.
2i%h3one t'pe %)%pen%ion
F#g s!o&s a d#agrammat#" s'et"! o( &#s!-one tye susens#on &#t! "o#$ sr#ngs. T!e use o(
"o#$ sr#ngs #n t!e (ront a1$e susens#on o( "ars #s no& a$most un#)ersa$.
It "ons#sts o( uer and t!e $o&er &#s!-one arms #)oted to t!e (rame mem-er. T!e sr#ng #s
$a"ed #n -et&een t!e $o&er &#s!-one and t!e unders#de o( t!e "ross mem-er. T!e )e!#"$e
&e#g!t #s transm#tted (rom t!e -ody and t!e "ross mem-er to t!e "o#$ sr#ng t!roug! &!#"! #t
goes to t!e $o&er &#s!-one mem-er. A s!o"' a-sor-er #s $a"ed #ns#de t!e "o#$ sr#ng and #s
atta"!ed to t!e "ross mem-er and to $o&er &#s!-one mem-er.
T!e &#s!-one arms are $#'e t!e "!#"'en &#s!-one or $etter 7 #n s!aem -e"ause o( &!#"! t!e
system #s so "a$$ed. Be"ause o( t!#s 7 s!ae% t!e &#s!-ones not on$y os#t#on t!e &!ee$s and
transm#t t!e )e!#"$e $oad to t!e sr#ngs -ut t!ese a$so res#st a""e$erat#on% -ra'#ng and "orner#ng
As#de? (or"es. T!e uer arms are s!orter arms are s!orter #n $engt! t!an t!e $o&er ones. T!#s
!e$s to 'ee t!e &!ee$ tra"' "onstant% t!ere-y a)o#d#ng t!e tyre s"ru- t!us m#n#m#C#ng tyre
&ear. :o&e)er% sma$$ "!ange #n t!e "am-er ang$e does o""ur &#t! su"! an arrangement.
T!e &#s!-one tye #s t!e most ou$ar #ndeendent susens#on system.
Ma* Pher%on Str)t t'pe of %)%pen%ion
In t!#s $ayout on$y $o&er &#s!-ones are used. A strut "onta#n#ng s!o"' a-sor-er and t!e sr#ng
"arr#es a$so t!e stu- a1$e on &!#"! t!e &!ee$ #s mounted. T!e &#s!-one #s !#nged to t!e "ross
mem-er and os#t#ons t!e &!ee$ as &e$$ as res#sts a""e$erat#ng% -ra'#ng and s#de (or"es. T!#s
system #s s#m$er t!an dou-$e &#s!-one tye des"r#-ed a-o)e and #s a$so $#g!ter% 'ee#ng t!e
unsrung &#e!t $o&er. Furt!er% t!e "am-er a$so does not "!ange &!en t!e &!ee$ mo)es u and
do&n. T!#s tye o( susens#on g#)es t!e ma1#mum room #n t!e eng#ne "omartment and #s
t!ere(ore "ommon$y used on (ront &!ee$ dr#)e "ars.
In Ind#a t!#s system !as -een used #n Marut# ASuCu'#? ;44 "ars. T!#s tye o( susens#on &#t!
ant# ro$$ -ar as em$oyed #n 7o$'s&agen Netta and Passat "ars #s s!o&n #n (#g. t!#s #s "$a#med t
ro)#de #n"reased road sa(ety% #mro)e r#de "om(ort and $#g!t and se$( sta-#$#C#ng steer#ng
&!#"! means t!at "ar "ont#nues a$ong #ts "!osen $#ne o( tra)e$ &!en t!e -ra'es are a$#ed e)en
t!oug! t!e road sur(a"e may )ary.
Rear 2hee( In"epen"ent S)%pen%ion
T!oug! t!e rear &!ee$s are not to -e steered% yet t!ere #s a "ons#dera-$e d#((#"u$ty #n t!e rear
&!ee$ sr#ng#ng #( t!e o&er !as to -e transm#tted to t!e rear &!ee$s. But e)en t!e rear &!ee$
#ndeendent sr#ng#ng #s "om#ng #nto rom#nen"e -e"ause o( #ts d#st#n"t ad)antages o)er t!e
r#g#d a1$e tye.
F#g s!o&s one met!od o( rear &!ee$ #ndeendent susens#on. Un#)ersa$ "ou$#ngs A and B
'ee t!e &!ee$ )ert#"a$% &!#$e t!e s$#d#ng "ou$#ng + #s reBu#red to ma#nta#n t!e &!ee$ tra"'
"onstant% t!ere-y a)o#d#ng s"ru--#ng o( t!e tyres. T!#s met!od !as -een used #n t!e de .#on
tye o( a1$e.
Referen*e Boo.%
1? Automot#)e Me"!an#"s , +rouse = Ang$#n
0? Automo-#$e Eng#neer#ng , .r D#ra$ S#ng!
7#)a Euest#ons
1 @!at are t!e o->e"t#)es o( a )e!#"$e susens#on
0 @!at do you understand -y #t"!#ng and ro$$#ng o( a )e!#"$e
5 @!at #s a (un"t#on o( a sr#ng #n automo-#$e susens#onI
8 @!at #s u2srung &e#g!tF
9 :o& does a s#de t!rust "ountered #n a )e!#"$e
/ @!at #s a (un"t#on o( a s!a"'$e &#t! a $ea( sr#ng
3 E1$a#n t!e (un"t#on o( a $ea( sr#ng and s!o& !o& #t #s mounted on rear and
(ront
; @!at are t!e ad)antages o( an #ndeendent susens#on system o)er a r#g#d a1$e
susens#onF
< @!at are t!e ad)antages o( Ma" P!erson strut susens#onF
14 @!at #s a (un"t#on o( a s!o"' a-sor-er
11 @!at are !e$er sr#ngsF
10 :o& #s t!e (at#gue strengt! o( a $ea( sr#ngs #n"reasedF
15 @!at #s t!e e((e"t o( mo#sture on t!e $ea( sr#ngsF
18 .es"r#-e t!e ad)antages o( taered $ea( sr#ngs
19 @!#"! tye o( #ndeendent susens#on used #n M2;44 "ar
1/ @!at #s &#s!-one tye susens#onF
13 @!at (or"es are suorted -y a $ea( sr#ngs
1; State t!e ad)antages and d#sad)antages o( a tors#on -ar
1< @!at #s tors#on -arF
04 State t!e ad)antages and d#sad)antages o( a "o#$ sr#ngs
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO,>
Aim
(o$$o&#ng automot#)e dr#)e $#nes and d#((erent#a$.
a? Rear &!ee$ dr#)e $#nes
-? Front &!ee$ dr#)e $#nes
"? .#((erent#a$s% dr#)e a1$es and (our &!ee$ dr#)e $#nes
Theor'
La-e$ed d#agram% "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$e and oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng dr#)e
$#nes and d#((erent#a$.
PROPELLER SHAFT
T!#s #s t!e s!a(t &!#"! transm#ts t!e dr#)e (rom t!e transm#ss#on to t!e -e)e$ #n#on or &orm o(
(#na$ dr#)e #n (ront eng#ne% rear dr#)e )e!#"$es. It #s a$so "a$$ed dr#)e s!a(t. It "ons#sts ma#n$y o(
t!ree arts.
Aa? S!a(t , As t!#s !as to &#t!stand ma#n$y tors#ona$ $oads% #t #s usua$$y made o( tu-u$ar
"ross se"t#on. It a$so !as to -e &e$$ -a$an"ed to a)o#d &!#r$#ng at !#g! seeds.
A-? One or t&o un#)ersa$ >o#nts% deend#ng uon t!e tye o( rear a1$e dr#)e used= t!e
un#)ersa$ >o#nts a""ount (or t!e u and do&n mo)ements o( t!e rear a1$e &!en t!e )e!#"$e #s
runn#ng
A"? S$# No#nt , .eend#ng uon t!e tye o( dr#)e% one s$# >o#nt may -e t!ere #n s!a(t. T!#s
ser)es to ad>ust t!e $engt! o( t!e roe$$er s!a(t &!en demanded -y t!e rear a1$e mo)ements.
Uni#er%a( ?oint%
A un#)ersa$ >o#nt #s a art#"u$ar tye o( "onne"t#on -et&een t&o s!a(ts &!ose a1es are #n"$#ned
to ea"! ot!er. T!e most s#m$e tye o( un#)ersa$ >o#nt #s t!e :oo'eIs >o#nt A(#g. ? &!#"! #s most
&#de$y used -e"ause o( t!e (a"t t!at #t #s s#m$e and "oma"t #n "onstru"t#on and reasona-$y
e((#"#ent at sma$$ ang$es o( roe$$er s!a(t mo)ement u and do&nm say uto 1; deg T!e a1es
o( s!a(ts A and B are #nterse"t#ng. Ea"! o( t!ese s!a(ts "onta#ns a yo'e. T!e "ross + !as (our
arms. T!e t&o oos#te arms o( t!e "ross are suorted #n -us!es #n t!e yo'e o( s!a(t B. T!us
s!a(t A "an !a)e angu$ar rotat#on a-out a1#s OO and t!e s!a(t B% a-out t!e a1#s YY. It #s t!us
seen t!at #t &#$$ -e oss#-$e &#t! t!e :oo'es >o#nt (or t!e s!a(ts A and B to !a)e os#t#)e dr#)e
&!#$e a$$o&#ng angu$ar mo)ement -et&een t!em.
An #mro)ed (orm o( !oo'eIs >o#nt uses need$e ro$$er -ear#ng to suort t!e "ross #n t!e yo'es.
T!#s resu$t #n #n"rease o( >o#nt e((#"#en"y.
&IFFERENTIAL
@!en t!e "ar #s ta'#ng a turn% t!e outer &!ee$s &#$$ !a)e to tra)e$ greater d#stan"e as "omared
to t!e #nner &!ee$s #n t!e same t#me A(#g ? #( t!ere(ore% t!e "ar !as a so$#d rear a1$e on$y and no
ot!er de)#"e% t!ere &#$$ -e tenden"y (or t!e &!ee$s to s'#d. :en"e #( t!e &!ee$ s'#dd#ng #s to -e
a)o#ded% some me"!an#sm must -e #n"ororated #n t!e rear a1$e% &!#"! s!ou$d redu"e t!e seed
o( t!e #nner &!ee$s and #n"rease t!e seed ( t!e outer &!ee$s &!en ta'#ng turnsG #t s!ou$d at t!e
same t#me 'ee t!e seeds o( a$$ t!e &!ee$s same &!en go#ng stra#g!t a!ead. Su"! a de)#"e
&!#"! ser)es t!e a-o)e (un"t#on #s "a$$ed a d#((erent#a$.
In "ase o( t!e non2dr#)#ng &!ee$s% !o&e)er% t!e d#((eren"e #n seeds o( t!e #nner and t!e outer
&!ee$s oses no ro-$em s#n"e su"! &!ee$s are #ndeendent o( ea"! ot!er and as su"! t!ey "an
ad>ust t!e#r seeds a""ord#ng to t!e reBu#rements.
To understand t!e r#n"#$e on &!#"! d#((erent#a$ &or's% "ons#der (#g. To t!e "ro&n &!ee$ o(
t!e (#na$ dr#)e #s atta"!ed a "age% &!#"! "arr#es a "ross #n A#n "ase t&o $anet #n#ons are
em$oyed? or a s#der A#n "ase (our $anet #n#ons are used #n t!e d#((erent#a$?. T&o sun gears
mes! &#t! t!e t&o or (our $anet #n#ons. A1$e !a$( s!a(ts are s$#ned to ea"! o( t!ese sun
gears. T!e "ro&n &!ee$ #s (ree to rotate on t!e !a$( s!a(t as s!o&n. @!en t!e )e!#"$e #s go#ng
stra#g!t t!e "age and t!e #nner gears rotate as a s#ng$e un#t and t!e t&o !a$( s!a(ts re)o$)e at t!e
same seed. In t!#s s#tuat#on% t!ere #s no re$at#)e mo)ement among t!e )ar#ous d#((erent#a$
gears. To understand &!at !aens &!en t!e )e!#"$e #s ta'#ng a turn% assume t!at t!e "age #s
stat#onary. T!en turn one sun gear &#$$ "ause t!e ot!er to rotate #n t!e oos#te d#re"t#on. T!at
means t!at #( $e(t sun gear rotates% n t#mes #n a art#"u$ar t#me% t!e r#g!t sun gear &#$$ a$so rotate
n t#mes #n t!e same er#od -ut o( "ourse #n t!e oos#te d#re"t#on. T!#s rotat#on #s suer
#mosed on t!e norma$ &!ee$ seed &!en t!e )e!#"$e #s ta'#ng a turn. T!us% (or e1am$e%
"ons#der a )e!#"$e &#t! &!ee$ seed N r..m. go#ng stra#g!t% &!en #t ta'es a turn to&ard r#g!t.
At t!#s t#me% t!ere &#$$ -e a res#stan"e to t!e mot#on o( t!e r#g!t &!ee$ and as a resu$t o(
d#((erent#a$ a"t#on #( t!e r#g!t &!ee$ rotates -a"' at n rm t!en t!e $e(t &!ee$ &#$$ rotate (or&ard
at n rm. T!#s &#$$ g#)e t!e resu$tant seed o( t!e $e(t &!ee$ as AN P n? and t!at o( t!e r#g!t
&!ee$ as AN2n? rm.
T!e torBue (rom t!e (#na$ dr#)e #s a$so d#)#ded -et&een t!e t&o !a$( s!a(ts. As t!e $anet
#n#ons are (ree to rotate on t!e "ross #n or t!e s#der arm t!ey "annot a$y d#((erent torBue to
t!e teet! on one s#de (rom t!e one on t!e ot!er s#de. T!ere(ore% t!ey a"t as a -a$an"e and d#)#de
t!e torBue eBua$$y -et&een t!e t&o &!ee$s on t!e a1$e% e)en &!en t!e#r seeds are d#((erent.
Referen*e Boo.%
1 Automot#)e Me"!an#"s , +rouse = Ang$#n
0 Automo-#$e Engg , .r D#ra$ S#ng!

7#)a Euest#ons
1 @!at are t!e ma#n "omonents o( an automo-#$eF .es"r#-e a$$ o( t!em -r#e($y.
0 @!at ad)antages are t!ere #n "ase o( (ront &!ee$ dr#)eF
5 @!at #s trans(er -o1F
8 State )ar#ous "ons#derat#ons on t!e -as#s o( &!#"! automo-#$es are "$ass#(#edF
9 @!at #s t!e ma#n ad)antage o( (or &!ee$ dr#)e )e!#"$eF
/ @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( !oo'Is >o#ntF
3 :o& #s t!e $engt! o( Proe$$er s!a(t )ar#ed automat#"a$$yF
; .e(#ne t!e &!#r$#ng o( t!e s!a(tsF
< @!at #s t!e need (or "onstant )e$o"#ty un#)ersa$ >o#nt &!en t!e "!eaer :oo'Is >o#nt #s
a)a#$a-$eF
14 @!at #s t!e mater#a$ used (or Proe$$er s!a(tF
11 :o& #s t!e dr#)e (rom roe$$er s!a(t turned at r#g!t ang$es.
10 E1$a#n t!e (un"t#on#ng o( d#((erent#a$.
15 E1$a#n t!e (un"t#on o( a un#)ersa$ >o#nt.
18 :o& many un#)ersa$ >o#nts are used &#t! a torBue tu-e dr#)e and a !ot"! '#ss dr#)e and
&!yF
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO, :
Aim
automot#)e em#ss#on = o$$ut#on "ontro$ systems.
Theor'
La-e$ed d#agram% "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$e and oerat#on o( t!e automot#)e
em#ss#on = o$$ut#on "ontro$ systems
Intro")*tion
T!ere are (our areas #n t!e automo-#$e% &!#"! "an em#t o$$utants #nto t!e atmos!ere. T!ese
are% t!e (ue$ tan'% "ar-uretor% t!e "ran' "ase and t!e e1!aust system. T!e (ue$ tan' and t!e
"ar-uretor em#t (ue$ )aours% t!e "ran'"ase g#)es out t!e art$y -urnt2a#r2(ue$ m#1ture -$o&n o((
t!roug! t!e #ston r#ngs% &!#$e t!e em#ss#ons (rom t!e e1!aust system #n"$ude un-urnt
!ydro"ar-ons% "ar-on mono1#de% n#trogen o1#des and su$!ur o1#des. T!ese e1!aust
"onst#tuents "ause many ser#ous d#seases as g#)en #n ta-$e 13.1 O-)#ous$y% t!e atmos!er#"
o$$ut#on "an -e de"reased -y "ontro$$#ng t!ese areas o( t!e automo-#$e. To do t!#s% t&o
d#((erent aroa"!es !a)e -een (o$$o&ed*
1 To redu"e t!e (ormat#on o( o$$utants #n t!e em#ss#ons -y redes#gn#ng t!e eng#ne
)ent#$at#ng system% "ar-uretor and (ue$ tan'. T!e "om-ust#on "!am-er% a$ong&#t! (ue$
system "oo$#ng system% #gn#t#on system and t!e e1!aust system are a$so redes#gned t!us
#mro)#ng uon t!e "om-ust#on e((#"#en"y &!#"! redu"es t!e em#ss#ons.
0. To destroy t!e o$$utants a(ter t!ese !a)e -een (ormed. T!e deta#$s o( -ot! t!ese
aroa"!es !a)e -een d#s"ussed #n t!e (o$$o&#ng art#"$es.
S
No
+onst#tutent .#sease
1 +ar-on Mono1#de A+O? :eart=B$ood "#r"u$atory ro-$ems
0 :ydro"ar-ons A:+? Lung d#seases
5 N#trogen o1#des ANO1? Ast!ma = Bron"!#t#s
8 Lead AP-? B$ood +an"er
9 Susended art#"u$ate matter APM? Ast!ma = Bron"!#t#s
RE&UCTION OF FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS
T!#s #s a"!#e)ed -y t!e (o$$o&#ng*
1. +$osed "ran'"ase )ent#$at#on
0. Fue$ tan' and "ar-uretor )ent#$at#on
5. Redes#gn#ng t!e eng#ne*
#? "om-ust#on "!am-er
##? "oo$#ng system
###? (ue$ su$y system
#)? #gn#t#on system
CLOSE& CRANC+CASE @ENTILATION
T!ere are t&o )ar#at#ons o( t!#s system )#C. t!e os#t#)e "ran'"ase )ent#$at#on and t!e (#1ed
or#(#"e system. In t!e (ormer% (#$tered a#r (rom t!e "ar-uretor a#r "$eaner #s #ntrodu"ed #n t!e
"ran'"ase (rom &!ere #t "arr#es a&ay t!e -$o& -y gases and t!e gaso$#ne )aours enter t!e
eng#ne "om-ust#on "!am-er a$ong&#t! (res! "!arge and are -urnt t!ere.
In t!e (#1ed or#(#"e system% a (#1ed or#(#"e #n t!e -ase o( t!e "ar-uretor ta'es t!e $a"e o( t!e
P+7 )a$)e. T!e -$o& -y gases are d#)erted to t!e #n$et man#(o$d t!roug! t!#s or#(#"e.
In -ot! t!ese tyes o( "$osed "ran'"ase )ent#$at#on systems% t!e s$udge and t!e ot!er s#m#$ar
e$ements dur#ng t!e "ourse o( t#me% "$og t!e P+7 )a$)e or t!e or#(#"e &!#"! may de"rease and
u$t#mate$y sto t!e ($o& o( t!e -$o& -y gases a$toget!er% &!#"! &ou$d a((e"t t!e eng#ne
er(orman"e )ery ser#ous$y. A "oat#ng o( o#$ on t!e a#r "$eaner (#$ter% aart (rom )ar#ous eng#ne
trou-$es% #nd#"ates t!at ser)#"e o( t!e system #s needed urgent$y% &!#"! ma#n$y reBu#res t!e
"$ean#ng o( t!e P+7 )a$)e or t!e or#(#"e% t!e a#r "$eaner (#$ter !oses et".
RE&ESIGNING THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER
To a)o#d t!e add#t#on o( $ead #s gaso$#ne% t!e eng#ne "om-ust#on "!am-ers !a)e -een
redes#gned &#t! $o&er "omress#on rat#os A(rom aro1#mate$y 14.9 * 1 to ;.9 * 1? T!#s $oss o(
e((#"#en"y !as -een made good -y #n"reas#ng t!e temerature #n t!e "om-ust#on "!am-er &!#"!
resu$ts #n #mro)ed "om-ust#on o( t!e a#r (ue$ m#1ture and "onseBuent$y #n t!e de"rease o(
o$$utants #n t!e e1!aust.
CHANGES IN FUEL SUPPL! S!STEM
Su#ta-$e mod#(#"at#ons !a)e -een made #n t!e #nta'e man#(o$ds so t!at ra#d )aor#Cat#on o(
(ue$ ta'es $a"e dur#ng &arm u o( t!e eng#ne. Furt!er% "ross o)er o( t!e #n$et and t!e e1!aust
man#(o$ds #s a$so redes#gned so as to redu"e t!e t#me reBu#red (or t!e trans(er o( !eat (rom t!e
e1!aust gases to t!e #n$et gases. Moreo)er% #n "ase o( eng#nes &#t! etro$ #n>e"t#on #n art#"u$ar%
a tuned #nta'e man#(o$d #s em$oyed% &!ere#n a$$ runners are o( eBua$ $engt! &#t! )ery $#tt$e
restr#"t#on so t!at eBua$ a#r ($o& ta'es $a"e to a$$ t!e "y$#nders. T!#s "om-#nat#on o( etro$
#n>e"t#on and tuned #nta'e man#(o$d !e$s redu"e em#ss#on o( :+ and NO1.
Aart (rom #n"reas#ng t!e )a$)e o)er$a d#s"ussed a-o)e% a -etter met!od o( d#$ut#ng t!e #nta'e
"!arge o( t!e eng#ne &#t! e1!aust gas #s t!e e1!aust gas re"#r"u$at#on AEGR? system% &!#"!
redu"es NO1 em#ss#on. .ue to a-sen"e o( o1ygen% e1!aust gas #tse$( &#$$ not -urnG #t on$y
$o&ers t!e "om-ust#on temerature t!ere-y redu"#ng t!e (ormat#on o( NO1 T!e amount o(
e1!aust gas adm#tted #s regu$ated -y a )a"uum "ontro$$ed )a$)e% "a$$ed t!e EGR )a$)e.
T!e e1!aust gases (rom t!e eng#ne are assed t!roug! "ata$yt#" "on)erters. A "ata$yt#"
"on)erter #s a "y$#ndr#"a$ un#t a-out t!e s#Ce o( a sma$$ s#$en"er and #s #nsta$$ed #nto t!e e1!aust
system o( a )e!#"$e su"! as a "ar% s"ooter% moed% motor "y"$e or auto r#"'s!a&. It #s $a"ed
-et&een t!e e1!aust man#(o$d and t!e s#$en"er. Ins#de t!e "on)erter t!ere #s a !oney"om-
stru"ture o( a "eram#" or meta$% &!#"! #s "oated &#t! a$um#na -ase mater#a$s and t!erea(ter a
se"ond "oat#ng o( re"#ous meta$s $at#num% a$$ad#um or r!od#um or "om-#nat#ons o( t!e
same. T!#s se"ond "oat#ng ser)es as a "ata$yst. A "ata$yst #s a su-stan"e &!#"! "auses a
"!em#"a$ rea"t#on t!at norma$$y does not !aen #n t!e g#)en "ond#t#on. As a resu$t o( "ata$yt#"
rea"t#ons% as t!e e1!aust gases ass o)er t!e "on)erter su-trate% to1#" gases su"! as +O% :+ and
NO1 are "on)erted #nto !arm$ess +O0 :0 and N0.
T!ere are t&o tyes o( "ata$yt#" "on)erters.
1. A t&o &ay "on)erter% &!#"! #s used to "ontro$ on$y +O and :+ em#ss#ons -y
o1#dat#on.
0. A t!ree &ay "on)erter% &!#"! #s used a$most #n a$$ "ars. It "ontro$s +O and :+ -y
o1#dat#on as &e$$ as NO1 -y redu"t#on.
T!ree &ay "on)erters AT@+? are no& "ommon$y -e#ng used (or etro$ eng#nes and oerate #n
t&o stages. T!e (#rst "on)erter stage uses r!od#um to redu"e t!e NO1 #n t!e e1!aust #nto
n#trogen and o1ygen. In t!e se"ond stage% "on)erter $at#num or a$$a d#um a"ts as o1#dat#on
"ata$yst to "!ange :+ and +O #nto !arm$ess &ater and +O0.
Referen*e Boo.%
7#)a Euest#ons
1 :o& does an automo-#$e "ontr#-ute to&ards o$$ut#on o( t!e atmos!ereF
0 @!at #s "$osed "ran'"ase )ent#$at#onF E1$a#n.
5 .#s"uss #n deta#$s )ar#ous "!anges #n t!e (ue$ su$y system o( eng#nes (or "ontro$$#ng
em#ss#onF
8 .es"r#-e "$ear$y !o& t!e eng#ne e1!aust gases to "on)ert t!e o$$utants t!ere #n #nto
!arm$ess "onst#tuents.
9 Name t!e areas o( automo-#$e em#tt#ng o$$utants and a$so name t!e ma#n o$$utants #n
t!e eng#ne e1!aust.
/ @!at #s P+7% and &!at urose #t ser)eF
3 @!at are t!e t&o -as#" aroa"!es to de"rease o$$ut#on (rom automo-#$esF
; :o& does t!e s!ae o( "om-ust#on "!am-er e((e"t t!e "om-ust#on e((#"#en"yF
< @!at #s t!e ad)antage o( redu"#ng "omress#on rat#o o( t!e eng#neF
14 @!at #s a QT!ree &ay "on)erterRF E1$a#n "$ear$y !o& #t #s used to "on)ert t!e
o$$utants.
11 E1$a#n t!e (un"t#on o( "ata$yt#" "on)erterF
10 :o& does t!e (ue$ #n>e"t#on !e$ to redu"e automo-#$e o$$ut#onF
15 @!at #s t!e e((e"t o( !eat#ng t!e su$y a#r on t!e eng#ne em#ss#onF
18 @!at o$$utants #n t!e eng#ne e1!aust are "ontro$$ed -y t!e a#r #n>e"t#on systemF
19 @!at #s "ata$yt#" "on)erterF
1/ @!at #s "ata$ystF
13 @!at are t!e ad)antages and dra&-a"' o( "ata$yt#" "on)erter met!od "omared to
-$o&#ng o( a#r on$y #nto e1!aust man#(o$d.
1; @!#"! "ata$y$#st #s used (or redu"t#on o( no#seF
1< @!#"! "ata$yst #s em$oyed (or o1#d#C#ng o( :+ and +oF
04 @!at a#r (ue$ rat#o g#)es -est (ue$ e"onomyF
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO, A
Aim
t!e (o$$o&#ng (ue$ su$y systems
a? +ar-uretor
-? .#ese$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on system
"? Gaso$#ne (ue$ #n>e"t#on system
Theor'
La-e$ed d#agram% "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$e and oerat#on o( t!e (ue$ su$y
systems
F)n*tion% of a *ar3)retor
T!e ma#n (un"t#ons &!#"! a "ar-uretor #s reBu#red to er(orm are
1 To 'ee a sma$$ reser)e o( (ue$ at a "onstant !ead
0 To )aor#Ce t!e (ue$ to reare a !omogeneous a#r (ue$ m#1ture
5 To su$y "orre"t amount or t!e a#r (ue$ m#1ture at t!e "orre"t strengt! under a$$
"ond#t#ons o( $oad and seed o( t!e eng#ne
Simp(e *ar3)retor
To understand t!e r#n"#$e on &!#"! a "ar-uretor &or's% "ons#der a s#m$e "ar-uretor as
s!o&n #n (#g. T!e ma#n arts are a ($oat "!am-er% (ue$ >et% )entur#% noCC$e and a t!rott$e )a$)e.
T!e ($oat #n t!e ($oat "!am-er #s made o( dee dra&n -rass s!eet and #s 'et !o$$o& (or
$#g!tness. Su"! ($oats !a)e a tenden"y to $ea' a$ong t!e >o#nt seams. .ue to t!#s reason ($oats
are no& made o( ny$on $ast#" or e1anded synt!et#" ru--er. T!e need$e )a$)e atta"!ed to t!e
($oat $e)er ser)es to "$ose or oen t!e (ue$ #n$et to t!e ($oat "!am-er deend#ng uon t!e
reBu#rements. T!e need$e )a$)e "ons#sts o( a "y$#ndr#"a$ stem &#t! a "on#"a$ t# made o( stee$
or e$se a so$#d stee$ stem &#t! a ru--er seat t#. A$ternat#)e$y% t!ere may -e a t!ree #e"e )a$)e
&#t! a ru--er seat t# and a sr#ng , $oaded -a$$ #n t!e -ody o( t!e stem. T!e $ater t&o tyes
ma#nta#n t!e $#Bu#d , t#g!t sea$ dur#ng )#-rat#ons% &!#"! #s not oss#-$e &#t! ord#nary s#ng$e
#e"e need$e )a$)e. @!en t!e (ue$ $e)e$ (a$$s -e$o& a de(#n#te redeterm#ned )a$ue% t!e ($oat
a$so (a$$s a$ong &#t! (ue$ $e)e$% t!us oen#ng t!e assage (or t!e (ue$ su$y. T!e (ue$ starts
($o&#ng #n and t!e ($oat r#ses gradua$$y t#$$ t!e (ue$ $e)e$ rea"!es t!e des#red )a$ue. At t!#s t#me%
t!e ($oat need$e "$oses t!e (ue$ #n$et assage. T!us a "onstant !ead o( (ue$ #s ma#nta#ned #n t!e
($oat "!am-er. T!#s "onstant $e)e$ o( (ue$ #s s$#g!t$y -e$o& t!e noCC$e out$et% so t!at t!e (ue$
may not dro a$$ t!e t#me (rom t!e noCC$e% e)en &!en t!e eng#ne #s not &or'#ng. T!#s ro)#s#on
a$so re)ents t!e (ue$ (rom s#$$#ng out &!en t!e "ar #s t#$ted on a""ount o( !#$$y or !#g!$y
"am-ered road. In ra"t#"e (ue$ $e)e$ #n t!e ($oat "!am-er #s ma#nta#ned a-out 9mm -e$o& t!e
noCC$e out$et. A sma$$ )ent #n t!e ($oat "!am-er 'ees t!e ressure #ns#de atmos!er#". In
modern ra"t#"e #t #s re(erred to )ent t!e ($oat "!am-er to t!e a#r #nta'e o( t!e "ar-uretor.
Su"! an arrangement re)ents dust art#"$es (rom m#1#ng &#t! t!e etro$ t!roug! t!e )ent as
t!ere #s a$&ays an a#r "$eaner on t!e #nta'e s#de o( t!e "ar-uretor &!#"! (#$ters t!e #n"om#ng a#r.
F)e( In=e*tion S'%tem
T!e (un"t#on o( a (ue$ #n>e"t#on system #s to #n>e"t roer Buant#ty o( (ue$ #nto t!e eng#ne
"y$#nders at t!e "orre"t t#me and at a redeterm#ned rate. T!e (ue$ #n>e"t#on systems may -e
-road$y "$ass#(#ed #nto t!e so$#d #n>e"t#on system and t!e a#r #n>e"t#on system. In t!e so$#d
#n>e"t#on system% on$y t!e $#Bu#d (ue$ #s #n>e"ted% &!ereas #n t!e #n>e"t#on system $#Bu#d (ue$ #s
#n>e"ted a$ong &#t! "omressed a#r. T!e a#r #n>e"t#on system #s $ess re$#a-$e% $ess e((#"#ent and
reBu#res an a#r "omressor (or su$y#ng a#r at 3 Ma or !#g!er ressures A&!#"! "onsumes
uto 14H o( t!e o&er outut o( t!e eng#ne? due to &!#"! reasons #t !as -e"ome o-so$ete. T!e
so$#d #n>e"t#on system &#$$% t!ere(ore% -e d#s"ussed !ere #n deta#$.
T&o tyes o( so$#d #n>e"t#on systems are #n use*
1. "ommon ra#$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on system
0. #nd#)#dua$ um (ue$ #n>e"t#on system
Layout o( a "ommon ra#$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on system #s s!o&n #n (#g. T!#s tye o( (ue$ su$y system
#s used #n t!e .etro#t d#ese$ eng#ne% "ommon$y 'no&n as N#mmy d#ese$. In t!#s a s#ng$e
#n>e"t#on um &#t! #n>e"tor% "a$$ed as un#t #n>e"tor #s em$oyed on ea"! "y$#nder. T!e un#t
#n>e"tors are oerated -y ro"'er arms and sr#ngs s#m#$ar to t!e eng#ne )a$)es. A $#n'age
"onne"ts t!e "ontro$ ra"'s o( a$$ t!e un#t #n>e"tors% so t!at (ue$ #n>e"t#on #n a$$ t!e "y$#nders may
-e eBua$ and s#mu$taneous$y "ontro$$ed.
T!e (ue$ #s ta'en (rom t!e (ue$ tan' -y t!e (eed um and #s su$#ed at $o& ressure t!roug! a
(#$ter% to a$$ t!e un#t #n>e"tors. T!#s a)o#ds t!e !#g! ressure (ue$ $#nes ne"essary #n t!e
#nd#)#dua$ um system. Any e1"ess (ue$ (rom t!e re$#e( )a$)e #s returned to t!e (ue$ tan'.
Ind#)#dua$ um (ue$ #n>e"t#on system us#ng #n $#ne #n>e"t#on um #s s!o&n #n (#g. Fue$ #s
dra&n (rom t!e (ue$ tan' -y means o( a (ue$ (eed um &!#"! #s oerated (rom t!e #n>e"t#on
um "ams!a(t. Genera$$y% t!e $unger tye or t!e d#a!ragm tye o( (ue$ (eed ums are
em$oyed #n automo-#$es. T!e um #s ro)#ded &#t! !and r#m#ng $e)er so t!at t!e d#ese$ o#$
"an -e (or"ed #nto t!e system and t!e a#r -$ed out &#t!out turn#ng t!e eng#ne. T!e (ue$ #s t!en
assed t!roug! a (#$ter and t!en"e to t!e (ue$ #n>e"t#on um. @#t!out t!e (#$ter or &#t! a oor
Bua$#ty (#$ter% a-ras#)e matter &ou$d rea"! t!e (ue$ #n>e"t#on um and #n>e"tors% resu$t#ng #n
oor start#ng% #rregu$ar #d$#ng and deter#orat#on #n er(orman"e due to de"reased (ue$ de$#)ery
(rom t!e #n>e"t#on um. T!e a-ras#)e matter &ou$d a$so "ause (au$ty sray#ng and $ea'age #n
t!e #n>e"tors t!us resu$t#ng #n #n"reased (ue$ "onsumt#on and !ea)y e1!aust smo'e.
Referen*e Boo.%

7#)a Euest#ons
1 Name o( t!e )ar#ous (ue$ su$y systemF
0 @!#"! one #s most a""urate (ue$ su$y system (or etro$ "arsF
5 @!ere t!e (ue$ um #s usua$$y $o"ated #n t!e "arF
8 @!y t!e "ar-uretor ($oat #s made !o$$o&F
9 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( "!e"' )a$)e #s t!e "ar-uretorF
/ @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( )entur# #n t!e "ar-uretorF
3 Name any Ind#an )e!#"$e us#ng so$e1 "ar-uretorF
; @!at #s t!e urose o( etro$ #n>e"t#onF
< @!at #s t!e "ommon ra#$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on systemF
14 @!at are t!e )ar#ous tyes o( etro$ #n>e"t#on systemF
11 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( a (ue$ (eed um=
10 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( (ue$ #n>e"torF
INSTRUCTION SHEET
EXPERIMENT NO, ;
Aim
To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s &or'#ng r#n"#$es and oerat#on o(
t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e eng#ne systems and su- systems
a? Mu$t# "y$#nderG d#ese$ and etro$ eng#nes
-? Eng#ne "oo$#ng and $u-r#"at#ng system
Theor'
La-e$ed d#agram% "onstru"t#on deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$e and oerat#on o( t!e eng#ne systems
and su- systems
Metho"% of *oo(in$
7ar#ous met!ods used (or "oo$#ng o( automo-#$e eng#nes are
1 A#r "oo$#ng
0 @ater "oo$#ng
Air *oo(in$
T!e -as#" r#n"#$e #n)o$)ed #n t!#s met!od #s to !a)e "urrent o( a#r ($o&#ng "ont#nuous$y o)er
t!e !eated meta$ sur(a"e (rom &!ere t!e !eat #s to -e remo)ed. T!e !eat d#ss#ated deends
uon (o$$o&#ng (a"torsG
a? Sur(a"e area o( meta$ #nto "onta"t &#t! a#r
-? Mass ($o& rate o( a#r
"? Temerature d#((eren"e -et&een t!e !eated sur(a"e and a#r
d? +ondu"t#)#ty o( meta$
A"#anta$e%
1 A#r "oo$ed eng#nes are $#g!ter -e"ause o( t!e a-sen"e o( t!e rad#ator% t!e
"oo$#ng >a"'ets and t!e "oo$ant
0 T!ey "an -e oerated #n e1treme "$#mates &!ere t!e &ater may (reeCe.
5 In "erta#n areas &!ere t!ere #s s"ar"#ty o( "oo$#ng &ater% t!e a#r "oo$ed
eng#ne #s an ad)antage.
8 Ma#ntenan"e #s eas#er -e"ause t!e ro-$em o( $ea'age #s not t!ere.
9 A#r "oo$ed eng#nes get &armed u ear$#er t!an t!e &ater "oo$ed eng#ne
&i%a"#anta$e%
1 It #s not easy to ma#nta#n e)en "oo$#ng a$$ around t!e "y$#nder% so t!at t!e d#stort#on o(
t!e "y$#nders ta'e $a"e. T!#s de(e"t !as -een remed#ed somet#mes -y us#ng (#ns
ara$$e$ to t!e "y$#nder a1#s. T!#s #s a$so !e$(u$ &!ere a num-er o( "y$#nders #n a ro&
are to -e "oo$ed. :o&e)er% t!#s #n"reases t!e o)era$$ eng#ne $engt!.
0 As t!e "oe((#"#ent o( !eat trans(er (or a#r #s $ess t!an t!at (or &ater% t!ere #s $ess e((#"#ent
"oo$#ng #n t!#s "ase and as a resu$t t!e !#g!est use(u$ "omress#on rat#o #s $esser #n t!e
"ase o( a#r "oo$ed eng#nes t!an #n t!e &ater "oo$ed ones.
5 T!e (an used #s )ery -u$'y and a-sor-s a "ons#dera-$e ort#on o( t!e eng#ne o&er
Aa-out 9H? to dr#)e #t.
8 A#r "oo$ed eng#nes are more no#sy% -e"ause o( t!e a-sen"e o( "oo$#ng &ater &!#"! a"ts
as sound #nsu$ator.
9 Some eng#ne "omonents may -e"ome #na""ess#-$e eas#$y due to t!e gu#d#ng -a(($es
and "oo$#ng &!#"! ma'es t!e ma#ntenan"e d#((#"u$t.
2ater *oo(in$
In &ater "oo$#ng system% t!e "oo$#ng med#um used #s &ater. In t!#s% t!e eng#ne "y$#nders are
surrounded -y &ater >a"'ets t!roug! &!#"! t!e "oo$#ng &ater ($o&s. :eat ($o&s (rom t!e
"y$#nder &a$$s #nto &ater &!#"! goes to t!e rad#ator &!ere #t $oses #ts !eat to t!e a#r. Usua$$y
some ant#(reeCe #s added to t!e "oo$#ng &ater% due to &!#"! #t #s o(ten re(erred to as "oo$ant.
Bot! t!ese terms !a)e -een used #n t!#s "!ater% o(ten mean#ng same un$ess t!e "onte1t reBu#res
ot!er&#se.
@ater "oo$#ng systems are o( t&o tyesG
1 T!ermosy!on system
1 Pum "#r"u$at#on system
A"#anta$e%
1 As t!e "#r"u$at#on o( "oo$ant #s ma#nta#ned -y natura$ "on)ent#on on$y% t!e "oo$#ng #s
rat!er s$o&. T!ere(ore% to !a)e adeBuate "oo$#ng% t!e "aa"#ty o( t!e system !as to -e
$arge.
0 .ue to t!e Buant#ty o( "oo$ant -e#ng $arge% #t ta'es% more t#me (or t!e eng#ne to rea"! t!e
oerat#ng temerature.
5 Rad#ator !eader tan' must -e $o"ated !#g!er t!an t!e to o( t!e "y$#nder "oo$ant >a"'ets%
&!#"! #s no more oss#-$e &#t! t!e modern -ody sty$es.
8 +erta#n m#n#mum $e)e$ o( "oo$ant &ater must -e ma#nta#ned #n t!e system. I( t!e
"oo$ant (a$$s -e$o& t!at $e)e$% "ont#nu#ty o( ($o& &ou$d -rea' and t!e system &ou$d
"onseBuent$y (a#$.
S'%tem% of en$ine ()3ri*ation
T!e )ar#ous systems adoted (or t!e $u-r#"at#on o( automo-#$e eng#ne are
1 Petro#$ system
Sp(a%h %'%tem
0 Pressure system
5 .ry sum system
Petroi( %'%tem
T!#s #s used genera$$y (or sma$$ t&o stro'e eng#nes% e.g. #n ma>or#ty o( s"ooter and motor "y"$e
eng#nes. It #s t!e s#m$est o( a$$ tyes o( eng#ne $u-r#"at#on systems. +erta#n amount o( t!e
$u-r#"at#ng o#$ #s m#1ed &#t! t!e etro$ #tse$(% t!e usua$ rat#o -e#ng 0H to 5H o( o#$. I( #t #s $ess%
t!ere #s danger o( o#$ star)at#on or #nsu((#"#ent $u-r#"at#on "aus#ng damage to t!e eng#neG #(
!o&e)er% #t #s more% t!ere &#$$ -e e1"ess#)e "ar-on deos#ts #n t!e "y$#nder !ead and t!e eng#ne
&#$$ a$so g#)e dar' smo'e.
@!en t!e etro$ m#1ture enters t!e "ran'"ase% due to !#g! temeratures t!ere% t!e etro$
"omonent )aor#Ces $ea)#ng a t!#n (#$m o( $u-r#"at#ng o#$ on t!e "ran'"ase% "y$#nder &a$$s%
"ran's!a(t and -ear#ngs.
T!e ma#n reBu#rements o( $u-r#"at#ng o#$ (or t&o stro'e eng#ne are t!at #t s!ou$d read#$y m#1
&#t! etro$ and -urn &#t!out $ea)#ng mu"! res#due.
Sp(a%h %'%tem
T!#s &as em$oyed (or t!e eng#nes o( ear$y motor "y"$es. It #s one o( t!e "!eaest met!ods o(
eng#ne $u-r#"at#on. A s"oo #s made #n t!e $o&est art o( t!e "onne"t#ng rod and t!e o#$ #s
stored #n t!e o#$ troug! A(#g.? #t -e#ng umed t!ere (rom t!e "ran'"ase o#$ sum. @!en t!e
eng#ne runs t!e s"oo "auses t!e o#$ to s$as! on t!e "y$#nder &a$$s ea"! t#me #t asses t!roug!
#ts B.+ os#t#on. T!#s a((e"ts t!e $u-r#"at#on o( eng#ne &a$$s% gudgeon #n% ma#n "ran's!a(t
-ear#ngs% -#g end -ear#ngs et".
Pre%%)re %'%tem
T!#s system #s used a$most un#)ersa$$y #n modern "ar eng#nes. T!e s$as! system t!oug!
"!eaer% #s not su#ta-$e (or automo-#$e eng#nes -e"ause o( t!e a-sen"e o( os#t#)e $u-r#"at#on.
In t!e ressure system A(#g ? an o#$ um ta'es t!e o#$ (rom t!e &et sum t!roug! a stra#ner and
de$#)ers #t t!roug! a (#$ter to t!e ma#n o#$ ga$$ery at a ressure o( 044 to 844 'Pa. T!e o#$
ressure #s "ontro$$ed -y means o( a ressure re$#e( )a$)e% s#tuated #n t!e (#$ter un#t or t!e um
!ous#ng.
&r' %)mp %'%tem
T!#s system #s em$oyed #n some ra"#ng "ar eng#nes (or s#tuat#ons &!ere t!e )e!#"$e !as to -e
oerated at )ery stee ang$es% (or e1am$e% sorts "ars% >ees et". #( ord#nary ressure system o(
$u-r#"at#on #s used #n su"! "ases% t!e s#tuat#ons may ar#se &!en t!ere #s no o#$ at t!e $a"e &!ere
o#$ um #s #nsta$$ed. To a)o#d su"! #nstan"es% dry sum system #s used A(#g ?&!ere#n t&o
ums% #nstead o( one% are used. T!e s"a)enge um A #s #nsta$$ed #n t!e "ran'"ase ort#on
&!#"! #s t!e $o&est. It ums o#$ to a searate reser)o#r B% (rom &!ere t!e ressure um +
ums t!e o#$ t!roug! (#$ter .% due to t!e "y$#nder -ear#ngsG a (u$$ ressure system o(
$u-r#"at#on #s em$oyed. T!e o#$ ressure #s ma#nta#ned at 844294 'Pa (or t!e ma#n and -#g end
-ear#ngs &!#$e a-out 92 2 144 'a ressure #s used (or t#m#ng gears and "am s!a(t -ear#ngs et".
Referen*e Boo.%
7#)a Euest#ons
1 @!at #s t!e ne"ess#ty (or "oo$#ng an eng#neF
0 Name )ar#ous met!od o( eng#ne "oo$#ngF
5 Name t!e ma#n "omonents o( &ater "oo$#ng systemF
8 @!at #s t!e (un"t#on o( rad#ator #n "oo$#ng systemF
9 @!at #s t!e ne"ess#ty o( eng#ne "oo$#ngF
/ State d#((erent S.A.E. )#s"os#ty rat#ng o( o#$F
3 @!at #s t!e mu$t#grade o#$F
; @!#"! so$#d $u-r#"ant #s most "ommon$y used #n automo-#$esF
< @!at #s )#s"#d#tyF
14 G#)e an e1am$e o( synt!et#" $u-r#"antF
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING LAB , ME , 84<+
Li%t of Experiment%/B
1 To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e "$ut"!es*
a? +o#$ , Sr#ng "$ut"!
-? .#a!ragm sr#ng "$ut"!
"? .ou-$e d#s' "$ut"!
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e transm#ss#on systems*
a? Syn"!romes! , (our seed range
-? Transa1$e &#t! dua$ seed range
"? Four &!ee$ dr#)e and trans(er "ase
d? Steer#ng "o$umn and ($oor , s!#(t $e)er
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e tyres 6 &!ee$*
a? 7ar#ous tyes o( -#as and rad#a$ $#es tyres
-? 7ar#ous tyes o( &!ee$s
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e steer#ng systems*
a? Manua$ steer#ng system% e.g. #tman arm steer#ng% ra"' and #n#on steer#ng
-? Po&er steer#ng system% e.g. ra"' 6 #n#on o&er steer#ng systems
"? Steer#ng &!ee$s 6 "o$umn% e.g. t#$t and te$es"o#" steer#ng &!ee$s% "o$$as#-$e steer#ng
"o$umns
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e -ra'e systems*
a? :ydrau$#" 6 neumat#" -ra'e system
-? .rum -ra'e system
"? .#s' -ra'e system
d? Ant#$o"' -ra'e system
/ To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e susens#on systems*
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e dr#)e $#nes and d#((erent#a$s*
a? Rear &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
-? Front &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
"? .#((erent#a$% dr#)e a1e$ and (our &!ee$ dr#)e $#ne
; To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e automot#)e em#ss#on = o$$ut#on "ontro$ systems.
< To study and reare reort on t!e "onstru"t#ona$ deta#$s% &or'#ng r#n"#$es and
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e (ue$ su$y systems*
a? +ar-uretor
-? .#ese$ (ue$ #n>e"t#on systems
"? Gaso$#ne (ue$ #n>e"t#on systems
oerat#on o( t!e (o$$o&#ng automot#)e eng#ne systems and su- systems*
a? Mu$t# "y$#nder* d#ese$ and etro$ eng#ne
-? Eng#ne "oo$#ng and $u-r#"at#ng systems
"? Eng#ne start#ng systems
d? +onta"t o#nt and e$e"tron#" #gn#t#on systems

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