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Ciliated epithelium is a category of epithelium, a tissue whose cells line the outermost and
innermost surfaces of the body. It is named for the presence of cilia, or thin, finger-like hairs,
on its surface. These cilia move in one direction in a wavelike pattern, allowing the cells to
sweep away debris, direct the flow of particles, and create a current.
Ciliated epithelium can be found in the bodys air passages, including the lungs, trachea, and
nose; in the fallopian tubes and uterus; and in the brain. In the airways, ciliated epithelium is
necessary to keep dust and debris out of the lungs, because it controls the flow of mucus.
Particles in the air are trapped by the mucus in the nose and lungs, and the sweeping motions
of the cilia direct the mucus away from the lungs and out of the body. In the fallopian tubes,
cilia sweep an ovum down toward the uterus, where uterine cilia position it or sweep it out of
the body. Ciliated epithelium in the ventricles of the brain generates circulation of the
cerebral fluids.
he cilia on the edges of the cells are comprised of microtubules, which are long protein
strands known as filaments that make up a cells cytoskeleton and give it structure. These
microtubules bind together to form dimers, or pairs, which then associate with each other into
a cylindrical shape for more strength. These cylindrical tubes are held together by linking
proteins, and they extend up through each of the cilium hairs on the surface. The sweeping
movements of the cilia are energy-dependent, and they rely on enzymes that use adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) to generate motion. These enzymes connect to the microtubule cylinders
and whip them in one direction, allowing for the cilias characteristic pulsing waves.
The classification of ciliated epithelium is based on several factors, including location, cell
shape, and overall appearance of the tissue as a whole. It is only found on the inner surfaces
of the body, so it is part of the endothelium, or internal epithelium. The shape of individual
cells is cylindrical, like a column, placing this tissue in the columnar epithelium category.
Although the cells exist in a single layer, the cells nuclei are positioned unevenly, giving the
tissue the appearance of multiple layers, or stratification. This places the tissue in the
category of pseudostratified epithelium, or epithelium that appears to be stratified but is
not. These terms can be combined to form the more specific category of ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
In this tissue the epithelial cells bear at their free ends thin elongated cytoplasmic processes
called Cilia (Sing cilium). Each cilium arises from a minute particle called basal granule or
blepharoplast that lies internal to the cell membrane.
In between the ciliated epithelial cells are present mucous secreting goblet cells. The mucous
spreads over the epithelium as a thin coating. The cilia have a beating action (move like the
lashes of a whip) as a result of which the mucous and other substances are transferred over
the epithelium from one place to another.
The cilia also help in shifting small solid particles entangled in the mucous. In this tissue the
epithelial cells bear at their free ends thin elongated cytoplasmic processes called Cilia (Sing
cilium).
Each cilium arises from a minute particle called basal granule or blepharoplast that lies
internal to the cell membrane. In between the ciliated epithelial cells are present mucous
secreting goblet cells. The mucous spreads over the epithelium as a thin coating.
The cilia have a beating action (move like the lashes of a whip) as a result of which the
mucous and other substances are transferred over the epithelium from one place to another.
The cilia also help in shifting small solid particles entangled in the mucous.

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-ciliated-epithelium.htm
Epithelial Tissues
Structure| Sqaumous Epithelium| Cubiodal Epithelium| Columnar Epithelium| Stratified Epithelium| Functions
of Epithelium|
Structure
Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed
and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of
all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the
interior of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed tightly together,
with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance.
Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a
thin sheet of connective tissue; basement membrane. The basement membrane provides
structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighbouring structures.
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which
it is composes. Epithelial tissue which is only one cell thick is known as simple epithelium.
If it is two or more cells thick such as the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium.
Simple epithelium
Simple epithelium can be subdivided according to the shape and function of its cells.
Squamous (pavement) epithelium.
Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. The shape of the nucleus
usually corresponds to the cell form and help to identify the type of epithelium.
Squamous cells, for example, tend to have horizontall flattened, elliptical nuclei
because of the thin flattened form of the cell. They form the lining of cavities such as
the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layers of the skin.

Simple sqaumous epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium.
As their name implies, cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape. Each
cell has a spherical nucleus in the centre. Cuboidal epithelium is found in glands and
in the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. They also
constitute the germinal epithelium which produces the egg cells in the female ovary
and the sperm cells in the male testes.

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Columnar epithelial cells occur in one or more layers. The cells are elongated and
column-shaped. The nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of
the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. Some
columnar cells are specialised for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and
the taste buds of the tongue. Goblet cells (unicellular glands) are found between the
columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus or slime, a
lubricating substance which keeps the surface smooth.

Simple columnar epithelium
Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
These are simple columnar epithelial cells, but in addition, they posses fine hair-
like outgrowths, cilia on their free surfaces. These cilia are capable of rapid,
rhythmic, wavelike beatings in a certain direction. This movement of the cilia in a
certain direction causes the mucus, which is secreted by the goblet cells, to move
(flow or stream) in that direction. Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the air
passages like the nose. It is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females.
The movement of the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

Ciliated columnar epithelium
Glandular Epithelium
Columnar epithelium with goblet cells is called glandular epithelium. Some parts of
the glandular epithelium consist of such a large number of goblet cells that there are
only a few normal epithelial cells left. Columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells often
become specialised as gland cells which are capable of synthesising and secreting
certain substances such as enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat, wax and
saliva. Unicellular glands consist of single, isolated glandular cells such as the goblet
cells. Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue becomes invaginated and a
multicellular gland is formed. Multicellular glands are composed of clusters of
cells. Most glands are multicellular including the the salivary glands.

Glandular epithelium
Stratified Epithelium.
Where body linings have to withstand wear and tear, the epithelia are composed of
several layers of cells and are then called compound or stratified epithelium. The
top cells are flat and scaly and it may or may not be keratinised (i.e. containing a
tough, resistant protein called keratin). The mammalian skin is an example of dry,
keratinised, stratified epithelium. The lining of the mouth cavity is an example of
an unkeratinisied, stratified epithelium.

Stratified epithelium
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Protection
Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue from mechanical injury,
harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water.
Sensation
Sensory stimuli penetrate specialised epithelial cells. Specialised epithelial tissue
containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the
tongue.
Secretion
In glands, epithelial tissue is specialised to secrete specific chemical substances such
as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.
Absorption
Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of
food.
Excretion
Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb
needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body by epithelial
cells in the sweat glands.
Diffusion
Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients. Because
they form such a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion of gases (eg. walls of
capillaries and lungs).
Cleaning
Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust particles and foreign bodies which have
entered the air passages.
Reduces Friction
The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial cells that line the entire circulatory system
reduce friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels.
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/epithelial.htm
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue, or epithelium, has the following general characteristics:
Epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside or
outside lining of body areas. There is little intercellular material.
The tissue is avascular, meaning without blood vessels. Nutrient and waste exchange
occurs through neighboring connective tissues by diffusion.
The upper surface of epithelium is free, or exposed to the outside of the body or to an
internal body cavity. The basal surface rests on connective tissue. A thin, extracellular
layer called the basement membrane forms between the epithelial and connective
tissue.
There are two kinds of epithelial tissues:
Covering and lining epithelium covers the outside surfaces of the body and lines
internal organs.
Glandular epithelium secretes hormones or other products.
Epithelium that covers or lines
Epithelial tissues that cover or line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of
cell layers. The following terms are used to describe these features.
Cell shape:
Squamous cells are flat. The nucleus, located near the upper surface, gives these cells
the appearance of a fried egg.
Cuboidal cells are cube- or hexagon-shaped with a central, round nucleus. These cells
produce secretions (sweat, for example) or absorb substances such as digested food.
Columnar cells are tall with an oval nucleus near the basement membrane. These
thick cells serve to protect underlying tissues or may function to absorb substances.
Some have microvilli, minute surface extensions, to increase surface area for
absorbing substances, while others may have cilia that help move substances over
their surface (such as mucus through the respiratory tract).
Transitional cells range from flat to tall cells that can extend or compress in response
to body movement.
Number of cell layers:
Simple epithelium describes a single layer of cells.
Stratified epithelium describes epithelium consisting of multiple layers.
Pseudostratified epithelium describes a single layer of cells of different sizes, giving
the appearance of being multilayered.
Names of epithelial tissues include a description of both their shape and their number of cell
layers. The presence of cilia may also be identified in their names. For example, simple
squamous describes epithelium consisting of a single layer of flat cells. Pseudostratified
columnar ciliated epithelium describes a single layer of tall, ciliated cells of more than one
size. Stratified epithelium is named after the shape of the outermost cell layer. Thus, stratified
squamous epithelium has outermost layers of squamous cells, even though some inner layers
consist of cuboidal or columnar cells. These and other epithelial tissues are illustrated in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Types of epithelial tissues.


Glandular epithelium
Glandular epithelium forms two kinds of glands:
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. For example, the
thyroid gland secretes the hormone thyroxin into the bloodstream, where it is
distributed throughout the body, stimulating an increase in the metabolic rate of body
cells.
Exocrine glands secrete their substances into tubes, or ducts, which carry the
secretions to the epithelial surface. Examples of secretions include sweat, saliva, milk,
stomach acid, and digestive enzymes.
Exocrine glands are classified according to their structure (see Figure 2):
Unicellular or multicellular describes a single-celled gland or a gland made of many
cells, respectively. A multicellular gland consists of a group of secretory cells and a
duct through which the secretions pass as they exit the gland.
Branched refers to the branching arrangement of secretory cells in the gland.
Simple or compound refers to whether the duct of the gland (not the secretory portion)
does or does not branch, respectively.
Tubular describes a gland whose secretory cells form a tube, while alveolar (or acinar)
describes secretory cells that form a bulblike sac.
Figure 2. Exocrine glands can be classified as simple or compound with either a tubular or
alveolar structure.

Exocrine glands are also classified according to their function (see Figure 3):
In merocrine glands, secretions pass through the cell membranes of the secretory cells
(exocytosis). For example, goblet cells of the trachea release mucus via exocytosis.
In apocrine glands, a portion of the cell containing secretions is released as it
separates from the rest of the cell. For example, the apical portion of lactiferous
glands release milk in this manner.
In holocrine glands, entire secretory cells disintegrate and are released along with
their contents. For example, sebaceous glands release sebum to lubricate the skin in
this manner.
Figure 3. Exocrine glands can be classified according to their function.

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Epithelial-Tissue.topicArticleId-277792,articleId-
277526.html
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissues come in three basic types: squamous, cuboidal and columnar. These three
types of tissue are seen in either simple (only one cell layer thick) or stratified (many cells in
thickness) arrangements. We will begin with the simple epithelia, as they are easier to
visualize, and then touch on pseudostratified columnar epithelium before we move on to the
stratified squamous epithelium. Please note that, whereas stratified cuboidal and columnar
epithelia do exist, they are rare and will not be discussed here.
The Simple Epithelial Tissue Types
Simple Squamous Epithelium:

In this silver stained, whole mount of a
simple squamous epithleium, we see it as it
would look from a "top" view. These cells are
large, but quite thin, and have a prominent,
protruding nucleus. A good analogy to their
shape is the sunny-side-up fried egg. It has
also been called "pavement epithelium,
because it can look like like paving stones as
Here we see simple squamous epithelia as
seen in cross section. This photograph is of
the peripheral portion of the chick embryo at
about 33 hours of incubation. Even though
there are several layers of cells visible, they
are all distinct and separate simple squamous
epithelial layers. In other words, they are
each a different structure, each of which is
seen from above (although paving stones
don't have something similar to the nucleus,
so I like the fried egg analogy better). This
epithelium is called mesothelium when it is
found in certain locations within the body
such as the linings of the peritoneal, pleural
and pericardial cavities. Other places simple
squamous epithelia can be found include; the
glomerulus of the kidney, the walls of
capillaries, and the alveoli of the lungs, to
name a few. Here they are forming a thin
sheet-like layer which allows for minimal
resistance to diffusion.
only one cell layer thick. One of the nuclei of
a squamous cell is shown (arrows), which
demonstrates how the nuclei can "bulge out"
along the simple squamous epithelial layer.
The embryonic layers seen here are, from top
to bottom: i. ectoderm, ii. somatic mesoderm,
iii. splanchnic mesoderm and iv. endoderm
(here an example of a simple cuboidal
epithelium).

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Simple Columnar Epithelium:


These are collecting ducts in a section the
medulla of a mammalian kidney. Each duct is
lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, where
the height of the cells is approximately the
same as the width (and depth). This type of
epithelium is thicker than simple simple
squamous epithelium, so it does not allow for
passive diffusion as readily. There are also
tubules and capillaries composed of simple
squamous epithelia visible.
This is a cross section through the small
intestine. The tall, vertical cells seen at the
top of the tissue are columnar cells (one is
shown - red arrow), which make up simple
columnar epithelium (the cells at the bottom
of the image are connective tissue, which will
be discussed later). Since columnar cells are
quite thick, they do not readily allow passive
diffusion. As a result, these cells use active
transport to move nutrients through them
from the intestine to the blood. This is what
we commonly call "absorption." To help with
this, they have numerous microvilli on their
apical (lumenal) surface, which increases
their surface area to allow for greater
absorption. These are seen as a darker pink
staining border at their lumenal edge. The
black arrow is indicating a goblet cell. These
cells show a triangular basal nucleus and a
large amount of clear apical cytoplasm. The
cytoplasm stains clear due to a large amount
of mucus within it that the cell secretes to
protect the intestinal cells from digestion by
the digestive enzymes (your body wants to
digest the food, not itself!).
The Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue Type
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:

Here we see a cross section through the 33
hour chick, which shows the neural tube,
mesenchyme and various other labelled
structures. The slide on the right focuses on
the pseudostratified columnar epithelium
associated with the neural tube.
1. Ectoderm
2. Neural Tube
3. Neurocoele
4. Mesenchyme
5. Foregut
6. Heart
7. Extraembryonic
Coelom
8. Splanchnopleur
e

Here we see a close up of the cranial neural
tube region of the 33 hour chick. When the
neural tube first forms, it is composed of
pseudostratified columnar epithelium. A
pseudostratified epithelium consists of a
single layer of tall cells with nuclei at
varying heights within the cells. Since their
nuclei are at differing heights within the cells
(unlike a simple columnar epithelium where
nuclei are roughly at the same height within
the cells), it appears as though there are
multiple layers of cells. In reality, though,
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
consists of only one layer of cells.
1. Ectoderm
2. Pseudostratifie
d Columnar
Epithelium (of
the Neural
Tube)
3. Neurocoele
4. Mesenchyme

The Stratified Epithelial Tissue Type
Stratified Squamous Epithelium:


Here, in a section of frog skin, we see the epidermis (outer part of the skin) showing a typical
stratified squamous epithelium and the dermis showing connective tissue. The cells of the
basal layer of the epidermis (closest to the dermis) are cuboidal to columnar in shape. These
cells are actively mitotic, producing new cells that get pushed upward into the overlying
layers. As these cells are pushed up, they become flatter and longer (just as if you were to
squash something), taking on the typical squamous shape. When the cells reach the top, they
are sloughed off and replaced by cells from below. The dermis which underlies the epidermis
is composed of a dense, irregular connective tissue, which we will see again later.
1. Epidermis (Stratified Squamous Epithelium)
2. Dermis
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/epithelial1.html
epitalium is the tissue that forms the surfaces and linings of the body, and columnar
epithelium consists of one or more layers of closely packed columnar cells. Such cells can be
recognized by their appearance, being taller than they are wide. Generally, this type of tissue
can be found lining the intestines and the respiratory tract. It is also found inside glands,
reproductive organs, and other places where the secretion and absorption of substances
occurs.
Columnar epithelial cells resemble elongated boxes. They have oval nuclei that usually are
situated in the lower part of the cell. The cells are closely joined together and rest on a
basement membrane, known as the basal lamina.
Some cells have tiny hair-like structures known as cilia on their upper surfaces. These tiny
fronds beat in unison to waft particles across the cell surface. Columnar cells with cilia can be
found in the respiratory tracts. Other cells have minute finger-like projections called
microvilli. These help to increase the surface area available for absorption and can be found
lining the intestines.
In the digestive tract, this type of tissue is arranged to form a series of finger-like projections,
called villi, that increase the surface area. It contains specialized goblet cells tiny glands
that each contain a reservoir of mucus. As well as being found in the intestines, they exist in
respiratory passages. The mucus they secrete acts as a lubricant and a protective layer.
This type of epithelium can be arranged in a number of ways. When the cells are unilayered,
it is known as simple columnar epithelium. The cells are arranged in a row on the basement
membrane with their nuclei in alignment. Usually, the single layer is delicate and restricted to
areas of the body without too much wear and tear. Simple tissue lines the digestive tract,
glands such as the gall bladder, and parts of the reproductive organs.
Less commonly, multi-layered columnar cells can be found, which is known as stratified
columnar epithelium. This tissue may be found within the mammary glands and salivary
glands.
Some tissue appears to have more than one layer, but when examined closely, it has only one
row of cells, all attached to the same basement membrane. The confusion arises because the
layer of cells is folded or curvy and the cell nuclei are all at different heights. This is known
as pseudostratified columnar epithelium and it often contains both cilia and goblet cells. The
upper branches of the respiratory tract and parts of the male reproductive organs contain this
type.
Epithelial cells are specialized cells which line many different kinds of tissue. Columnar
epithelial cells are named because they are somewhat rectangular in shape and resemble a
column in their orientation. Columnar epithelial cells are often specialized so that they can
have a variety of different functions in the tissues which they line.
Sensory
Columnar epithelial cells are often found at the linings of certain sensor organs, the
University of the Western Cape explains. Columnar epiothelial cells can be found in the
linings of the ears, nose and on the taste buds of the tongue. These cells are designed to
respond to stimuli, which can come in the form of sound waves or as molecules which are
able to bind to these specialized epithelial cells. These cells are able to transmit information
about their surroundings to nerve cells, which then convey sensory information to the brain.
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Secretion
Columnar epithelial cells can also be involved in secretion, notes the University of Florida
Physician Assistant Program. Columnar epithelial cells can be designed to manufacture and
excrete different substances. Columnar epithelial cells can be modified to become glandular
or goblet cells. Sometimes these cells secrete mucus, gastric juices or tears into different
ducts within the body. These are known as exocrine glands because the secretions affect the
surrounding tissue. Columnar epithelial cells can also be found in endocrine glands, which
make hormones which are then secreted into the blood. Endocrine glands can affect many
different tissues throughout the body because of their connection to the blood stream.
Absorption
Columnar cells also have an important role in the digestive tract, Southern Illinois University
explains. These cells line the intestines and are responsible for absorbing nutrients from
digested food. Columnar epithelial cells in these cases often have multiple finger-like
projections, which increase the surface area of the cells. A large surface area is necessary to
maximize the efficiency of the absorption of these specialized cells.
Propulsion
A specialized kind of columnar epithelium, known as ciliated columnar epithelium, can be
found in the lining of some organs, such as the fallopian tubes and in the lungs. Cilia are
specialized bundles of protein which can move together to help propel material in one
direction. In the lungs these cells help propel mucus and other materials out of the lungs and
up into the throat. In the fallopian tubes cilitated columnar epithelial cells move eggs through
the fallopian tubes and into the uterus.
Protection
Like all epithelial cells, columnar epithelial cells are designed to protect the tissues which
they line. Columnar epithelial cells are rather thick, which allows them to withstand mild
amounts of damage. In some cases columnar cells can be replaced by more hardy forms of
epithelium if they experience significant damage. This can occur with chronic acid reflux,
leading to a condition known as Barrett's esophagus.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/192342-what-are-the-functions-of-columnar-
epithelial-cells/#ixzz2Otmdx3a6

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-columnar-epithelium.htm

cilindris
epithelial astigmatism
A coat astigmatism epithelium
Cylindrical layer of epithelial tissue layer composed by cylindrical cells. Location: The network is
present in the digestive gland epithelium, flakes intestine, gall bladder, stomach (ventrikulus), and
intestine (intestinum).
Function: Network epithelium serves for the absorption of nutrients in the intestine and secretion.
Cylindrical epithelium-lined lot
Cylindrical multi-layered epithelial tissue composed by more than one-cell layer silindria.
Location: The network is present in epithelial tissues larynx, pharynx, trachea, and salivary glands.
Function: Network multi-layered cylindrical epithelium in the secretion and function as a
protector.
cylindrical layer of ciliated epithelium
The epithelium is shaped like a layered cylindrical epithelium, only has a vibrating hairs or cilia.
Epithelium can be found on the wall of the nasal cavity, duct trachea, bronchus, and the wall of
the oviduct channel.
Function: Producing mucus (phlegm) to catch foreign objects that enter, with the cilia vibration
banish foreign objects entering / or attached to the mucus.

FIG. Many layers of ciliated cylindrical epithelium.
(looks cilia in the middle, taken from eaofagus fetus).
quasi-layered cylindrical epithelium (ciliated cylindrical epithelium)
epithelium is composed of epithelial stem cells that berekatan one another and not all cells reach
the surface to resemble layered epithelium. Located in the nasal cavity and trachea.
Function: protection, secretion, movement of substances through the surface
What Are Squamous Epithelial Cells?
By Beth Celli, eHow Contributor



Print this article
Epithelial cells are the building blocks of epithelial tissue, which forms large sheets that
cover the entire outer surface of the body and help form the skin. Squamous epithelial cells
are thin and flat. These cells resemble fish scales. Simple squamous cells are arranged in one
layer, while stratified squamous epithelial cells are arranged in two or more layers.
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What Are Epithelial Cells in Urinalysis?
1. Simple or Stratified
o Simple squamous epithelial cells arrange themselves in a single layer. Because
the tissue they form is so thin, it is generally found in areas that need a thin
membrane to allow the transport of nutrients or waste, diffusion or filtration.
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue is formed when the cells arrange in two or
more layers. These are the most common type of epithelium and are less likely
to be damaged since they are thicker and stronger.
Location
o Simple squamous epithelial cells are found in the walls of the capillaries, in
the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs, and in the kidneys. Stratified epithelial
cells are located on the outer layer of the skin and they also all body openings.
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Function
o Simple squamous epithelial cells perform a few vital functions for the human
body. In the capillaries, they allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and
waste. The cells that are located in the lungs permit diffusion, or the transport,
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is an essential part of circulation. The
squamous cells found in the kidneys work to filter water and electrolytes.
Cancers of
o The majority of cancers are cancer of the epithelial cells, also called
carcinoma. Since squamous epithelial is found in most organs and across the
skin, there is a potential for it to be affected in many areas. Squamous cell
carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer and it is usually
treatable.
Dangerous Exposure
o Since squamous cell carcinoma is so common, it is important to know what
can cause the disease. Sun exposure is a risk in all skin cancers. Radiation
exposure, either environmental or therapeutic, is also a contributing factor to
many cases of squamous cell carcinoma. An immune system that is not in top
working order can also contribute to this disease. People with lighter skin are
more prone to squamous cell carcinoma and all should limit their exposure to
potential risks.

Read more: What Are Squamous Epithelial Cells? | eHow.com
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Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of thin cells that are often flattened.
These cells have a variety of functions within the body and are primarily used to line certain
tissues. These cells are used to make very thin linings which can protect tissues and allow
substances to pass between different tissues with relative ease.
Protection and Support
One place where simple squamous epithelial cells can be found is in the mesentery, notes the
Suny Downstate Medical Center. The mesentery is responsible for protecting organs in the
abdominal cavity. It prevents organs from rubbing against each other, leading to
inflammation and possible organ damage. In addition to its role in protecting organs in the
body, the mesentery is also used to help support organs and the nearby blood vessels and
nerves that run to and from the organs. This helps keep these important structures in place
and can reduce the risk of them becoming damaged or disconnected.
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Diffusion
Simple squamous epithelium can also be found in portions of the lungs and kidneys. In the
lungs, the squamous cells are found in the alveoli, which are the small air sacs in the lungs. In
the kidneys, simple squamous epithelial cells line small structures known as glomeruli, which
are responsible for filtering the blood. In both cases these structures are involved in diffusion,
which is the process by which a substance is able to pass from one tissue to the next. Within
the alveoli, diffusion works to allow oxygen from the air to get into the blood; within the
glomeruli, diffusion is needed to allow water and other substances to pass from the blood to
the urine. Diffusion works best when there is only a thin lining of tissue that substances need
to pass through. Simple squamous epithelial cells are flat, which makes them ideal for lining
tissues which utilize diffusion.
Endothelium
Simple squamous epithelial cells also line blood vessels, where they are known as
endothelium. The endothelium functions as a sort of gatekeeper for blood vessels. These cells
are responsible for letting fluids and cells, such as immune cells, escape from small blood
vessels and get into the surrounding tissues. Endothelial cells can either form a solid wall
which makes it hard for substances to escape blood vessels, or they can become "leaky,"
which allows for larger molecules and cells to leave the blood vessel. Endothelial cells can
become leaky in response to certain chemical signals, according to "Vascular Endothelium:
Source and Target of Inflammatory Mediators," a 2001 book edited by John Catravas and
colleagues.

Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/192286-what-are-the-functions-of-simple-
squamous-epithelial-cells/#ixzz2OtpCN6sE
Definition:
A squamous cell is a type of epithelial cell that is found in many locations of the body.
Although many people think of epithelial cells as "skin" cells, they can actually be found
covering many layers of the human body - not just the outside.
Squamous cells are the flat, as opposed to square (cuboidal) or rectangular (columnar),
epithelial cells found in many parts of the body. You can find squamous cells in the mouth,
on the lips, and on the cervix, as well as in the middle layers of the skin. Squamous cells are
pretty utilitarian epithelial cells, used for covering just about everywhere.
Most people only become familiar with the term squamous cell when they are diagnosed with
a squamous cell carcinoma - a type of cancer. Squamous cell carcinomas are the most
common cancer of the oral cavity and are also commonly found in the cervix and the skin.
Women may also be familiar with the term squamous cell because potentially precancerous
abnormal Pap smear results are diagnosed as squamous intraepithelial lesions. In this case,
squamous cells found in the cervix have taken on an abnormal morphology, or shape, but
they have not necessarily become cancerous. In fact, low grade squamous intraepithelial
lesions, or cervical dysplasias, often heal themselves without any intervention.
http://std.about.com/od/glossary/g/squamousgloss.htm
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm
http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/hn/cylindricalpapilloma2.html
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_simple_columnar.jpg
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_columnar.jpg
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ciliated_simple_columnar.jpg
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/fallopian_tube.jpg
http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_simple_squamous.jpg
The working procedure done this experiment are:
1. Prepare tools and materials to be used
2. Observing ingredients one by one under a microscope
3. Drawing attention to the observation and magnification used, coloring and give testimony.
4. Cleaning the lab table before leaving the laboratory.