RFID- For Library Management
First A. Jagtap kiran Ganpat, Second B. Prof. Mrs Kulkarni P. P. ,Third C. Patil Rahul Keru
Abstract
With a large volume of materials today’s libraries
carry, locating the exact position of material is time
consuming. This is not true just for poorly managed
libraries, but also for well maintained libraries. In the
former case, the problem is rather serious. Even though
material is somewhere in the library, if we cannot locate
the material, the fundamental roles of the library may be
challenged. In the latter case, one still needs to go
through a tedious shelf searching process to locate the
material.
In this study we propose an affordable RFID
based library management system named R-LIM which
eases the process of locating material in the library. In an
earlier version of R-LIM, expensive RFID antennas had
to be placed on every shelf to acquire location
information. In this new version, we replace the antennas
with inexpensive tags to make the system more
affordable. By associating book-tag IDs with shelf-tag
IDs through periodic tag scanning, we can identify the
exact location of the material we are searching for.
Keywords- Active tag, barcode, passive tag,
RFID
I. INTRODUCTION
A library is a collection of information, sources,
resources, and services: it is organized for use and
maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private
individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a
collection of books.
Today Library can be managed manually or
automatically(by using barcode) , in manual management
there is librarian he can maintain all the data (entry of
books) but this method is very time consuming and if the
volume of the library is to large then there is required
number of hours also to search the particular books .
Most libraries use bar-codes to manage library
Items. Bar-codes provide identification of items, which
eases library management processes to some degree. For
example, check-in and check-out can be performed by
scanning bar-code labels. However, true automation
cannot be realized with bar-codes, mainly because the
labels need to be scanned manually. Recently, the RFID
technology has been introduced to give more freedom to
ID processing. RFID is an electronic identification
technology which recognizes data in a microchip
embedded in a tag, a
label, or a card through remote antennas. It is the
fundamental building block of the
emerging ubiquitous computing paradigm. In RFID
applications, the ID stored in a tag is read through
wireless RF communication. The basic functionality of
the application is similar to that of the bar-code system,
but unlike bar-code labels, RFID tags can be read
remotely without putting the reading device close to the
tag. Line-of-sight scanning is not necessary because RF
signals can pass through most non-metallic objects.
Microchips used for RFID tags are so small
that they can be placed in a sheet of paper for practical
use. Since the tag price is coming down constantly and
the technology is getting more mature, we will see more
and more RFID applications in much different area
Library is one of the applications.
By using RFID in the library we can manage
the library wireless so this method will save time to
search the particular book or CDs
RELEVANCE:
Most libraries use bar-codes to manage library
Items. Bar-codes provide identification of items, which
eases library management processes to some degree. For
example, check-in and check-out can be performed by
scanning bar-code labels. However, true automation
cannot be realized with bar-codes, mainly because the
labels need to be scanned manually that labels are
attached to the books.
RFID is the latest fast growing technology to
be used in library for minimizing the theft of documents
and as an access control systems. RFID-based systems
move beyond security to become tracking systems that
combine security with more efficient tracking of
materials throughout the library, including easier and
faster charge and discharge, inventorying, and materials
handling. RFID is a combination of radio-frequency-
based technology and microchip technology .The
information contained on inbuilt microchips in the tags
affixed to library materials is read using radio frequency
technology regardless of item
Orientation or alignment and distance from the item. The
tags can be read at a distance of up to two feet by each of
two parallel exit sensors. The devices used for circulation
are usually called “readers” while the ones used at
building exits are usually called “sensors”. The
technology used in RFID systems can replace both EM
(Electro-Mechanical) or RF (Radio Frequency) and even
the barcodes theft detection systems
2.PRESENT HISTORY & PRACTISES
RFID has been widely used in number of
applications. Whether we realize it or not, radio
frequency identification (RFID) is an integral part of our
life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID
is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications
such as preventing theft of automobiles and merchandise;
collecting tolls without stopping; managing traffic;
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 gaining entrance to buildings automating parking;
controlling access of vehicles to gated communities,
corporate campuses
and airports dispensing goods providing lift access
tracking library books buying
Hamburgers and the growing opportunity to track a
wealth of assets in supply chain management. RFID
technology is also being pressed into service for use in
U.S. Homeland Security with applications such as
securing border crossing sand intermodal container
shipments while expediting low-risk activities
3. RFID- STRUCHER
RFID is an electronic identification
technology which recognizes data in a microchip
embedded in a tag, a label, or a card through remote
antennas. It is the fundamental building block of the
emerging ubiquitous computing paradigm. In RFID
applications, the ID stored in a tag is read through
wireless RF communication. The basic functionality of
the application is similar to that of the bar-code system,
but unlike bar-code labels, RFID tags can be read
remotely without putting the reading device close to the
tag. Line-of-sight scanning is not necessary because RF
signals can pass through most non-metallic objects.
Multiple tags can be read simultaneously as well.
Microchips used for RFID tags are so small that they can
be placed in a sheet of paper for practical use. Since the
tag price is coming down constantly and the technology
is getting more mature, we will see more and more RFID
applications in many different areas. Library is one of the
applications.
A typical RFID system consists of tags,
readers, and antennas. A tag stores data in a microchip it
holds. The tag is classified as either passive or active. An
active tag has its own power source for communication.
A passive tag acquires power from the RF signal
generated by the reader’s antenna and uses it to send
back data to the reader. An antenna coiled around the
microchip is used for tag-side data transmission. Since
the passive tag is cheaper and has a longer life time than
the active one, it is more widely adopted in short range
systems, such as library and IC card applications
Figure 1 shows the basic building blocks of
the RFID
Reader Unit Tag Antenna
Tag
Computer
Fig. 1 Basic block diagram of RFID
Typical RFID library systems consist of check
in/out stations, self-checkout, drop off boxes,
gatekeepers, inventory wands, and other miscellaneous
components. All components operate around RFID tags
attached to library items such as books and CDs.. With
the RFID system, library material processing and
Management becomes more convenient and versatile.
However, some chronic problems of the library persist.
One of the most serious problems of today’s library is
location awareness. We need a method to provide the
location information of objects involve din the
application. This functionality is called localization. In a
conventional library setting, users cannot easily locate
the book he or she wants. If a book is misplaced, one
needs to search many different places for the book. If the
volume of the library is large, this process can take many
hours or even days. Of course, with the barcodes or
RFID systems, we can tell whether the book is in the
library or not (by checking the rental/return status of the
book), but we may fail to tell where the book actually is.
If users cannot locate the items they want, the
fundamental roles of the library will be challenged. Even
when books are placed in the right positions, one
normally searches through several shelves to locate the
books. It takes some time as well.
In order to overcome the problem, we proposed
the R-LIM (RFID-based Library Information
Management) system. It extends typical RFID library
systems to provide localization of library items.
In this system, we place RFID antennas on
bookshelves and associate the tag ID of a book with an
antenna ID at which the tag is read. Since the location of
an antenna is fixed on a shelf, we can retrieve the current
position of the item by consulting the tag/reader
association. Users are provided with PDAs that hold
localization information. This information guides users
to the book shelf where the book is located. In front of
the book shelf, pressing a button on the PDA triggers a
wireless communication between the PDA and an LED
controller. The controller turns an appropriate LED on,
conveniently indicating the location of the item in search.
Even though R-LIM handles the localization well, it is
not cost-effective because RFID antennas need to be
mounted on each and every book shelf. The total cost can
easily sum up to a budget most libraries can not afford.
Therefore, we need more affordable localization
solutions. The revised R-LIM system developed in this
study fulfills this requirement. In this version, we replace
the shelf antennas with RFID tags, so that the additional
cost imposed on the system for localization minimal.
4. RFID-BASED LIBRARY INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
In this RFID we place at least one antenna on
each & every book shelf. Since location of antenna is
fixed on a shelf, by recording ID of antenna through
which TAG is read we could associate the location of
information book tag with information of antenna tag
however this solution lakes practically because we have
put expensive tag on each book shelf in this section we
describe the overall strucher of RFID system and explain
how it solve localization problem more cost effectively
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4. RFID- COMPONET & STRUCHER
R-LIM provides the usual operations of typical RFID
library systems these include check-in/out, self
checkout/Drop -off, gate-keeping, and inventory
Management.In addition, R-LIM provides location
traceability of books. Users can easily locate library
items through R-LIM localization. Figure 2 depicts the
Overall structure of the localization system .The system
consists of book tags, shelf tags, RFID reader, wireless
LAN, IrDA communication modules,7-segment LEDs,
LED controllers, a central DB server, and PDAs. On
each shelf, tags integrated with 7-segment LEDs are
installed in equally spaced intervals .We will call this tag
a shelf-tag to avoid confusion with the tags labeled on
books. We call a tag on the book a book-tag. A book-tag
is labeled on each book as in ordinary RFID library
systems. Portable RFID readers are used to read tags
from both shelves and books .Localization information is
maintained in the central DB. By retrieving the
information from the DB, the PDA provides the location
information of books. PDAs are also used for lighting an
LED.
A. System operation
Fig.2 Structure of R-LIM localization System
A.1 Localization.
The book-tag holds the ID number of the book
it labels. Books are placed on shelves as usual. Each
shelf has multiple equally-spaced LED in front. Each
LED is integrated with a shelf tag, which identifies the
location of the LED. By scanning the shelf-tags (fixed
position) and identifying the book tags in the range of
each shelf-tag, R-LIM localization builds (shelf tag ID,
book tag ID) pairs in the DB. Since one book-tag can be
detected in multiple shelf tag ranges, this association
process needs to be carefully designed.
A.2 Information retrieval
Once the (shelf tag ID, book tag ID) pairs are
constructed, we know around which LED a book is
placed. The association information maintained in the
central database system is then downloaded to mobile
user devices (PDAs) .Users may search for items of
interest using the PDA and move to an appropriate book
shelf, following the location information provided by the
PDA.
A.3 Locating the book in search:
In front of the book shelf, the user triggers the
lighting button on the PDA, and an LED near the book
will be turned on. There is no need to search many
shelves or to worry about misplacing books.
However, there might be a possibility that
multiple users may search for books side by side. In this
case, we do not know which search belongs to which
person. Therefore, we use 7-segmentLEDs to display the
ID numbers of the PDA on the LED.
A.4 RFID- Localization.
The key issue in RFID localization is to built the
information around which shelf tag books tag are
located. Namely we construct a function F which map
book tag ID (IDb) to the shelf tag ID(IDs) in such away
that ideally F(IDb) written (IDs) placed closed to IDb in
the presenes of multiple IDs.resemles the process of
determining the base station of PCS communication. in
the PCS the base station receive strongest signal from
PCS terminals chosen to communicate with PCS
terminal the range within the base station is called Cell of
the station. if we apply the PCS analogy to the RFID
localization construction of F straightforward there for
we are going to use the notation of which terminal
belongs to which Cell,in which book tag belong to which
shelf tag fig3 shows the similarity of those ideas
Fig 3 Analogy between PCS Cell and RFID localization
Conceptual similarity of those ideas are different in
two functional aspects the first different is the way of
they communicate. In PCS the base station communicate
the terminal devices directly & measure the strongest
signal. In RFID the direct communication among the tag
are not possible. Communication is performed only
between tag & reader the second problem is the signal
intensity measurement RFID reader do not provide such
a capability. Reader may be custom designed to provide
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the functionalitiy,but this will increase the system cost REFERENCES
as was mentioned earlier ;cost is the most important
factor for the successes of RFID. Even though intensity [1] Klaus Finkenzeller, Rachel Waddington, RFID Handbook:
measurement of the signal is not possible, if we take Radio-Frequency Identification Fundamentals and
advantage of the fact the tags color to reders are read Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2000
more frequency, we can estemet the relative signal
intensity (distance) between the reader and the tag. In [2] RFID Journal, http://www.rfidjournal.com/
this section, we describe our approach for determining
[3] ISO/IEC JTC1, http://www.jct1.com
self- tag cells using the tag read rate. We also devise an
algorithm that associates a book-tag.ID with cells (SELF- [4] EPCglobal, http://www.epcglobalinc.com
TAG-ID).Using the algorithms, we define(IDb,IDs) pair
for the localization function F(IDb) to determine the IDs [5] Checkpoint Systems, http://www.checkpointsystems.com
placed near to the IDb.
[6] Millennium Library Systems, http://www.iii.com
B. SHELF TAG DETECTION ALOGORITUM First A.
KIRAN GANPAT JAGTAP
We define tag read rate in order to define the Date of birth-28/12/1981
effective cell (range) of the shelf tag. by recording the He is completed graduation in Engg.in the Electronics and
read count of each shelf tag relative distance between the telecommunication at the COE Malegaon (bk), and presently
tag and readers can be determined. Assuming the reader appeared for the post graduation in the Engg. In Electronics and
telecommunication at the KIT,s college of Engg,Kolhapur.
is in the fixed position we allocate the counter for each
tag and increase the value can be used for the cell
determination (simple counter) fig 4 give the example

Fig 4.cell detection using simple counter

5. Conclusion
The recent growth of library has brought up a
challenging localization problem. if the current location
of material cannot be identify a time consuming search
process is inventible. Even when the book are located in
the correct place the book search process is tedious task
In order to ease the search process, we have developed
RFID localization solution which extends the
conventional RFID library system capability the original
RFID system we gather the location information through
RFID shelf antenna and associate the location
information with LED attached to the front of the book
shelf. By lighting the appropriate LED. we easily locate
the library material we are searching for however the
system lack practically because we are put expensive on
each and every book shelf therefore in this we put a
revised RFID system we replaced high cost RFID
antenna with low cost Tag thus we make a system cost
effective, the core of the system is the process of
established the relationship between the book ID and the
shelf ID for the Cell dection the highest read rate value is
used.