Sustainable Heating and Cooling

of Buildings
Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, PhD
Director
International Centre for Indoor Environment and
Energy
Technical University of Denmark

International Centre for Indoor Environment And Energy

SUSTAINABLE
HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS

Low Temperature HeatingHigh Temperature Cooling

Embedded water based
radiant surface heating and cooling systems

Thermo-Active-Building-Systems
Temperature ramps
Reasonable energy costs
Low operation costs

Full Air-Conditioning
Constant temperature
Draught, Noise, SBS
High energy costs
High operation costs

No cooling decreased performance

Low energy costs
Low operation costs

COMFORT-PERFORMANCE

100
10
10
1

COMFORT-PRODUCTIVITY
Building costs
People
Maintenance
Financing
Energy

CONCEPTS OF RADIANT HEATING

AND COOLING SYSTEMS
Heating - cooling panels
Surface systems
Embedded systems

Suspended cooled ceilings

Floor

Room

Room

11,0
8,0

Ceiling

Wall

5,5

6,5

7,5

8,5

9,5

10,5

11,5

Pipes

Window

Ceiling

Radiant surface heating

and cooling systems
Wall

Thermo Active Building Systems

Floor
Reinforcement
Concrete

6,0

Heat transfer coefficient

11,0

7,0

Floor

8,0

SURFACE HEATING AND COOLING

Heating
Cooling

W/m2K

Bjarne W. Olesen, ICIEE-DTU

LTU- Hangar Hamborg

Bjarne W. Olesen, ICIEE-DTU

Logistikcentrum 20.000 m2 , Hckelhoven

2009-01-27

2009-01-27

10

Sportsskole Oberhaching
, 22.500 m2 gulvvarme
2009-01-27

Bjarne W. Olesen, ICIEE-DTU

Radiant Floor Cooling

11

Airport Bangkok

Airport Bangkok

Airport Bangkok

Floor cooling

HEAT LOADS
Once the heat load to the space had been determined, the
conditioning system was being developed.
The loads for the concourse were 97 W/m2
The conditioning systems to remove this heat from the
space was divided as follows:
Radiant Floor 80 W/m2
Ventilation Air 17 W/m2

VENTILATION
The outdoor air AHU will supply variable outdoor air quantities
at a constant temperature to the zone AHUs.
The volume of outdoor air will be varied depending upon the
CO2 levels metered in each zone, down to a fixed minimum
position
Each zone AHU can supply air at 16 C to the space via the
displacement diffusers

Installation of PEX pipes

Terminal building

Airport Bangkok

Airport
Bangkok

Lisboa Dolce Vita Tejo

Lisboa Dolce Vita Tejo

Room

Window

TABS
Thermo Active Building Systems

Floor
Insulation
Concrete
Reinforcement

Room

Pipe

ART MUSEUM
BREGENZ

ART MUSEUM IN BREGENZ

Air temperature variations during a day within 4 K
Relative humidity variations less than 6 % during a day.
Seasonal variations between 48 and 58 %
Room temperature in winter 18 oC to 22 oC
Room temperature in summer 22 oC to 26 oC, occasional up to 28 oC

Design load 250 persons pr. day, 2 hours

Displacement ventilation < 0,2 h-1
Floor area 2.800 m , 4 floors
28.000 m plastic pipes embedded in walls and floor slabs

Design requirements

ART MUSEUM
BREGENZ
3.750 m floor area
4.725 m embedded pipes
Condensing boiler
Ventilation 750 m3/h per floor
(first design was 25.000 m3/h

ART MUSEUM IN BREGENZ

ART
MUSEUM
BREGENZ

C 35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
2. Okt

10. Okt

11. Okt
7. Okt

8. Okt

9. Okt

100
95 %
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

ART
MUSEUM
BREGENZ

rF-5min-m ean

t-Boden-5min-m ean

t-Lu ft-5min-mean

ART MUSEUM BREGENZ Measurements

V 200

14. Okt

300-R !!

15. Okt

Humidity

13. Okt

???

6. Okt

Floor Temp

12. Okt

500-1G

5. Okt

Air Temp.

4. Okt

V 230

3. Okt

M+W Zander
Stuttgart, Germany
- TABS
- in 6.500 m2

Offices

MW-Zander

Measurements
during normal
operation
Transmitters

Air temperature sensor

Operative temperature sensor

Temperatur [C]

26

Stuttgart
O1-Operative Bro 4. Stock Fenster-Ost
O6-Operative Bro 5. Stock Fenster-Ost

F1-Flche 4. Stock Rucklauf

27. Jul

Stuttgart 24.07. - 28.07, 2000

O-Operative Bro 5. Stock Fenster-West

29. Jul

25

28. Jul

24

26. Jul

Zeit

28. Jul

1999
4 floors
42.000 m
13.500 m concrete slab
( 28cm) cooling
Additional heating
Operable windows
Estimated energy costs
8.8 DM m a

Office building
Munich

27. Jul

23

26. Jul

22

25. Jul

21

20

24. Jul

24. Jul

25. Jul

Office building in Munich

FESTSPIELHAUS BREGENZ

BREGENZ
Sky-light

Hall

Steel
support

Pipes

FESTSPIELHAUS BREGENZ

ROOM
304

ROOM 404

Window

Window

FESTSPIELHAUS BREGENZ

FESTSPIELHAUS BREGENZ

BREGENZ

BREGENZ

Energy concept in BOB.1

Temperatures for one year in BOB.1

cooling period in BOB.1

Yearly energie costs [/ma]

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
Beleuchtung

Pumpen

Energy costs per m, per year: 2,7 EUR,

Lftung

per month 22,5 Cent

Khlung

Warmwasser

The need of energy for heating, cooling, airventilation lighting and warm water is 27,8 kWh/m
per year

94 % energy saving compared with conventional

cooling

60 % energy saving for lighting by daylight steering

Energy efficiency of BOB.1

Heating period in BOB.1

Bestand
BOB.1

Heizung

Summe

6. Energy sources

Deutsche Post Headquarters

Bonn, Germany
Project facts
height: 162.50 m
floors above grade: 45
floors below grade: 5
work places: about
2,000
area: about 60,000 m

Components of the energy and

comfort concept
double skin facade with
protected shading device
natural cooling source by two
wells - temperature 12C
thermal mass activation in the
open ceilings
individual manual ventilation
- operable windows
mechanical supported
decentralised ventilation with
heat recovery by tempering
the sky-gardens with
exhaust air from the offices
fresh air for the offices
always from the double skin
buffer through windows or
sound protected supply unit
with heating and cooling

Concept elements

covers 80% of ceiling area in

offices, conference rooms and
circulation areas
typically 120 metres/loop of PEX 20
mm tubing
all installations, incl. distribution
piping, in raised floors

Deutsche Post TABS

Installation

preheating of fresh air by solar gains in

the double facade
individual heating by underfloor
convector
basic heating by core system in
ceilings
exhaust air heats unconditioned sky
garden; indirect heat recovery

Deutsche Post operation

modes

shading device in the double facade

independent of wind speed
natural ventilation to extract absorbed
solar gains in the double facade
individual cooling of fresh air
concrete slab cooling with Rhine water
as natural source
higher comfort due to cooler surface
temperatures
night-time flushing with cold air to
activate the building mass

Experiences from Deutsche

Post

one technical floor skipped

no shafts for supply and exhaust air
no suspended ceilings
maintenance cost in range of conventional systems
low running costs

natural ventilation is possible even with

strong wind by using controlled facade
openings in the primary skin
decentralized fresh air units provide
individual control of fresh air supply and
comfort
high thermal comfort with concrete core
cooling
economical advantages

Balanced Office Building (BOB.1)

Aachen, Germany
Gross floor area 2,151
m
4 storeys
Efficiently insulated
external envelope
Ground-coupled heating
and cooling with TABS
Ventilation system with
heat recovery
Daylight-controlled
lighting
Rainwater collection for
use in toilet flushing

Dockland

Dockland, Hamburg

Developing Low Exergy Systems

in the Tropics

(Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia)

Climates where :
Evaporative cooling is not possible
Earth coupling is not useful
Dehumidification is necessary
Ambient temperatures are above internal comfort temperature
Cooling is 100% and heating is zero

300

200

100

ENERGY-10 Optimisation

93

Other

25

Conventional
MECM
MECM NREL / AutoBuild Shoebox
Base LEO

62

kWh / m year

64
11
Lights

25

Other

100

275

100

Total

Total

51

Super Low E. Building

Lights

11

ENERGY-10 Optimisation

Cooling

120

64

Cooling

37

kWh/m2year

MECM LEO

125
100
75
50
25
0

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Outdoor

Transm. 0.8

Lightshelf
Transm. 0.5

Air ducts

Section, Office B, version 3

Highly reflective ceiling

No direct sky view

Blind reflecting light upwards

20C

15C

23C

23C

20C
15C

AHU

Off coil temperature of chiller in increased from 7 oC to 18 oC

increased COP of Chiller

22C

Evaporator

Atrium

20C

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15 o

Thermal Comfort:
25-26C
(operative temperature)

Section, Thermal Comfort

20C
(concrete slab cooling)

22-23C
(ceiling surface)

27-28C
(air temperature)

22-23C
(floor surface)

PREFABRICATION

PRE-FABRICATION

Low Exergy Hydronic Radiant Heating and

Cooling
Why?
Water based systems
Low temperature heating - High temperature cooling
More economical to move heat by water:
water:
Greater heat capacity than air
Much smaller diameter pipes than airair-ducts
Electrical consumption for circulation pump is lower than for fans
Lower noise level
Less risk for draught
Lower building height
Higher efficiency of energy plant
But

Reduced capacity?
Acoustic?
Latent load?

REHVA GUIDEBOOK NO: 7

Jan Babiak-Bjarne W . Olesen-Dusan Petras