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A. General Characteristics:

Muscular Tissues
1. Cells are elongated
2. Sarcoplasm appears fibular due to presence of myofibrils
3. Acidophilic staining
4. Cells are held together by loose areolar CT containing
blood vessels and nerves.












Muscular Tissues:

B. Functions- there are four general functions:

1. movement
2. posture maintenance
3. joint stabilization - tendons that cross over joints
stabilize joint as the muscle tone places
tension on the tendon.
4. heat generation
C. Specialization:

1. Able to contract-when long cells shorten simultaneously
a pulling force is created that contracts the muscle-
reduce the overall size. Contractions may cause
movement or stabilization.

2. Able to extend- at the end of a contraction the muscle
may return to its original length by relaxing or being
extended with the aid of an opposing muscle.

3. Able to become excitable ( irritability) - muscle cells
respond to nerve impulses by contracting.

4. Elasticity- muscle may be stretched beyond its normal
size and recoil back to its normal size.

5. Conductivity- ability to transmit electrical impulses









D. Composition:
1. Muscle fibers: Made up of elongated cells

2. Muscle fibers are held together or bound together by
intercellular substance in form of LOOSE AREOLAR CT
(form of CT between muscle fibers)

a. The outer-most-layer is epimysium- a sheath of
dense connective tissue that externally surrounds the
entire muscle.

b. Bundles within the muscle called fascicles are
surrounded by a sheath of fibrous connective tissue
called perimysium.

c. A sheath of reticular fibers called endomysium

surrounds the bundles within the fascicles.
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3 Types of Muscular Tissues
A. Smooth Muscle


The contractions are slow and uniform
Functions to alter the activity of various
body parts to meet the needs of the body
Is fatigue resistant
Activation is involuntary













Smooth Muscle
Made up of spindle or fusiform shaped cells that do not branch
Myofibrils are non-striated
Myofilaments are not distinct
Single nucleus is bulging and centrally located
Cells are somewhat compact in arrangement
Has least amount of Loose Areolar CT
Involuntary
contraction is very slow and sustained
Few.long,slender mitochondria
Scanty ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcolemma showing pinocytic vesicles

Functions of Smooth Muscle

Contraction of the bladder to force urine out
Move food through the intestines (peristalsis)
Peristaltic movement to move feces down the digestive
system
Contraction of smooth muscle in the trachea and bronchi
which decreases the size of the air passageway
Constriction and dilation of blood vessels
Constriction, accomodation and dilation of pupil
Uterine contraction during birthing
Milk letdown in the mammary land during lactation







Distribution of Smooth Muscle
found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs like the walls of the
digestive system
Middle to lower part of esophagus
Internal sphincter of the anus
Walls of ducts and glands associated with alimentary tract
Walls of respiratory passages (trachea to alveolar ducts )
Urinary & genital ducts
Walls of arteries, veins & larger lymphatics
Spleen
Arrestores pitorum or arrector pili muscle (goose flesh)
Iris & ciliary body of the eye
Areola of mammary gland
Subcutaneous tissue of scrotum
B. Skeletal/ Somatic/ Striated
Voluntary Muscles
Are voluntary muscles that move bones.

Are called striated because they look striped

Are attached to tendons, which are attached to bones.
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Skeletal Muscle
Made up of elongated cells that do not branch
Cells has a larger diameter
Nucleus: appears multinucleated
Flattened and peripherally located
Myofibrils are striated & arranged in characteristics Kollickers column
with numerous striations.
Kollickers Column: myofibrils grouped into parallel bundles
longitudinally
With distinct myofilaments (actin&myosin),has more striations
More abundant amount of Loose Areolar CT
Without intercalated disk
Muscle cells can regenerate after an injury

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

- produce skeletal movement
- maintain posture and body position
- support soft tissues
- maintain body temperature
- store nutrients








Distribution of Skeletal Muscle
Widely distributed because this type of muscle is attached to
the entire skeletal system of the body (external urethra &
external anal sphincter)
Although tongue & upper part of the esophagus are
unattached to the skeletal system, it is classified as striated
voluntary.
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Myoblasts
- embryonic cells that fuse to develop muscle fibers
Myosatellite cells
- unfused cells that remain in adult skeletal muscle

Sarcolemma
- plasma membrane of a muscle fiber surrounding the sarcoplasm
(cytoplasm) containing mitochondria, and myofibrils
Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)
- transverse tubule encircling a myofibril, storing calcium for
muscle contraction









Myofibrils
- cylindrical bundles of myofilaments (two types)
- lie parallel to one another
- responsible for muscle fiber contraction

Myofilaments
- protein filaments
(organization of these produce alternating light/dark bands)
thin: composed primarily of actin
thick: composed primarily of myosin
Sarcomeres
- repeating functional units of myofilaments responsible for
muscle contraction
- approximately 10,000 end to end in a myofibril
- contain: thick/thin filaments, proteins
- dark bands (A bands) and light bands (I bands)
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Sarcomeres

1. A bands (dark bands) (Myosin) - Myosin consists of two twisted strands with
globular cross-bridges projected outward along the strands.
- thick filaments in the center
- subdivisions:
- M Line: central portion of each thick filament
- H band: regions on either side of the M line
- contains only thick filaments
- Zone of Overlap: thin and thick filaments surrounding each other

2. I bands (light bands) (actin) - Actin is a globular protein
with myosin binding sites; tropomysosin and troponin
- thin filaments
- extends from the A band of one sarcomere to the
A band of the next sarcomere
- Z line indicates boundary














3 Types of Skeletal Fiber in Skeletal Muscle
1. Red Fibers /slow muscle fibers
Appears red due to presence of muscle pigment (Myoglobin)
Have smaller diameter & sarcoplasm (about half the diameter of fast
fibers)
Contain numerous large sarcosomes ( mitochondria)
Increase myoglobin
Rich blood supply therefore higher oxygen supply
Red Muscle: According to function, it contracts more slowly so
fatigue less quickly
Energy source: oxidative phosphorylation
2. White Fibers / Fast Muscle Fibers
Larger diameter
Less myoglobin
Pale due to less pigment
With smaller & functionally sarcosome (mitochondria)
Poor blood supply
It contracts faster so fatigue more quickly
Energy source: anaerobic glycolysis
most common
contain densely packed myofibrils
large glycogen reserves
very few mitochondria
fatigue rapidly










3. Intermediate Fibers
Similar with red fibers but with smaller
sarcosome(mitochondria)
Speed of contraction is comparable to that of the white fibers
Intermediate properties between those of fast/slow
Contraction speed is fast
Can be converted to fast fibers with training
C. Cardiac Muscle

Has characteristics of both skeletal and
smooth muscle
Functions to provide the contractile
activity of the heart
Is very fatigue resistant
Activation of cardiac muscle is
involuntary (like smooth muscle)
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Cardiac Muscle
Made up of elongated muscle fibers that branches
Has a single spherical centrally located nucleus. (Branches
have no nucleus)
Myofibrils appears striated with distinct actin & myosin
With intercalated disk of Eberth: serves as junction between
cardiac cells.
With numerous Loose Areolar CT
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is not so well developed as in skeletal
muscular tissue
Absence of terminal cisternae


Tube appears larger and situated at the Z line
Presence of bigger and numerous mitochondria
Muscle fibers can not regenerate after being damage









Cardiac Muscle
Comparison of Muscle Tissues

Characteristics Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Distribution
Muscle layer of the heart (myocardium)
Location attached to
skeleton
walls of heart walls of hollow
visceral organs
Walls of the aorta, vena cava ( superior and inferior) and
Type of Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
pulmonary vessels ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) Shape of Fibers Elongated
Cylindrical
Blunt ends
Elongated
Cylindrical
Branched
Elongated
Spindle-shaped
Pointed ends
Striations Yes Yes None
# of nuclei per
fiber
Speed of
contraction
Ability to remain
contracted
Multiple One, central One, central

Rapid Intermediate Slowest

Least Intermediate Greatest







Conduction System of the Heart


A specialized functional unit responsible for generating and
conducting electrical impulses for the heart, causing the heart to
contract and pump blood throughout the body
Cardiac Conduction System :
Made up of 5 elements:
1.The sino-atrial (SA) node 4. Left and right bundle branches
2.atrio-ventricular (AV) node 5. Purkinje fibers
3.The bundle of His
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1. Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker, Node of Keith & Flack)
Located below the epicardium at the junction of sup vena cava & right atrium
Function: Regulates the heart rate accdg.to body requirements

2. Atrioventricular Node( Node of Tawara)
Located below the endocardium, on the lower part of the interatrial septum
Functions:
1. Delays cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node to allow the atria to contract and
empty their contents first.
2. Relays cardiac impulses to the atrioventricular bundle.

3. Atrioventricular Bundle of His
A bundle of fibers that are located within the septum of the heart
Function:
Carries cardiac impulses down the septum to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibers.

4. Left and Right Branches of Bundle of His
Function:
The right bundle carries nerve impulses that cause contraction of the
right ventricle and the left bundle carries nerve impulses that
cause contraction of the left ventricle

5. Purkinje Fibers
Located beneath the endocardium on either side of the cardiac
septum
Function:
Relays cardiac impulses to the ventricular cells causing the
ventricles to contract.







Characteristics of Purkinje Fibers
Pale in color, vesicular and transparent sarcoplasm
Fewer branches, nuclei, striations,myofibril,no typical
intercalated discs
Abundant sarcoplasm with large amount of glycogen and
big,numerous mitochondria
Bigger in diameter
Shorter in size
Lies in abundant amount of loose areolar connective tissue
Numerous desmosomes


Purkinje Fibers