Line Crossing Interpol Final Report 12 Jul 2013

PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY STUDY OF LINE
CROSSINGS

FINAL REPORT

July 11, 2013

Preliminary results
C.L.I.
C.L.I.
CLI 1/2 CLI 1/2 CLI 1/2 CLI 1/2 CLI 2/1 CLI 2/1 CLI 2/1 CLI 2/1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AIEED-INTERPOL would like to thank the sixty scientific research participants from
seventeen countries, sixteen Forensic Laboratoriesbecause without them this scientific
research could not be done.

THE RESEARCH COMMITTEE

The AIEED Research Committee, which is responsible for organizing, carrying out, assessing
and checking this research, is composed of:

CHAIR OF THE AIEED: Mrs Jacqueline BECK
DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH: Mr Jos BALBUENA

RESEARCH SUPERVISORS:
Mr Emmanuel BECK (Academic Adviser)
Mr Miguel AGUILAR RUIZ (Forensic Adviser)
Mr Pierre CORBOBESSE (Forensic Adviser AIEED)

SPECIALIZED SUPERVISORS
Chemical Supervisor: Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA (ICPO-INTERPOL GS)
Criminalistic Supervisor: Mr. Carlos VARGAS-MERIDA (ICPO-INTERPOL GS)
Statistical Supervisor: Mr Didier DEVY (Adviser AIEED)

COORDINATION
Mr Jean-Michel BOURGEOIS (AIEED member)

PREFACE

Several forensic instrumental techniques have been tested and utilized in an effort to
determine the sequencing in crossed-line intersections (CLI) and until now scientists have
been unable to create a standardized operational procedure to solve this issue in question. The
proposed approach put forth by INTERPOLs Counterfeit and Security Documents Branch
(CSDB) in partnership with the Academy International des Experts en Ecritures et
Documents (AIEED), is a unique one due to its aim to develop a non-intrusive and non-
destructive optical method. This new approach is directed at confronting the old problem of
forgeries, including but not limited to, falsifying identity documents and financial frauds.
However, this goes beyond the traditional methods of analysis, which mostly required
physical altering of data samples. The advantages of developing a non-invasive technique are
two-fold. First, developing a technique that does not physically alter the sample which would
allow for the sample to undergo multiple experiments. This is often necessary in empirical
situations where the sample is contested during a trial or when judicial authorities instruct
further testing by different parties on the same sample. Second, preserving the samples
validity by utilizing non-invasive experiment techniques would allow for the samples to be
stored and archived in CLI databases which could be utilized for future investigations. The
mentioned database would serve document examiners and law enforcement personnel as a
useful resource and reference tool at national and international levels.

We finally have the outcome of this research which is the result of two years of
working together. We wish to share the first phase results with the international community,
in particular with forensic laboratories and document examiners in preparation of their expert
opinions. Thus, this project will foster the development of new research in this domain and
expertise to facilitate knowledge-sharing between international laboratories. We hope that this
will then encourage the cooperation within their respective national law enforcement agencies
in an effort to provide member countries with the knowledge, skills and best practices needed
to face the rising challenges of falsified and forged documents. In addition, by utilizing the
techniques developed by this research, document examiners will be able to work and assist
national law enforcement agencies by increasing their limited national knowledge to that of
international developments.

We express our gratitude to the 60 forensic document examiners from 17 member
countries who have participated in this project. We will be extending a second phase of this
project which is aimed at verifying and confirming our results gained by chromatic
luminescence. We wish to combine chromatic luminescence method with chemical methods
to determine ink ageing. This second phase will emphasize the new protocol of what will be
put in place.

The Physical-Chemistry Study of Line Crossings project is guided by principles
that are complementary to our mandates and INTERPOLs commitments to support police
and law enforcement agencies in its member countries. Gaining a better understanding of the
sequencing of line-crossings will help forensic document examiners to identify falsified
documents, which will assist criminal investigations and combat and prevent future crimes.

JAIME ANSIETA
INTERPOL- Economic and Financial Crimes
Assistant Director

PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY STUDY OF LINE
CROSSINGS

I NTRODUCTI ON ..................................................................................................................... 8
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 8
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 10
GENERAL HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................ 10
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ............................................................................................................. 10
THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 11
THE EXPERIMENTS .................................................................................................................... 12
TEN CASES SELECTED FOR EXAMINATION ...................................................................... 12
PHYSICAL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL ......................................................................................... 12
EXPERT-EXPERIMENTER-MEASURER ................................................................................ 12
EXAMI NATI ON AND ANALYSI S OF EXPERI MENTS .................................................... 13
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE 1
st
HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................... 13
nd
HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................... 13
rd
HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................... 13
PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................... 13
The spectral reactions ............................................................................................................................... 13
The spectral reaction in CLI (SRCLI) ..................................................................................................... 14
Classification of CLI .................................................................................................................................. 14
Validation of the positive crossed-line intersection ............................................................................. 14
Criteria to validate analytical methods .................................................................................................... 14
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 15
RESULTS: 1
st
HYPOTHESIS ....................................................................................................... 15
RESULTS: 2
nd
HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................... 19
RESULTS: 3
rd
HYPOTHESIS....................................................................................................... 23
HOW TIME AFFECTS THE PHYSICAL ASPECT OF INKS................................................. 24
Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI ........................................................ 24
Measuring the effects of time on ink ............................................................................................. 25
Proposal method to measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI .................................... 26
Measuring Ink Migration ............................................................................................................... 27
Procedure to measure ink migration ....................................................................................................... 28
CONTRI BUTI ON OF THI S RESEARCH ............................................................................ 30
In examining crossed line intersection .......................................................................................... 30
How to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink .................................................................................. 34
CONCLUSI ONS ...................................................................................................................... 35
FIRST CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 35

Concerning: the physical reactions in CLI ................................................................................... 35
SECOND CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 36
Concerning: the order of inscription of each line in CLI ............................................................ 36
THIRD CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 37
Concerning: the time separating the execution of the two lines. ............................................ 37
STATE OF PLAY OF THI S RESEARCH AND FUTURE ORI ENTATIONS ................... 38
BI BLI OGRAPHY - REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 40
APPENDI X 1 - LI ST OF PARTI CI PANTS .......................................................................... 41
APPENDI X 2 - LI ST OF EXPERIMENTS SELECTED ..................................................... 43
APPENDI X 3 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS .............................................................................. 44
Physical-chemistry study of line crossings
8 - 45

OIPC INTERPOL-SG CSDB - AIEED-2013

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

In 1999, INTERPOLs Counterfeit and Security Documents Branch and INTERPOLs
member countries, in cooperation with LAcademie Internationale des Experts en
Ecriture et Documents (AIEED) completed a scientific project entitled Conditioned
Graphic Reflexes.
In March 2009, at the 4th International AIEED Congress M. Didier DEVY, AIEED
scientific adviser published the use of energies to discriminate colours.
In October 2009, Mr Jos BALBUENA AIEED member, published Chromatic
luminescence applied in Forensic Science- International Conference in Criminal
expertise.- Joao Pessoa-Brazil,
In April 2010, AIEED approached the same Branch at INTERPOL with a proposal to
collaborate on its new scientific project entitled Physical-Chemistry Study of Line
Crossings. Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA, Specialized Officer, presented the project
Physical-Chemistry Study of Crossed Line Intersection to Mr Jamil DARWISH, Head
of the Counterfeits & Security Documents Branch, Financial and High-Tech Crime
Sub-Directorate.
On 24 October 2010, the scientific project was officially submitted for consideration
to Mr Jean-Michel LOUBOUTIN, the Executive Director of Police Services who
approved the project for action.
The AIEED
1
Research Committee nominated Mr. Carlos VARGAS MERIDA to act
as Criminalistic Supervisor and Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA as Chemical Supervisor
representing INTERPOLs Counterfeit and Security Documents Branch. In addition,
Dr. Emmanuel Beck, professor at the Universit Jean Moulin Lyon 3 will supervise
the project proceedings to ensure that the process adheres to proper scientific
procedures and methodology.

1
Research Committee of AIEED, Appendix 1
9 - 45


INTERPOL frequently encourages the incorporation of forensic science into its police
work, recognizing the importance of science to the development of technology and
investigations.
INTERPOL understands the great importance of this initiative to help solve the
challenge of forgeries in identity documents and financial frauds.
INTERPOL links the line crossing initiative with the new philosophy in policing that
will be implemented by the INTERPOL General Secretariat in the upcoming years.
This research is fully in line with the directives and guidelines of the creation of the
INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation in Singapore.
INTERPOL strengths the forensic capacity of member countries to examine and
identify fraudulent or altered documents in other types of crime, such as economic
fraud, money-laundering or currency counterfeiting
Police worldwide are facing an increasingly challenging operational landscape, as
criminals take advantage of new technology. Criminal phenomena are becoming more
aggressive and elusive, notably in the areas of cyber-crime and sophisticated
counterfeit. It is crucial for police to stay one step ahead of criminals. Innovation and
state of the art technology must become our best allies.

10 - 45


OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this research are to collect currently little known information about line
crossings, based on the order of inscription of the lines: migration, ageing of inks and dating,
by using non-destructive observation methods.
Until now solution of these problems required experts to run time demanding investigations
and the results were more or less subjective.
This information is of critical interest to writing and document experts in the preparation of
their expert opinions.

GENERAL HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines using different inks, there will be chemical and physical
reactions which will depend on the quality of the inks used, evidence of the order of
inscription of each line and evidence of the time separation the execution of the two lines.

The general hypothesis is composed of three hypothesis that we aim to prove. At the crossing
point of two lines using different inks, there will be:
1
st
hypothesis chemical and physical reactions which will depend on the quality of the
inks used
2
nd
hypothesis evidence of: the order of inscription of each line
3
rd
hypothesis evidence of: the time separating the execution of the two lines.

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
2

For this research, all documents used were well stored. Badly stored documents would require
additional research.
Sixty handwriting/questioned document experts from sixteen countries participated in the CLI
experiments during 12 months period. (See list of participants in Appendix 1)
The following writing instruments, representing those most commonly used world-wide, were
crossed in this research:

1st Instrument 2nd Instrument
Ball point pen Felt-tip pen Artline Clix
Ball point pen Felt-tip pen Paper Mate
Ball point pen Fountain pen Pelikan
Fountain pen Parker Felt-tip pen Carioca
Fountain pen Pelikan Fountain pen Pelikan
Ball point pen Fountain pen Lexon
Ball point pen Ink-pad Troadat
Ball point pen Ink jet printer HP
Ball point pen Ink-pad
Ink jet printer HP - R45 Fountain pen

2
In this research we will use several acronyms please consult the glossary of terms.
11 - 45


The experts carried out 2 880 experiments, comprising approximately 57 600 crossed lines
intersections for examination, and 7 640 photos (using day light, axial light, metameric light
3
,
IR luminescence and chromatic luminescence
4
).

THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS

Spectral analysis equipment:
VSC 4000-6000
Projectina: Dragon Nirvis
LuminiSys STM and LuminiSys Tr

Figure 1

Stereo Microscope with daylight, coaxial and metameric light.

Figure 2

3
Light combining red, blue and green by additive synthesis
4
Chromatic luminescence: luminescence in the visible light spectrum. The excitation energy used is between
380 and 740 nm.
12 - 45


THE EXPERIMENTS
The experiments were performed in two phases:
1. The crossed line intersection (CLI) produced at the same time (=T)
2. The CLI produced at different times (Sectors A, B, C and D)

Figure 3

Each experiment was made up of 2 tests:
Test 1: the first writing instrument was used to draw the first line and the second writing
instrument was used to cross the line.
Test 2: the order of writing instruments was reversed, whereby the second writing instrument
was used to draw the first line and the first writing instrument was used to cross the line.
It was necessary to produce a minimum of 15 crossed lines per experiment.

TEN CASES SELECTED FOR EXAMINATION

Ten of the sixty experiments carried out in different countries were selected for examination.
All the writing instruments listed on page 5 were used in the selected experiments. (See list of
selected experiments on page 15).

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL

The experiments were analysed by experts trained in, and equipped for, physical analysis, and
who have been appointed expert-experimenter-measurer by the Research Committee.

The physical analysis had to respect the following conditions:
1. The procedure does not alter the document.
2. The execution had to be easy and fast.
3. The equipment had to be within the reach of experts.
4. The demonstration had to be objective.
5. The result had to be easy to understand.

EXPERT-EXPERIMENTER-MEASURER

Ten Expert-experimenter- measurers from different countries were designated by the
Research Committee (see list of 10 Expert-Experimenter-Measurers on page 15).

SECTOR TIME
N 1 =T CLI at the same time
N 2 A CLI one day later
N 3 B CLI one week later
N 4 C CLI two weeks later
N 5 D CLI three weeks later

13 - 45


EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS

st
HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the first hypothesis belonged to Mr
Carlos VARGAS MERIDA, expert in handwriting and questioned documents at ICPO-
INTERPOL General Secretariat, seconded by Mrs Jacqueline BECK and Mr Jose
BALBUENA.

nd
HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the 2
nd
hypothesis was the responsibility
of those experts equipped and trained for physical analyses, and who were appointed expert-
experimenter-measurer by the Research Committee. (See list page 17)

rd
HYPOTHESIS

The examination and analysis of the experiments for the 3
rd
hypothesis was the responsibility
of Mr Jose BALBUENA, seconded by Mr Miguel AGUILAR, and Mr Emmanuel BECK.

PROCEDURES

Once appointed, each expert-experimenter-measurer (EEM) was responsible for analysing the
crossed line intersections following the general protocol outlined below:
1. Experiments undertaken using the selected Spectral analysis equipment.
2. All analyses in pairs to examine/analyse the crossed line intersections (CLI) in the
same optical conditions for each of the two positions: instruments in position 1/2 and
instruments in position 2/1.
3. Daylight, coaxial light and metameric examination of the lines and crossed-lines using
a stereomicroscope.
4. CLI analyses using IR luminescence and chromatic luminescence.
5. Observation of spectral reaction in crossed line intersections (SRCLI)
6. Verification and noting of any differences between the SRCLI by pair.
7. All photographs from experiments fully referenced.

The spectral reactions
The spectral reactions to be taken into account were:
The ink disappears
IR luminescence
Reflection
Absorption
Chromatic luminescence

14 - 45


The spectral reaction in CLI (SRCLI)

Analysis of the lines to determine: the type of spectral reaction for each of the two lines and
the crossed-line intersection. The EEM observed and noted:
The spectral reaction of the line produced by instrument 1
The spectral reaction of the line produced by instrument 2
The Spectral Reaction in CLI.

Classification of CLI

The EEM had to check whether or not there were different SRCLI in the analysis by pair
(1/2, 2/1) and to classify them either as positive crossed-line intersection or negative
crossed-line intersection.

Different SRCLI in the analysis by pair (1/2, 2/1) were called: positive crossed-line
intersection (+CLI) where it was possible to identify the position of the instruments (see
Figure 4)

When the SRCLI gave the same result, it was called: negative crossed-line intersection
(-CLI) because it was not possibleto identify the position of the instruments.

Validation of the positive crossed-line intersection
The +CLI was only validated if several EEM using the same procedure obtained the same
result.

Figure 4

Criteria to validate analytical methods

Using the Prof. Cline WEYERMANN
5
recommendations the criteria used were:
1. Reproducibility
2. Repeatability
3. Systematic errors (bias)
4. Selectivity and detection limits.

To date, criteria 1 and 2 have been examined. Further analysis using criteria 3 and 4 is
required.

5
Revue des mthodes de datation de l'encre: est-il possible de dterminer l'ge d'un document en analysant
l'encre? Revue International de Criminologie et des Police Technique et Scientifique
Validation of the +CLI Validation of the +CLI
only if several expert, obtain the same result. only if several expert, obtain the same result.
1/2 1/2 2/1 2/1
CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1) CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1)
+ CLI + CLI
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1) CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1)
+ CLI + CLI
CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1) CLI(1/2) CLI(2/1)
+ CLI + CLI + CLI
+ CLI
VALIDATED VALIDATED
+ CLI
+ CLI
VALIDATED VALIDATED
15 - 45


RESULTS

RESULTS: 1
st
HYPOTHESIS
At the crossing point of two lines there will be: chemical and physical reactions
6

which will depend on the quality of the inks used

We have to demonstrate that the SRCLI depends on the quality of the inks used. The
physical analysis was carried out using the equipment mentioned on page 6 and the
following results were obtained:

Photo using Result

Stereo-Microscope +
Daylight

Sample A
Most cases show that minor physical reactions
exist in CLI, insufficient to demonstrate the first
hypothesis.

Stereo-Microscope
+axial light

Sample B
Certain cases show that some physical reactions
exist in CLI, sufficient to demonstrate the first
hypothesis.

Stereo-
Microscope+metameric
light

Sample B
Many cases show that significant physical
reactions exist in CLI. Metameric light is adapted
to show the chromatic reactions in CLI.

IR luminescence

Sample C
Is insufficient for the kind of precision required in CLI.

Chromatic
luminescence

Sample C
Many cases show that significant physical reactions exist
in CLI. Chromatic luminescence would seem the best
adapted to show variations in color of the chromatic
reactions in CLI.

6
A physical reaction is the change in the appearance of a substance in which it can change back to it's original
state.
16 - 45


So far the results in figures 5 and 6 demonstrate the 1
st
hypothesis i.e. chemical and
physical reactions depend on the quality of the inks used.

Figure 5 Chromatic luminescence appear in all CLI Chromatic luminescence appear
in all CLI

Figure 6 inks 1 to 4 are all different. We can observe that the SRCLI 2/1 is different from 3/1 and 4/1. This
shows that each SRCLI depend on the quality of the inks used.

2/1
3/1
4/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
Chromatic luminescence Chromatic luminescence
17 - 45


Figure 7 Strong chromatic luminescence can be observed in and around the CLI

Figure 8

Figure 9

Mr HIGASHIKAWA experiment
1/2
Strong luminescence in CLI.
Mr SAEZ experiment
2/1

2/1
Immiscible property of liquid
ink over greasy ball point pen.
Red ink does not print very well.
Mr VENZAL experiment
1/2
Strong red reflectance in CLI.

18 - 45


Figure 10

Figure11

Figure 12

The first hypothesis was validated by Mr. Carlos VARGAS MERIDA, Mrs Jacqueline BECK
and Mr Jose BALBUENA and confirmed by the 17 international experts participating in the
2nd Workshop on May 25
th
, 2012.

Mrs ALONSO experiment

1/2
Amorphous visible ink migration in CLI.

Mrs RANERA experiment

1/2
Amorphous Visible ink migration
1/2

Mr ARENAS experiment
2/1
Regular visible ink migration in CLI.

19 - 45


RESULTS: 2
nd
HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines using different inks, there will be evidence of: the order of
inscription of each line

We have to demonstrate that the SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1) this means SRCLI 1/2 has
its own physical characteristics which are not the same as SRCLI 2/1

The physical analysis by pairs of SRCLI was carried out using the equipment mentioned in
page 6 and the following results were found:

SRCLI
observation using:

Result

Sample D
Stereo-Microscope
+ Daylight

In most cases this procedure was insufficient to demonstrate the second hypothesis.

Sample B
Stereo-Microscope
+ axial light

In a few cases this procedure shows sufficient evidence to demonstrate the second
hypothesis.

Sample B
Stereo-Microscope
+ metameric light

In many cases this procedure shows different chromatic reactions in the SRCLI,
sufficient to demonstrate: SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1)

2/1 =T 2/1 =T 2/1 =T 2/1 =T 1/2 =T 1/2 =T 1/2 =T 1/2 =T
Mrs Lisa RAE experiment Mrs Lisa RAE experiment
SPAIN

1/2
2/1

1/2 2/1
20 - 45


Sample E

IR luminescence

IR luminescence is less effective for the analysis of CLI because the spectral
reactions are shown in shades of grey which is a serious handicap.

SRCLI (1/2 ) = SRCLI (2/1)
This procedure was insufficient to demonstrate the second hypothesis.

Sample E

Chromatic
luminescence

SRCLI (1/2) chromatic luminescence around the N SRCLI (2/1) No
luminescence around the J
In many cases Chromatic luminescence shows significant differences, sufficient to
demonstrate the second hypothesis.
Chromatic luminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in color of the
chromatic reactions in CLI.

So far the results demonstrate the second hypothesis as shown in figure 13.

Figure 13 chromatic luminescence shows SRCLI 1/2 with a reddish colour and 2/1 a green colour

SRCLI (1/2) SRCLI (2/1)

A 1/2 A2/1

A 1/2 A2/1
2
1
2
1
SR CLI(1/2) SR CLI(2/1)
2
1
SR CLI(1/2) SR CLI(2/1)
SR CLI(1/2) SR CLI(2/1) SR CLI(1/2) SR CLI (2/1)
Chromatic luminescence Chromatic luminescence
21 - 45


Ten experiments carried out in different countries using the most common instruments
7

were selected for analysis:

Experiment
n
EXPERIMENT CARRIED
OUT BY COUNTRY
01 Mrs Katrina STOKES AUSTRALIA
02 Mr Jos ARENAS SPAIN
03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER FRANCE
04 Mr Manuel RUBIO SPAIN
05 Mrs Marian ALONSO SPAIN
06 Mr Jos VENZAL SPAIN
07 Mrs Danielle PINSON FRANCE
08 Mrs Lisa RAE SPAIN
09 Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA JAPAN
10 Mr Jose BALBUENA FRANCE

Ten Expert-Experimenter-Measurers were designated to analyse the above-mentioned
experiments.

1. Mrs SLETTEN: NCIS Forensic Science, NORWAY
2. Mr RIPPERT: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, SWITZERLAND
3. Mr BARRON: ANPEC SPAIN
4. Mr VENZAL: ANPEC SPAIN
5. Mrs LIRA CARRILLO: Forensic Laboratory, MEXICO
6. Mr ORELLANA: Tribunal of Barcelona, SPAIN
7. Mr SEZ: Handwriting Forensic Service, SPAIN
8. Mrs BECK: Court of Appeals of Lyon, FRANCE
9. Mr VARGAS MERIDA: Specialized Officer/Forensic Expert INTERPOL, PERU
10. Mr BALBUENA: Court of Appeals of Versailles, FRANCE

Figure 14

7
Characteristics of the instruments used, Appendix 3
22 - 45


The experts spent three months on the analysis and at the end reached the following
results as shown in figure 15. As can be seen:

Experiments n 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were 100% validated (see results in green).
Sectors B, C and D were 100% validated using chromatic luminescence
produced by metameric light.
Experiments n 5 and 7 were not validated because the EEM only used the IR
method to examine the results. IR luminescence is less effective for the analysis
of CLI because the spectral reactions are shown in shades of grey which is a
serious handicap. However, during the 2nd Workshop on May 25
th
, 2012 the
EEM re-examined the results of experiment n 5 and 7 using metameric light and
chromatic luminescence. They were validated and confirmed by the 16
international experts participating in this Workshop.
For experiment n 9, sectors =T, A, B, C, D were not validated. IR
luminescence, stereomicroscope with polarised and metameric lights, and
chromatic luminescence have not yet been able to show significant differences in
CLI. Other possibilities should be examined.

Experiment 01 STOKES 02 ARENAS 03 GAURIER 04 RUBIO 05 ALONSO 06 VENZAL 07 PINZON 08 RAE 09 HIGASHIKAWA 10 BALBUENA
Country AUTRALIA SPAIN FRANCE SPAIN SPAIN SPAIN FRANCE SPAIN JAPAN FRANCE
Same T + + + + + + + + ? +
Sect A + + + + + + + + ? +
Sect B + + + + + + + + ? +
Sect C + + + + + + + + ? +
Sect D + + + + + + + + ? +
RESULT VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY VALIDATED BY 0% VALIDATED BY
Country FRANCE FRANCE SPAIN MEXICO SPAIN SWITZERLAND SPAIN NORWAY INTERPOL SPAIN
Country MEXICO SPAIN FRANCE FRANCE SPAIN FRANCE MEXIQUE SPAIN SWITZERLAND FRANCE
Country NORWAY SPAIN NORWAY SPAIN SPAIN INTERPOL SWITZERLAND SPAIN SPAIN INTERPOL

Figure 15

In the CLI of certain inks we have not yet found significantly different spectral reactions but
we will continue our research of theses cases.

Figure 16 we have not yet found significantly different spectral reactions

1/2 2/1
Mr HIGASHIKAWA experiment
23 - 45


RESULTS: 3
rd
HYPOTHESIS

At the crossing point of two lines using different inks, there will be evidence of the time
separating the execution of the two lines.

We had to demonstrate that time affects the physical spectral reaction in CLI. This means
that two CLI made at different time intervals
8
(T
1
T
n
) using the same instruments in the
same position (2/1 and 2/1) do not give the same the spectral reaction.

Figure 17

We observed that the 3-week interval used for the CLI in this research was insufficient to
demonstrate scientifically the effects of time in CLI. AIEED-INTERPOL therefore agreed to
carry out a second research project in parallel, and over a 5-year period with its own scientific
protocol, to obtain results that could validate the 3
rd
hypothesis.

Some results (included below) from the second research project are being used in this
research project to demonstrate the effect of time in crossed line intersection.

The physical analysis by pairs of SRCLI was carried out using the equipment mentioned in
page 6 and the following results were found:

CLI observation
using
Result
Stereo-Microscope
+ Daylight
This procedure is insufficient to demonstrate the third hypothesis.
Stereo-Microscope
+ axial light
Stereo-Microscope
+ metameric light
IR luminescence This procedure is insufficient to demonstrate the third hypothesis.
The presentation of the spectral reactions in shades of grey is a serious handicap.

Case 1

Chromatic
luminescence
In several cases this procedure shows significant evidence, sufficient to
demonstrate the third hypothesis.
SRCLI (2/1)
T1
done on 1 April 2011 has strong chromatic luminescence, SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
done on 1 April 2012 shows ink reflection. They are different.

8
Time intervals: the time separating the execution of the two lines
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn

SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
2/1
01/04/11
2/1
01/04/11
2/1
01/04/12
2/1
01/04/12
2/1 2/1
2/1 2/1
2/1
01/04/11
2/1
01/04/11
2/1
01/04/12
2/1
01/04/12
2/1 2/1
2/1 2/1
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
One year later One year later

CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/11
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
CLI
(2/1)
01/04/12
One year later One year later

24 - 45


HOW TIME AFFECTS THE PHYSICAL ASPECT OF INKS

We have verified that time generates physical effects in the CLI of certain inks. Using
chromatic luminescence we were able to observe them. Two procedures could be used to
calculate/evaluate time effects: the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI, and the
expansion of ink migration.

Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI
We can measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI to calculate/evaluate the
ageing of ink.

Case N 1
Instrument 1: black ink felt-tip pen Paper Mate type Flair M, Instrument 2: Red Ink-pad
TRODAT. Chromatic luminescence
clearly shows the physical effects
generated by the time interval in
CLI.

Figure 18 shows an example of two
CLI that were produced by the same
instruments, in the same position, with
a 12-month time interval. The results
are different. Whereas CLI ()
T1
has a
strong chromatic luminescence, CLI
()
T12
(i.e. 12 months later) shows a
dark red reflection.
Figure 18

When inks of the instruments 1 and 2 are both
executed at the same time, some chemical
compounds
9
produce a strong chromatic
luminescence in CLI (1/2)
T1

Twelve months later the chemical compounds
that were able to produce the strong chromatic
luminescence in CLI (1/2)
T1
have either
changed or disappeared. Chromatic
luminescence intensity in CLI seems to be
affected by the time. Only a dark blue reflection
is observed.
See: CLI (1/2)
T12
in Figure 19.

Figure 19

9
The chemical compounds need to be identified. New research should be done.
Instrument 2 :
Black ink, Felt-tip pen
Paper Mate type Flair M
Instrument 1 :
Red Ink-pad TRODAT
CLI =T
12 month interval
CLI T
12
Strong
chromatic luminescence
disappeared
Case N 1
()
T1
()
T12
()
T1
()
T12
25 - 45


Case N 2
Instrument 1: Blue ballpoint Stabilo Culture Pure, Instrument 2: Red Ink-pad TRODAT

Figure 20

Figure 21

Measuring the effects of time on ink

In examining two SRCLI made at different time intervals (T
1
T
n
) using the same
instruments in the same position (2/1 and 2/1), the analysis showed that: the greater the
interval separating the execution of two crossed lines intersections, the greater are the
differences in the spectral reactions.
Instrument 2 :
Red Ink-pad TRODAT
CLI =T
12 month interval
CLI T
12
Strong
chromatic luminescence
disappeared
Instrument 1 :
Bleu ballpoint
Stabilo Culture Pure
Case N 2
26 - 45


Proposal method to measure the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI
Figure 22 and 23 show the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI produced by the same
instruments, in the same position (1/2) with a 4-month time interval. Using colorimetric
software, the following results were obtained:
1. At the same time, CLI has a strong intensity of chromatic luminescence: 90%.
2. One month later the intensity in CLI reduced to 72%.
3. Two months later the intensity in CLI was 65%.
4. Three months later the intensity in CLI was only 36%.

Figure 22

Figure 23 there is a correlation between time and the Intensities of chromatic
luminescence in crossed line intersection (ICL-CLI)

In this type of CLI, measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in SRCLI could be a
new way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. These physical procedures enable us to
observe the ageing of ink, whereas a chemist has to use destructive methods to try and detect
the ageing of ink. New research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluate
the ageing of ink will be necessary.

27 - 45


Measuring Ink Migration
Measuring ink migration could be another method to
calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. We have
observed two types of migration: visible and invisible
migration.

Visible Migration
When one of two inks is liquid, chromatic migration
could easily be observed using daylight and a
stereomicroscope, but this type of migration is not
significant to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

Figure 24

Invisible Migration
The non-chromatic compound(s) of certain kinds of fluid inks tend to migrate through the
chromatic compounds of the other ink in crossed-line intersections. As invisible migration
cannot be observed using daylight and a stereomicroscope, we have to observe it using
chromatic luminescence produced by metameric light. Certain frequencies (modulations) of
metameric light show this invisible ink migration very explicitly as can be seen in Figure xx.

Figure 25 the green arrows show the invisible ink migration. This
characteristic is invisible using daylight

How long does the non-chromatic compound of fluid inks take to expand along the other ink?
We still do not know. We need to carry out new research to establish the speed of invisible
migration using the procedure described below.
Mrs ALONSO experiment

1/2
visible ink migration in CLI.

Invisible Migration
Daylight
Same picture using
Chromatic
Luminescence
28 - 45


Procedure to measure ink migration

To measure ink migration in CLI using fluid inks, we think it would be necessary to take
several pictures with chromatic luminescence and metameric lights using a specific protocol
which indicates the type instrument, the type of light, the type of barrier filter to be used.
10

Over a period of five years, we could for example:

1. Carry out the CLI and take a picture
2. Take the same type of picture every 5 minutes the first hour.
3. Take the same type of picture every 10 minutes the 2
nd
hour.
4. Take the same type of picture every 30 minutes the 3rd hour.
5. Take the same type of picture every hour as of the 4
th
hour to 8
th
hour.
6. Take the same type of picture every day during the 1
st
month.
7. Take the same type of picture every week during the next eleven months.
8. Take the same type of picture every three months during the next twelve months.
9. Take the same type of picture every four months during the next two years.
10. Take the same type of picture every six months during the last year.

At the end of the procedure, we would be able to observe and measure the speed of ink
migration for the kind of fluid inks used.

Figure 12 shows a real case of ink migration. This example did not benefit from a certified
method and so new research would be required to validate the speed of ink migration.

Figure 26 the image shows the invisible ink migration in a 5-year old signature

10
The filter and the frequency of metameric light used must be able to reveal the migration.
29 - 45


In the 3
rd
hypothesis we have demonstrated that:
2 CLI made at different time intervals (T
1
T
n
) using the same instruments in the same
position (2/1 and 2/1) do not give the same spectral reaction.

Figure 27

The results of the 3
rd
hypothesis were validated by Mr Jose BALBUENA, seconded by Mr
Miguel AGUILAR and Mr Emmanuel BECK and confirmed by the 17 international experts
participating in the 2nd Workshop on May 25
th
, 2012.

Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in CLI and the speed of invisible ink
migration could constitute new ways to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

It is hoped that chromatic luminescence and other technologies will evolve even further so
that the ageing of ink can be examined with more precision.
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
T1
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn
SRCLI
(2/1)
Tn

30 - 45


CONTRIBUTION OF THIS RESEARCH

In examining crossed line intersection

In the document Ref: METISL001 European Document Experts Working Group
Examination of Intersecting Lines, issued on 15 September 2004, several cautionary points
were made. It is hoped that this research offers new scientific ways to resolve these points.
In this section we will reproduce the cautionary points and present possible solutions.

3.3 Caution has to be taken when one of both inks involved in the crossing are aqueous
basedmaking the determination of the sequence difficult and often extremely risky.

Several procedures of this research could help to resolve aqueous inks in CLI:

Mrs Marian ALONSO experiment Method used
1: Black liquid ink - 2: Blue liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo

To determine the position of the instruments we
observed with metameric light whether there is or not
migration of inks
Two liquid inks
Result : 1/2: No migration - 2/1 Strong migration

Mrs Marianne SLETTEN experiment Method used
1: Fat blue ballpoint - 2: Liquid black ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo

a reddish reflection in the CLI

Only one liquid ink
Result : 1/2 reddish reflection 2/1 No reddish reflection

1
2
1
2
1: Back
aqueous
based ink
2: Blue
Aqueous
based ink
1
2
1/2
2/1
DAY LIGHT
2
1/2
2/1
DAY LIGHT
2
1/2
2/1
1
2
1/2
2/1
1
2
31 - 45


Mrs Katrina STOKES experiment Method used
1: Fat blue ballpoint ink - 2: Black liquid ink Chromatic luminescence + metameric light

Daylight photo

observed with chromatic luminescence and metameric
light the characteristics of SRCLI
Only one liquid ink
Result : 1/2: red reflection - 2/1 Absorption

Mr Ral CUARTERO experiment Method used
1: Fat blue ballpoint ink - 2: black liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo

a reddish reflection in CLI

Two liquid inks
Result : 1/2: reddish reflection - 2/1 Absorption

Mr Jess BARRON experiment Method used
1: Fat blue ballpoint ink - 2: Black liquid
ink
Metameric light + stereo microscope

Daylight photo


Only one liquid ink
Result : 1/2: strong reddish reflection 2/1 No reddish
reflection

=T 1/2 =T 2/1
1/2 2/1
A 1/2 A 2/1
A 1/2 A 2/1
1/2 2/1
1/2 2/1
32 - 45


3.6 Many examinations of intersecting lines result in an inconclusive opinion,
particularly if the same type and colour of ink are involved.

We have discovered some possible solutions for this kind of case:

Mr Jose ARENAS experiment Method used
1: Blue liquid ink - 2: Blue liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

observed with metameric light the characteristics of
the SRCLI
Liquid blue ink
Result : 1/2: No absorption - 2/1 Strong absorption

Mr Andrs SANFIEL experiment Method used
1: Black liquid ink - 2: Black liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

Same colour of ink
Result : 1/2: reddish reflection - 2/1 No reddish
reflection

Mrs Franoise GAURIER experiment Method used
1: Black liquid ink - 2: Black ink printer Metameric light + stereo microscope

observed with metameric light the characteristics of
the SRCLI
Liquid black ink
Result : 1/2: No absorption - 2/1 Strong absorption
1
2
1/2 2/1
1
2 1/2
2/1
1 : Black Fountain pen 2 : Black felt-tip pen
1/2 2/1
1
2
1/2
2/1
1/2 2/1
1/2 2/1
33 - 45


11.3.2 Liquid ink . A darker coloured line or one with a higher ink proportion will
appear to be on the top of a lighter coloured line or a thinner ink whether it is or not. On
normal paper these inks leave no layer on the surface and a higher magnification (SEM,
AFM) will not allow a determination.

We could propose some possible solutions for CLI using darker and light ink color:
Mrs Marian ALONSO experiment Method used
1: Black liquid ink - 2: Blue liquid ink Metameric light + stereo microscope

We have verified that in some CLI using
liquid inks dark and light ink color that
migration only occurred if the instruments
were in position: 2/1. By observing the ink
migration we do not need to be concerned by
the appearance or the proportion of ink.

We observed whether there is or not ink migration
Darker/ higher ink proportion
Result : 1/2: No migration - 2/1 Strong migration

Mr Manuel RUBIO experiment Method used
1: Black Fountain pen - 2: Black felt-tip pen Chromatic luminescence

Migration works independent of the colour of
ink.

1/2: A very pale pinkish luminescence shows the migration
through the darker ink. This is not the case in 2/1.
Result : 1/2: Migration - 2/1 No migration

Mrs Franoise GAURIER experiment Method used
1: Black liquid ink - 2: Black ink printer Chromatic luminescence

observed the SRCLI
Result : 1/2: A very pale pink luminescence -
2/1 absorption

1
2
2/1 1/2
1
2
2/1 1/2
1
2
2 : Felt-tip pen 1 : Black Fountain pen
1
2
Chromatic luminescence method
=T 1/2 =T 2/1
1/2 2/1
1/2 2/1
34 - 45


How to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink

Using the physical method described in this research, we have found that it could be possible
to observe the effect of time on certain inks. Measuring the intensity of chromatic
luminescence in CLI could help resolve the ageing of ink colorants in a much shorter time.
We have shown that the intensity of chromatic luminescence decreases dramatically as each
month goes by.

The physical analysis used in this research has been examined and validated by several
forensic laboratories. Because chromatic luminescence is a non-destructive methodological
analysis, all the results obtained throughout the research can be repeated.

To determine the ageing of ink with greater certitude, AIEED-INTERPOL is extending its
research over a 5-year period. The physical analysis used in this research could enable experts
to observe, measure and present court evidence using photos, complemented with colorimetric
diagrams.

One of the procedures used (chromatic luminescence) in this research to calculate/evaluate the
ageing of ink, enables the experts to observe invisible migration phenomena. The findings
obtained seem to be independent of colorant degradation.

The procedure used could help experts to measure the migration of the not chromatic
compound of certain kinds of fluid inks, along with other inks.

Certain frequencies of metameric light used with chromatic luminescence show invisible ink
migration very explicitly. It could be possible to use this procedure to measure the speed of
ink migration to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink.

We think that in the near future this could be a new way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of
ink.

35 - 45


CONCLUSIONS

All the conclusions emanating from the results of this research project are based on
documents that have been well stored. The writing instruments used in the study, represent
those most commonly used world-wide. 90% of the instruments universe is represented.

FIRST CONCLUSION

Concerning: the physical reactions in CLI

1. In the CLI of several cases (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1) using different inks,
we found several types of significant physical spectral reactions such as luminescence,
reflection, absorption, visible and invisible migration.
2. The spectral reaction in crossed-line intersections can be observed and measured for
use as forensic evidence.
3. Chromatic luminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in colour of
the chromatic reactions in CLI. The results of the analyses are presented in the form of
coloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presented as evidence. Others
spectral analysis could be added as complementary information.
4. Daylight, UV and IR analysis alone are insufficient for the kind of precision required
in CLI.

36 - 45


SECOND CONCLUSION

Concerning: the order of inscription of each line in CLI

1. In the CLI of several cases (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1), different spectral
reactions were found corresponding to the order of inscription of each line.
2. The use of metameric lights with stereo microscope and analysis by chromatic
luminescence would seem the best adapted to show variations in colour of the
chromatic reactions in CLI 1/2 and CLI 2/1. The result of the analysis is presented in
the form of coloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presented as evidence.
Others spectral analysis could be added as complementary information.
3. IR luminescence is less effective for the analysis of CLI. The presentation of the
spectral reactions in shades of grey is a serious handicap.
4. Day light alone is insufficient for the kind of precision required in CLI.
5. There are cases of CLI (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1) where we have not yet
found significant differences. We will extend our research of these cases.

37 - 45


THIRD CONCLUSION

Concerning: the time separating the execution of the two lines.

1. The 3-week interval used for the CLI in this research shows subtle indications of
temporality, insufficient to demonstrate scientifically the effects of time in CLI .
AIEED-INTERPOL decided to implement a new research project, in parallel over a 5-
year period; we have used some of the results of this new parallel research project to
show the physical reaction generated by the time interval in CLI.
2. Chromatic luminescence and determinated type of metameric illumination clearly
show the physical reaction generated by the time interval in CLI, we noticed that
in certain cases of inks the greater is the interval separating the execution of two
lines in CLI , the greater are the differences in the spectral reactions.
3. We have found in certain cases of inks there is a correlation between time and the
intensity in SRCLI . Measuring the intensity of chromatic luminescence in SRCLI
could be a new way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. The result of the analysis
is presented in the form of coloured images. Colour photos can be taken and presented
as evidence. Colorimetric analysis could be added as complementary information.
4. Chromatic luminescence complemented with certain frequencies of metameric light
clearly shows the invisible migration of certain inks ,measuring the speed of ink
migration could be another way to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. The result of
the analysis is presented in the form of coloured images. Colour photos can be taken
and presented as evidence. Colorimetric analysis could be added as complementary
information.
5. To measure ink migration we would need to take a picture every hour or every day
over a much longer period of time e.g. one year.
6. New research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluate the
ageing of ink will be necessary. The physical effect of time over ink could be
measured using colorimetric devices.
7. There are cases of CLI (instruments in position 1/2 and 2/1) where we have not yet
found significant evidence to calculate/evaluate the ageing of ink. We will extend
our research of these cases.

38 - 45


STATE OF PLAY OF THIS RESEARCH AND FUTURE
ORIENTATIONS

Based on the results of this research project and in light of the above-mentioned conclusions,
AIEED-INTERPOL considers that a number of actions need to be taken in order to complete
this research:

1. Pursue this kind of experimentation using documents stored in different conditions
(e.g. documents stored in very damp conditions, or exposed to sunlight).
2. Pursue new research to establish the appropriate procedures to calculate/evaluate the
ageing of ink to strengthen the results found using chromatic luminescence.
3. To determine the ageing of ink with greater certitude, AIEED-INTERPOL is
extending its research over a 5-year period; a new protocol will be submitted for
approval by the scientific committee.
4. Determine possible systematic errors in the methodology used.
5. Finish the study of the selectivity and detection limits as recommended by Prof. Celine
WEYERMANN.

39 - 45


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AIEED-INTERPOL would like to thank the scientific committee members for organising and
supervising Physical-Chemistry Study of Crossed Line Intersection.

REVISION
This document has been drafted by Mr Jose BALBUENA
The first revision was done by Mr Emmanuel BECK
The second revision was done by Mrs Carolyne BIRD
The third revision was done by Mr Carlos VARGAS.
The fourth revision was done by Mrs Daniela DJIDROVSKA.

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 list of participants
Appendix 2 list of experiments selected - type and colour of instrument used
Appendix 3 glossary of terms

40 - 45


BIBLIOGRAPHY - REFERENCES

Examination of Intersecting Lines.- European Documents Experts Working Group
(EDEWG).- 15 September 2004 Steering Committee European Documents Experts
Working Group EDEWG Ref: METISL001

Revue des mthodes de datation de l'encre: est-il possible de dterminer l'ge d'un
document en analysant l'encre? Revue International de Criminologie et des Police
Technique et Scientifique.- jul-sep 2008 par Cline WEYERMANN

Utilisation de l'nergie lumineuse dans la discrimination des couleurs.- M. Didier
DEVY - IV
me
Congrs International AIEED/ANPEC "L'Expertise en Ecritures et
Documents au 21
me
sicle" Grenade (Espagne) 6, 7 et 8 mars 2009

Chromatic luminescence applied in Forensic Science.- Mr Jos BALBUENA.-
International Conference in Criminal expertise.- Joao Pessoa-Brazil, October 4 to 9
2009

La couleur : lumire, vision et matriaux - Mady ELIAS et Jacques LAFAIT -
BELIN - ISBN-10: 2701141923 ISBN-13: 978-2701141923

Synthse additive http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%C3%A8se_additive

Fluorescence : http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence

Prvention des risques lis aux UV artificiels : http://bourgogne.sante.gouv.fr/sante-
environnement/habitat/pdf/risquesUV.pdf

La diffrence entre phosphorescence et fluorescence ? :
http://www.linternaute.com/science/magazine/expliquez-moi/phosphorescnec-
fluorescnece/phospho-fluo.shtml

Radiacin UV: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

Sir George Stokes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet

Analyse spectrale: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_spectrale

Le mtamrisme:
http://www.profil-couleur.com/lc/016-couleur-metamerisme.php

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tam%C3%A9risme

http://www.cmp-color.fr/nouveau_fichier_3.html
41 - 45


APPENDI X 1 - LI ST OF PARTI CI PANTS
NAME COUNTRY
N 01 Mrs Katrina STOKES Australia
N 02 Ms Carolyne BIRD Australia
N 03 Mrs Anne VANHAELEN Belgium
N 04 Marco de Jess MORAIS Brazil
N 05 Mrs. Jasna GALEKOVIC Croatia
N 06 Jess BARRON Spain
N 07 Juan ORELLANA Spain
N 08 Juan BERMEJO Spain
N 09 Mara RANERA Spain
N 10 Mary Sol DIAZ Spain
N 11 Jos ARENAS Spain
N 12 Fernandez VICENTE Spain
N 13 Marian ALONSO Spain
N 14 Jess VALLS PONCE Spain
N 15 Lisa RAE Spain
N 16 Jos NGELES Spain
N 17 Ral CUARTERO Spain
N 18 Fernando RUIZ Spain
N 19 Pilar GUERRA Spain
N 20 Ana VILLAR Spain
N 21 Julio SEZ Spain
N 22 Jos VENZAL Spain
N 23 Jos SABATER Spain
N 24 Jose MORENO Spain
N 25 Manuel RUBIO Spain
N 26 Andres SANFIEL Spain
N 27 Jacqueline BECK France
N 28 Jose BALBUENA France
N 29 Emmanuel BECK France
N 30 Catherine BERGERON France
N 31 J. Michel BOURGEOIS France
N 32 Florence BUISSON DEBARD France
N 33 Sylvie CAMPSERVEUX France
N 34 Fabienne COUBARD France
N 35 Franoise GAURIER France
N 36 Sandrine LOISEL France
N 37 Sophie PAVY France
N 38 J. Pierre REMBARZ France
N 39 Danielle PINSON France
N 40 Liliane NOEL France
N 41 Martine DOMONT France
N 42 Annick ICART France
N 43 Christel BADUFLE France
42 - 45


N 44 Sophie CARLIEZ France
N 45 Aliki ARAPANTONI Greece
N 46 Evangeli POLYRAKI Greece
N 47 Alexia POMONI Greece
N 48 Mr Michael MOORE Ireland
N 49 Yoshiyasu HIGASHIKAWA Japan
N 50 Daniela DJIDROVSKA, Macedonia
N 51 Abdelali El JIRARI Morocco
N 52 Magali LIRA CARRILLO, Mexico
N 53 Marianne SLETTEN Norway
N 54 Carlos VARGAS MERIDA Peru
N 55 Carlos VARGAS MORMOROY Peru
N 56 David SERRUTO LPEZ Peru
N 57 Adriana JABCANOVA Czech Republic
N 58 Mirea CONSTANTIN Romania
N 59 Andras RIPPERT Switzerland
N 60 Hugo TSHOPP Switzerland

43 - 45


APPENDI X 2 - LI ST OF EXPERI MENTS SELECTED

Experiment n Experiment carried out by Country
01
Mrs Katrina STOKES
AUSTRALIA
02
Mr Jos ARENAS
SPAIN
03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER FRANCE
04
Mr Manuel RUBIO
SPAIN
05 Mrs Marian ALONSO SPAIN
06 Mr Jos VENZAL SPAIN
07 Mrs Danielle PINZON FRANCE
08 Mrs Lisa RAE SPAIN
09 Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA JAPAN
10 Mr Jose BALBUENA FRANCE

TYPE AND COLOUR OF INSTRUMENT USED

Name 1st Instrument 2nd Instrument
N 01
Mrs Katrina STOKES
Ball point pen Felt-tip pen
N 02
Mr Jos ARENAS
Ball point pen Felt-tip pen
N 03 Mrs Franoise GAURIER
Ball point pen Fountain pen
N 04
Mr Manuel RUBIO
Fountain pen Felt-tip pen
N 05
Mrs Marian ALONSO
Fountain pen Fountain pen
N 06
Mr Jos VENZAL
Ball point pen Fountain pen
N 07
Mrs Danielle PINZON
N 08
Mrs Lisa RAE
Ball point pen Ink jet printer HP
N 09
Mr Y. HIGASHIKAWA
N 10
Mr Jose BALBUENA
Ink jet printer HP Fountain pen

44 - 45


APPENDI X 3 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Instrument : Writing instrument e.g. ballpoint, fountain pen.

Equipment: Spectral analysis equipment used for the research.

1/2 : Writing instrument n1 is positioned over writing instrument n2

2/1 : Writing instrument n 2 is positioned over writing instrument n1

EEM : Expert-Experimenter-Measurer.

CLI : Crossed line intersections.

+CLI : Positive crossed-line intersection i.e. when it is possible to identify the position of the
instruments.

- CLI : Negative crossed-line intersection i.e. when it is not possible to identify the position of
the instruments.

T
1
: Time one is the start date and time used for the first crossed line intersection of the
research experiment.

T
n
: Time n is any other date and time used to carry out the crossed line intersections.

=T : Same time.

T : Different time interval.

CLI ()
T1
: This corresponds to the first crossed-line intersection produced by two writing
instruments whereby instrument n 1 is positioned over instrument n 2.

CLI ()
T5
: This corresponds to the crossed-line intersection produced at the fifth time interval
by two writing instruments whereby instrument n 1 is positioned over instrument n 2.

Sector A: CLI done one day later.

Sector B: CLI done one week later.

Sector C: CLI done two weeks later.

Sector D: CLI done three weeks later.

SRCLI: Spectral reaction in crossed line intersections. It is used to describe the physical
characteristics in the crossed line intersections.

45 - 45


This is confidential information and may not be used for other purposes.

All rights reserved. Any representation or total or partial reproduction made by any means
whatsoever, without the written consent of the AIEED shall be illegal and shall constitute a
counterfeit sanctioned by Articles 425 et seq. of the French Penal Code.

AIEED Association Loi 1901 - SIRET : 439 593 575 00012 APE 913E
20, rue de Champemin - 69390 - VOURLES - France - Tl. (33) 4.78.37.28.19
Organisme de formation enregistr sous le N 11950375695
Internet : www.aieed.asso.fr E. mail : dir@aieed.asso.fr

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