Q/As :

1. Calculation of the modulation index and power of the modulated signal from the
experimental data is given below:
Calculation of modulation index for first case:
A
max
= 3.939V
A
min
= .3V
!odulation "ndex# a = $A
max
% A
min
& ' $

A
max
( A
min
& = .99) * 1
Calculation of power for first case:
+ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# / = 0.1d2
1log
1
$3& = /
3 = 1
$/ ' 1&
= 3.999445
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 3 = 3.999445
Another pea, $of message and carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# + = % .19d2
1log
1
$7& = +
7 = 1
$+ ' 1&
= .93840
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 7 = .93840
3ower = 13
1
( 47
1
= 38.4919
Figure 1 : PSD of the modulated signal for this case(a=1)
Calculation of modulation index for 6econd case:
A
max
= 8.143V
A
min
= %.9)4V
!odulation "ndex# a = $A
max
% A
min
& ' $

A
max
( A
min
& = 1.453
Calculation of power for 6econd case:
+ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# / = 0.1d2
1log
1
$3& = /
3 = 1
$/ ' 1&
= 3.999445
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 3 = 3.999445
Another pea, $of message and carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# + = 3.54d2
1log
1
$7& = +
7 = 1
$+ ' 1&
= 1.308919
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 7 = 1.308919
3ower = 13
1
( 47
1
= 84.3)19
Figure 2 : PSD of the modulated signal for this case(a>1)
Calculation of modulation index for third case:
A
max
= 3.3)9V
A
min
= .031V
!odulation "ndex# a = $A
max
% A
min
& ' $

A
max
( A
min
& = .0)80
Calculation of power for third case:
+ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# / = 8.94d2
1log
1
$3& = /
3 = 1
$/ ' 1&
= 3.910449
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 3 = 3.910449
Another pea, $of message and carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# + = %3.19d2
1log
1
$7& = +
7 = 1
$+ ' 1&
= .40))13
6o# +ighest pea, $of carrier& from fre-uenc. spectrum# 7 = .40))13
3ower = 13
1
( 47
1
= 31.5139
Figure 3: PSD of the modulated signal for this case(a<1)
1. :he ma;or advantage of conventional A! signal transmission is the ease with which
the signal can be demodulated. :here is no need for a s.nchronous demodulator. "f the
message signal m$t& satisfies the condition <m$t&<=1# the envelope $amplitude&
1(m$t&>. "f we rectif. the received signal# we eliminate the negative values without
affecting the message signal. :he rectified signal is e-ual to u$t& when u$t&> and ?ero
when u$t&=. :he message signal is recovered b. passing the rectified signal through a
lowpass filter whose bandwidth matches that of the message signal. :he dc
component can then be eliminated b. passing this output through a transformer.
@utput of the transformer is amplified'attenuated version of the message signal.
:he simplicit. of the demodulator has made conventional A62 A! a practical choice
for A! radio broadcasting. 6ince there are literall. billions of radio receivers# an
inexpensive implementation of the demodulator is extremel. important. :he power
inefficienc. of conventional A! is justified b. the fact that there are few broadcast
transmitters relative to the number of receivers. Conse-uentl.# it is cost effective to
construct powerful transmitters and sacrifice power efficienc. in order to simplif. the
signal demodulation at the receivers.
:hatBs wh. C:hough A62 is an inefficient modulation method in terms of power#
because of eas. detection# itBs preferred over A62%6C in A! modulation.D
3. !A:EA2 code for a conventional A! signal generation and plot of modulated signal
for the as,ed values of Fa is given below:
clc
clf
clear all
del=1G%0H
am=1H
fm=33H
Ac=1H
fc=0H
t=:del:.1H
mt=amIcos$1IpiIfm.It&H
ct=AcIcos$1IpiIfc.It&H
Fa1=.5
ut1=AcI$1(Fa1IamIcos$1IpiIfm.It&&.Icos$1IpiIfc.It&H
Fa1=1
ut1=AcI$1(Fa1IamIcos$1IpiIfm.It&&.Icos$1IpiIfc.It&H
Fa3=1.0
ut3=AcI$1(Fa3IamIcos$1IpiIfm.It&&.Icos$1IpiIfc.It&H
figure$1&
subplot$311&
plot$t#ut1&
grid on
xlabel$Jtime# tJ&
.label$Jmodulated signal#u$t&J&
title$Ju$t& vs t plot for Fa=.5J&
subplot$311&
plot$t#ut1&
grid on
xlabel$Jtime# tJ&
.label$Jmodulated signal#u$t&J&
title$Ju$t& vs t plot for Fa=1J&
subplot$313&
plot$t#ut3&
grid on
xlabel$Jtime# tJ&
.label$Jmodulated signal#u$t&J&
title$Ju$t& vs t plot for Fa=1.0J&
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
-40
-20
0
20
40
time, t
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l
,
u
(
t
)
u(t) vs t plot for Ka=0.7
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
-40
-20
0
20
40
time, t
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l
,
u
(
t
)
u(t) vs t plot for Ka=1
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
-100
-50
0
50
100
time, t
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d

s
i
g
n
a
l
,
u
(
t
)
u(t) vs t plot for Ka=1.6
Reference:
1. Communication 6.stems Kngineering# 1
nd
KditionH Author: Lohn /. 3roa,is# !asoud
6alehi