Imp Gic

12
Audit of General Insurance Companies

12.1 Introduction
The general insurance business in India is governed by the Insurance Act, 1938 which is
based on the British Insurance Act. The Act was amended in 1969 for social control to govern
the general insurance business on healthy lines. However, it was felt that there still existed
some scope for improvement. In view of this, on May 13, 1971 the government nationalised
the general insurance industry by an ordinance which became the General Insurance
(Nationalisation) Act, 1972. At that time there were 63 domestic insurance companies and 44
foreign, insurance companies operating in India. The managements of all the 107 companies
were taken over by the Government and accordingly the General Insurance Corporation (GIC)
was formed as a government company on November 22, 1972. The GIC as the holding
company is entrusted with the task of superintending, controlling and carrying on the general
insurance business in the country. Its subsidiaries in all the four zones of the country viz., the
Oriental Fire & General Insurance Company (now known as the Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd.),
the National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company Ltd. and the United
India Insurance Company write all classes of direct business of general insurance except
aviation which is written by the GIC.
The liberalisation of insurance sector has changed the nature of State involvement in
insurance from controlling operations to establishing and monitoring market functioning rules,
prudential regulations, focussing on solvency requirements and customer protection
measures. Accordingly, the Government of India, with a view to achieving effective regulation,
decided to establish a regulator of the insurance industry. The decision of the Government
was translated into reality by the enactment of Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority (IRDA) Act in the year 1999. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
Act, 1999 (Authority in brief) provided for the establishment of an Authority to protect the
interests of holders of insurance policies, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of
the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The Authority
has been assigned the duty to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance
business and re-insurance business.
12.2 Legal Framework
It is important for the auditor to familiarise himself with various statutes governing the
insurance industry. The auditor, while familiarising himself with various rules, regulations,
relevant notifications, should also look into the important aspects arising out of those which
might have an effect on determination of nature, timing and extent of audit procedures, while
performing his role as an auditor.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Audit of General Insurance Companies 12.2

The primary legislations which deal with the insurance business in India are the Insurance Act,
1938 and the IRDA Act, 1999. Various aspects relating to audit are dealt with around the
framework of the following statutes and rules made thereunder:
(a) The Insurance Act, 1938 (including Insurance Rules, 1939);
(b) The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999;
(c) The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Regulations framed under the
IRDA, Act, 1999;
(d) The Companies Act, 1956; and
(e) The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (including Rules framed
thereunder).
Some relevant statutory provisions are discussed below:
Insurer - Section 2(9) of the Insurance Act, 1938 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) defines
the term Insurer as:
(a) any individual or unincorporated body of individuals or body corporate incorporated under
the law of any country other than India, carrying on insurance business not being a
person specified in sub-clause (c) of this clause which
(i) carries on that business in India, or
(ii) has his or its principal place of business, employs a representative, or maintains a
place of business, in India;
(b) any body corporate not being a person specified in sub-clause (c) of this clause carrying
on the business of insurance, which is a body corporate incorporated under any law for
the time being in force in India; or stands to any such body corporate in the relation of a
subsidiary company within the meaning of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 , (7 of 1913),
as defined by sub-section (2) of Section 2 of that Act; and
(c) any person who in India has a standing contract with underwriters who are members of
the Society of Lloyds whereby such person is authorised within the terms of such
contract to issue protection notes, cover notes, or other documents granting insurance
cover to others on behalf of the underwriters,
but does not include a principal agent, chief agent, special agent, or an insurance agent
or a provident society.
Policy Holder - Section 2(2) of the Insurance Act, 1938 defines the term policy holder as a
person to whom the whole of the interest of the policy holder in the policy is assigned once
and for all, but does not include an assigner thereof whose interest in the policy is defensible
or is for the time being subject to any condition.
Prohibition of Insurance Business by Certain Persons - Prior to the Insurance Regulatory
and Development Authority Act, 1999 coming into force, as per Section 2C of the Insurance
Act, 1938, the insurance business could be transacted by a public company, a co-operative
society or any body corporate. All the three kinds of organisations were permitted to engage in
12.3 Advanced Auditing and Professional Ethics

the business of any class of insurance. Third proviso to section 2C(1) of the Insurance Act,
1938 (inserted by the IRDA Act, 1999) prohibits persons other than an Indian insurance
company to begin to transact the insurance business after the commencement of the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999. Thus, the enterprises that were
engaged in the insurance business prior to the commencement of the IRDA Act, 1999
continue to exist but a new insurance industry entrant can only be an Indian insurance
company. The proviso inserted under section 2C(1) of the Act is reproduced below:
Provided also that no insurer other than an Indian Insurance Company shall begin
to carry on any class of insurance business in India under this Act on or after the
commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.
The definition of Indian Insurance Company given under section 2(7A) of the Insurance Act,
1938 is also reproduced:
An Indian insurance company means an insurer being a company-
(a) which is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956;
(b) in which the aggregate holding of equity shares by a foreign company, either by itself or
through its subsidiary companies or nominees does not exceed 26% of the paid up equity
capital of such Indian insurance company; and
(c) whose sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or general insurance business
or re-insurance business.
Explanation: For the purposes of this clause, the expression foreign company shall have the
meaning assigned to it under Clause (23A) of section 2 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of
1961).
The Insurance (Amendment) Act, 2002 provides as per sub-section (3) of Section 2C that an
insurance cooperative society may carry on any class of insurance business in India.
Registration of Indian Insurance Companies - Section 3 of the Insurance Act, 1938 requires
every insurer to obtain a certificate of registration before commencement of insurance
business in India. The section empowers the Authority to make regulations for registration of
insurers. It may be noted here that no insurer other than an Indian insurance company can
commence the insurance business after the enactment of the IRDA Act, 1999. The registration
of Indian insurance companies is done in accordance with the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority (Registration of Indian Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2000. The
salient features of these Regulations are as follows:
Licensing of Insurance Agents - Section 42 of the Insurance Act, 1938 requires that a
person desirous of becoming an insurance agent for the purpose of soliciting or procuring
insurance business should not suffer from any of the disqualifications mentioned in sub-
section (4) of Section 42 of the Act. In order to be qualified under sub-section (4), a person
desirous of becoming an insurance agent should possess the requisite qualifications and
practical training for a period not exceeding 12 months, as may be specified by the regulations
made by the Authority in this behalf. It may be noted that the Authority has issued IRDA
(Licensing of Insurance Agents) Regulations, 2000. An insurance agent seeking renewal of his

license is also required to comply with the IRDA (Licensing of Insurance Agents) Regulations,
2000. There is also a stringent code of conduct prescribed for the insurance agents and for
those seeking renewal of license, at least 50 hours of training is a prerequisite.
Obligations of Insurance Companies to the Rural and Social Sectors - Like any other
industry, the insurance industry also has certain social obligations. For effective discharge of
these obligations, the IRDA Act, 1999 inserted sections 32B and 32C in the Act. Section 32B
empowers the Authority to prescribe the percentages of life insurance business, and general
insurance business in the rural or social sector. Section 32C makes it mandatory for every
insurer to discharge his obligations mentioned under section 32B of the Act. The obligations
include providing life insurance and general insurance cover to the persons residing in the
rural sector including insurance for crops, workers in the unorganised or informal sector or for
economically vulnerable or backward classes of the society and such other categories of
persons as maybe specified by the Regulations made by the Authority. In exercise of the
powers conferred by section 32B and section 32C of the Act, the Authority has issued IRDA
(Obligation of Insurers to Rural or Social Sectors) Regulations, 2000. According to the
Regulations, during the first five financial years, an insurance company is required to ensure
that the total gross premium income pertaining to the rural sector (including insurance for
crops) should be atleast 2% in the first financial year, 3% in the second financial year and 5%
thereafter of the total gross premium income written directly in that year.
Rural sector means any place as per the latest census, which has
(i) a population of not more than five thousand;
(ii) a density of population of less than four hundred per square kilometer; and
(iii) at least twenty-five per cent of the male working population is engaged in agriculture.
Power to Suspend Registration- The Authority, under section 14(2)(a) of the IRDA Act,
1999, has the power to suspend a class or classes of insurance business for such period as
may be specified, after holding an inquiry in accordance with the procedures prescribed in the
Regulations. Insurers have to cease to transact new insurance business of such class(es)
from the date of suspension or cancellation of the Certificate.
Requirements as to the Minimum Paid-up Capital - The minimum paid-up equity share
capital of an Indian insurance company carrying on general insurance business should be `
100 crores or more, excluding deposits under Section 7 of the Insurance Act, 1938 and
preliminary expenses incurred in the formation and registration of company. The transitional
period of six months for existing insurance companies is allowed from the date of
commencement of the IRDA Act, 1999 for achieving the minimum paid up capital. The
management of an insurance company needs to certify the pattern of shareholding as on
every Balance Sheet date.
Deposits - Section 7 of the Insurance Act, 1938 requires every insurer, carrying a general
insurance business, to deposit and keep deposited with RBI in its one of the offices in India a
sum equivalent to three percent of total gross premium written in India in any financial year.
The maximum limit of deposit under this section is Rupees ten crores. The deposit is to be for
and on behalf of the Government of India. The deposit can be made either by way of cash or

investment in approved securities. If securities are deposited, their estimated market value on
the date of deposit is to be seen. The amount of deposit required in the case of reinsurance
business is rupees twenty crores. The proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 7 relaxes the
deposit requirement in cases where the business done or to be done is marine insurance
business or relates exclusively to country craft or its cargo or both. The amount of deposit
required in such cases is Rupees one lacs only. It may be noted here that an insurer cannot
be registered for any class of insurance business in addition to the class or classes for which
the insurer is already registered until the full deposit required under section 7 has been made
in respect of insurance business already being carried on by the insurer.
According to section 8 of the Insurance Act, 1938, the deposit made under section 7 are not
susceptible of any assignment or charge and are also not available for discharge of any
liability of the insurer other than those arising from the insurance policies issued and
remaining undischarged. The deposit is also not liable to attachment or decree except a
decree obtained by a policyholder in case of non discharge of liability arising out of the
insurance policy issued. Section 9 of the Act provides for refund of deposit in case the
insurance business is closed and all the liabilities have been settled. The Court, after
satisfaction and an application made by insurer, may order refund.
12.3 Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Act,
1999 and Regulations Framed thereunder
As mentioned earlier, the IRDA Act, 1999 has established the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority (the Authority) and has also provided for establishment of the
Insurance Advisory Committee to advise the Authority on various matters. The IRDA Act, 1999
has also made amendments to the Insurance Act, 1938, the Life Insurance Corporation Act,
1956 and the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 by insertion of the First,
Second and Third Schedules to the IRDA Act, 1999. These Schedules contain amendments to
rationalise the provisions of the Insurance Act, 1938 and other statutes with the IRDA Act,
1999 and the Regulations.
12.4 Features of Accounting System of Insurance Companies
The system of recording, classifying and summarising the transactions in insurance
companies, is, in substance, no different from other entities. However, in case of insurance
companies, the ledger accounts specially those of premiums, claims, commissions, etc. need
to be given greater attention. The functions of accounting system in general insurance
business under IT environment may be based on:
Underwriting module
Claims module
Agency management module
Accounts module
Investment module
Reinsurance module

Every insurer, after the commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority Act, 1999, in respect of insurance business transacted and in respect of
shareholders funds, is required to prepare a Balance Sheet, a Profit and Loss Account, a
separate Account of Receipts and Payments, a Revenue Account for each year in accordance
with the Regulations made by the Authority. Sub-section 1B of section 11, of the Insurance
Act, 1938, specifies that every insurer should keep separate accounts relating to funds of
shareholders and policyholders.
12.4.1 Form and Contents of Financial Statements - Section 11(1A) of the Insurance Act,
1938 provides -
Every insurer, on or after the commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority Act, 1999, in respect of insurance business transacted by
him and in respect of his shareholders funds, shall, at the expiration of each
financial year, prepare with reference to that year, a balance-sheet, a profit and loss
account, a separate account of receipts and payments, a revenue account in
accordance with the regulations made by the Authority.
The Authority, in pursuance of the powers conferred to it by the provisions of Section 114 A of the
Insurance Act, 1938, has issued regulations for the preparation of the financial statements and
auditors report of companies carrying on insurance business. The Regulations contain three
schedules. Schedule A is applicable to companies carrying on life insurance business. Schedule B
of the Regulations lays down the accounting principles, disclosures forming part of financial
statements, general instructions for preparation of financial statements, the contents of the
management report and the formats in which the financial statements of an insurer carrying on
general insurance business should be drawn up. Schedule B is in five parts, covering various
aspects related to the preparation of financial statements, which form the main basis for
preparation of financial statements of general insurance companies. The five parts have been
outlined in the following paragraphs. Schedule C to the Regulations lays down the matters to be
dealt with by the auditors report of an insurance company. Schedule C is applicable to insurers
carrying on general insurance business as well as life insurance business.
12.4.2 Requirements of Schedule B to the IRDA (Preparation of Financial Statements
and Auditors Report of Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2002
Part I Accounting Principles for Preparation of Financial Statements
1. Applicability of Accounting Standards 2. Premium
3. Premium Deficiency 4. Acquisition Costs 5. Claims
6. Recognition of Surplus arising in non-participating funds as profit / loss in the Profit & Loss Account
7. Loans 8. Catastrophe Reserve
PART II: Disclosures forming part of Financial Statements
Part III: General Instructions for Preparation of Financial Statements
Part IV: Contents of Management Report
Part V: Preparation of Financial Statements

For details alongwith Format of the above, students may refer Chapter 5 of Volume I of
the Paper 5 Advanced Accounting, IPCC Study Material.
Audit Considerations - As mentioned earlier, Schedule C to the IRDA (Preparation of
Financial Statements and Auditors Report of Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2000
prescribes the matters to be dealt with by the auditors report. The auditors, under clause (3)
of Schedule C to the Regulations, are required to certify that they have reviewed the
management report and there is no apparent mistake or material inconsistencies in the
management report with the financial statements. The auditors are also required to certify that
the insurer has complied with the terms and conditions of the registration stipulated by the
Authority.
From the foregoing, it is clear that the auditor has to examine the contents of the management
report with a view to certify that there are no material inconsistencies in the same with the
financial statements. The auditor should, based upon the audit conducted and information and
explanations gathered during the course of the audit, verify that there are no material
misstatements in the management report. As far as certification of compliance with the terms
and conditions of the registration stipulated by the Authority is concerned, the auditor should
ask for the relevant documents from the management of the company and conduct an
examination thereof. Based on his observation, the auditor should certify the aforesaid
compliance.
12.4.3 Signatures and Reports to be attached with the Accounts and Statements- Sub-
section (2) of section 11 of the Insurance Act, 1938 provides that the accounts and statements
referred to in sub-section (1) should be signed, in the case of a company, by the chairman, if
any, and two directors and the principal officer of the company. It further provides that the
accounts and statements should be accompanied by a statement containing the names,
descriptions and occupations of, and the directorships held by, the persons in charge of the
management of the business during the period to which such statements refers, and by a
report on the affairs of the business during that period.
12.4.4 Requirements of the Insurance Act, 1938 vis a vis the Companies Act, 1956 -
Disclosures under the Companies Act, 1956 relating to the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss
Account of the company, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the
Insurance Act, 1938, also apply to the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account of an
insurance company.
Sub-section (5) of section 211 of the Companies Act, 1956 provides that the Balance Sheet
and the Profit and Loss Account of a company should not be treated as not disclosing a true
and fair view of the state of affairs of the company, merely by reason of the fact that they do
not disclose, in the case of an insurance company, any matters which are not required to be
disclosed under the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938). However, if an insurance company so
desires, it may disclose the information not required to be disclosed under the Insurance Act,
1938.
According to Section 616 of the Companies Act, 1956, the provisions of the Companies Act,
1956 apply to insurance companies, except in so far as the said provisions are inconsistent
with the provisions of the Insurance Act, 1938. Section 117 of Insurance Act, 1938, provides

that nothing in the Insurance Act, 1938 shall affect the liability of an insurer, being a company,
to comply with the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 in matters not otherwise
specifically provided for by Insurance Act, 1938. Therefore, the provisions of the Companies
Act, 1956 would be applicable wherever the Insurance Act, 1938 does not cover the relevant
aspects and the insurer is a company within the meaning of the Companies Act, 1956. The
provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 should be applied in a harmonised manner with the
provisions of the Insurance Act, 1938, and the rules and regulations framed thereunder.
It may be mentioned here that the erstwhile Indian Companies Act, 1913 has been replaced by
the Companies Act, 1956. Therefore, it is suggested that reference to 1913 legislation should
be construed as a reference to the corresponding provisions of the Companies Act, 1956.
12.4.5 Accounting Policies - The IRDA Regulations on preparation of financial statements
and auditors report specify that the following accounting policies should form an integral part
of the financial statements:
(a) All significant policies in terms of Accounting Standards issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India, and significant principles and policies given in Part I of
Accounting Principles. Any other accounting policies followed by the insurer should be
stated in the manner required under AS-1 issued by the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India.
(b) Any departure from the accounting policies as aforesaid is required to be separately
disclosed with reasons for such departure.
In connection with the matters in respect of which the auditor has to express an opinion as
prescribed in Schedule C to the IRDA (Preparation of Financial Statements and Auditors
Report of Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2000, the auditor has to report whether the
financial statements are prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Insurance Act,
1938 (4 of 1938), the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999)
and the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), to the extent applicable and in the manner so
required.
12.5 Audit of Accounts
Under section 12 of the Insurance Act, 1938, the financial statements of every insurer are
required to be audited annually by an auditor. Section 2(4) of the Insurance Act, 1938 defines
the term auditor as a person qualified under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 to act as
an auditor of a company. The auditor, for audit of financial statements, has the powers to
exercise the rights vested in, and discharge the duties and be subject to the liabilities and
penalties imposed on auditors of companies under the Companies Act, 1956.
The provisions of Section 12 of the Insurance Act, 1938 apply only in a case where the
financial statements of the insurer are not subject to audit under the Companies Act, 1956. A
company carrying on general insurance business is subject to audit requirements laid down
under the Companies Act, 1956.
The financial statements under section 12 include Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account and
Revenue Account. Section 12 of the Insurance Act, 1938 does not cover the requirement for

audit of the Receipts and Payments Account of an insurer. It may be noted that the Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 inserted a new sub-section (1A) in Section
11 of the Insurance Act, 1938. The sub-section has an overriding effect over sub-section (1) of
section 11 that prescribed the financial statements to be prepared by an insurer. The new sub-
section requires that after the commencements of IRDA Act, 1999, every insurer, in respect of
insurance business transacted by him and in respect of his shareholders funds, should
prepare, at the end of each financial year, a Balance Sheet, a Profit and Loss Account, a
separate Account of Receipts and Payments and a Revenue Account in accordance with the
regulations made by the IRDA. Since Receipts and Payments Account has been made a part
of financial statements of an insurer, it is implied that the Receipts and Payment Account is
also required to be audited.
The Authority, in exercise of the powers conferred by the Insurance Act, 1938, issued the
IRDA (Preparation of Financial Statements and Auditors Report of Insurance Companies)
Regulations, 2000. These Regulations require the auditor of an insurance company to report
whether the Receipts and Payments Account of the insurer is in agreement with the books of
account and returns. The auditor is also required to express an opinion as to whether the
Receipts and Payments Account has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the
relevant statutes and whether the Receipts and Payments Account gives a true and fair view
of the receipts and payments of the insurer for the period under audit. This also implies that
the auditor is required to audit the Receipts and Payments Account of the insurer.
12.5.1 Appointment of auditors - The appointment of statutory auditors in the General
Insurance Corporation of India, and its subsidiaries and the divisions is made by the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India, as in the case of other public sector undertakings.
The appointment of auditors of the agencies abroad is made by the Board of Directors of each
company.
12.5.2 Rights and duties of Branch Auditors -It is a practice that the divisional offices
prepares a trial balance in a manner that it provides information required to be included in the
various formats of financial statements prescribed in the Insurance Act. Each trial balance, in
which are incorporated the figures relating to the branches of the divisions, is required to be
audited and the report thereon is furnished to the statutory auditors. The divisions of the
companies carrying on general insurance business are treated for the purposes of the
Companies Act, 1956 as their branches. It follows that the branch auditors appointed to
conduct the audit of the divisions have the same rights and obligations under the statute as
those of the, statutory auditors to whom they are expected to submit their report.
12.5.3 Auditors Report - The Authority has prescribed the matters to be dealt with by the
Auditors Report vide Regulation 3 under Schedule C of IRDA (Preparation of Financial
Statements and Auditors Report of Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2000. The Schedule
C is reproduced below -
The report of the auditors on the financial statements of every insurer shall deal with the
specified herein -

1. (a) That they have obtained all the information and explanations which, to the best of
their knowledge and belief, were necessary for the purposes of their audit and
whether they have found them satisfactory;
(b) Whether proper books of account have been maintained by the insurer so far as
appears from an examination of those books;
(c) Whether proper returns, audited or unaudited, from branches and other offices have
been received and whether they were adequate for the purpose of their audit;
(d) Whether the Balance Sheet, Revenue Accounts and Profit and Loss Account dealt
with by the report and the Receipts and Payments Account are in agreement with
the books of account and returns;
(e) Whether the actuarial valuation of liabilities is duly certified by the appointed
actuary, including to the effect that the assumptions for such valuation are in
accordance with the guidelines and norms, if any, issued by the authority and/or the
Actuarial Society of India in concurrence with the Authority.
2. The auditors shall express their opinion on:
(a) (i) Whether the Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the insurers affairs
as at the end of the financial year/period;
(ii) Whether the Revenue Account gives a true and fair view of the surplus or the
deficit for the financial year/period;
(iii) Whether the Profit and Loss Account gives a true and fair view of the profit or
loss for the financial year/period;
(iv) Whether the Receipts and Payments Account gives a true and fair view of the
receipts and payments for the financial year/period;
(b) The financial statements stated at (a) above are prepared in accordance with the
requirements of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938), the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999) and the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of
1956), to the extent applicable and in the manner so required.
(c) Investments have been valued in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the
Regulations.
(d) The accounting policies selected by the insurer are appropriate and are in
compliance with the applicable Accounting Standards and with the accounting
principles, as prescribed in these Regulations or any order or direction issued by the
Authority in this behalf.
3. The auditors shall further certify that:
(a) they have reviewed the management report and that there is no apparent mistake or
material inconsistencies with the financial statements; and
(b) the insurer has complied with the terms and conditions of the registration stipulated
by the Authority.

4. A certificate signed by the auditors (which is in addition to any other certificate or report
which is required by law to be given with respect to the balance sheet) certifying that :
(a) they have verified the cash balances and the securities relating to the insurers
loans, reversions and life interests (in the case of life insurers) and investments;
(b) the extent, if any, to which they have verified the investments and transactions
relating to any trusts undertaken by the insurer as trustee; and
(c) no part of the assets of the policyholders funds has been directly or indirectly
applied in contravention of the provisions of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938)
relating to the application and investments of the policyholders funds.
Students may also note that auditors are required to follow the format of report prescribed by
the Institute.
12.5.4 Direction of C & AG- The Comptroller and Auditor General of India has the power to
direct the manner in which the accounts shall be audited and give such instructions in regard
to any matter relating to performance of functions by the auditor and to conduct the
supplementary or test audit of the accounts of such companies by such person or persons as
may be authorised in this behalf. For the purposes of such audit the C & AG may require
information or additional information on such matters and in such form as may be directed by
him in terms of Section 619 (4) of the Companies Act, 1956. The statutory auditors are
required to submit a copy of their report to the C & AG who has the right to comment upon or
supplement the audit report. By virtue of the powers vested in him under Section 619(3) (a) of
the Companies Act, 1956 the C & AG has recently directed that a supplementary report be
made by the auditors appointed under Section 619 (2) of the said Act in case of companies
carrying on general insurance business. The said report would be on matters listed in the
Appendix to this unit of the study.
12.5.5 Tax Audit - It is necessary for general insurance companies to get their accounts
audited under Section 44AB of the said Act. For this purpose, the tax auditor(s) may be
appointed by the company itself by means of a resolution of the Board of Directors or by the
Chairman/Managing Director if so authorised in this behalf. The company is expected to fix
separate remuneration for the auditor (s) appointed for this purpose. The Form of tax audit
report applicable would be Form 3C and the prescribed particulars would have to be given in
Form 3CD, in accordance with Rule 6G of the Income Tax Rules, 1962, pursuant to Section
44AB of the Income Tax Act, 1961. It is recommended that, wherever applicable, a common
audit programme be framed for statutory audit and for certification of the prescribed particulars
under the aforesaid rules for tax audit.
12.5.6 Applicability of CARO, 2003 - As per Section 1(2) of Companies (Auditors Report)
Order, 2003, (as amended in November 2004) the provisions of CARO are not applicable to
insurance companies.

12.6 Specific Control Procedures Related to General Insurance
Business
The internal control functions have been categorised below under main operational cycles
considering the nature of general insurance business. Areas where the internal controls are
similar to the ones adopted by other companies such as for cash and bank receipts and
payments and fixed assets, have been dealt in the Internal Control Questionnaire, published
by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Since various operational cycles are inter-
linked, the internal controls operating within the systems of such cycles should be reviewed
simultaneously.
12.6.1 Underwriting - The underwriting function, which comprises of examination and
evaluation of applications for insurance, the rating of risks and the establishment of premiums,
is fundamental to the operations of a general insurance company. The prime objectives of an
internal control system for underwriting is adherence to guidelines for acceptances of
insurance, proper recording of insurance risk and its evaluation
12.6.2 Premium - Premium is the consideration received by an insurer from the insured under
an insurance contract, whereby the insurer agrees to undertake certain sum of risk on behalf
of the insured. The objectives of internal controls over premium is to ensure that correct
premium is calculated and collected before acceptance of any risk, that premium is accounted
for in an appropriate manner and that the premium is collected only in respect of such risks
which are assumed by the company.
12.6.3 Commission - The commission is the consideration payable for getting the insurance
business. The term commission is used for the payment of consideration to get Direct
business. In case of reinsurance, the term used is Commission on reinsurance accepted. The
internal control with regard to commission is aimed at ensuring that commission is paid in
accordance with the rules and regulations of the company and in accordance with the
agreement with the agent, commission is paid to the agent who brought the business and the
legal compliances, for example, tax deduction at sources and provisions of the Insurance Act,
1938 have been complied with.
12.6.4 Reinsurance - The key control objectives generally associated with reinsurance
transaction involve determination of correct amounts for reinsurance ceded, proper valuation
of assets and liabilities arising out of reinsurance transactions and adherence to legal
provisions, regulations and reinsurance agreements.
12.6.5 Claims -A demand for payment of policy benefit because of the occurrence of an insured
event is known as claim. Cost of claims to the company includes all the expenses incurred in
settlement of claims. Internal controls are established over claims to ensure that only bonafide
claims are paid. Cost of claims are properly recorded and disclosed in the financial statements.
12.7 Audit Procedures
The important part of the business operations of general insurance companies comprises the
issuance of policies for risks assumed and to indemnify the insured for losses to the extent
covered by such policies. In financial terms, these operations get translated into the receipt

and recording of premiums and the recording and settlement of claims. Both premiums and
claims have a significant impact on the insurance companies revenues, it would be an
important part of the duty of the auditor to satisfy himself that the financial transactions
involving both these operations have been fairly and properly recorded in the relevant books
of account. The auditor should also ensure that the legal requirements as to the disclosure of
these items are complied with in the financial statements.
12.7.1 Premium - Insurance premium is collected upon issuing policies. It is the consideration
for bearing the risk by the insurance company. The assumption of the risk starts on the issue
of receipt based on the acceptance of proposal form or cover note by the respective
underwriting department. This receipt is recorded as the premium income in the books of the
insurance company. Premium may be accepted either in cash/cheque/Demand Draft/pay
order, bank guarantee, cash deposit, etc. The premium collections are credited to a separate
bank account and no withdrawals are normally permitted from that account for meeting the
general expenditure. As per the policy of the insurance company, the collections are
transferred to the Regional Office or Head Office. As soon as the insurance policy is issued,
an entry is made in the Register of Policies showing all the relevant details.
No Risk Assumption without Premium - No risk can be assumed by the insurer unless the
premium is received. According to section 64VB of the Insurance Act, 1938, no insurer should
assume any risk in India in respect of any insurance business on which premium is ordinarily
payable in India unless and until the premium payable is received or is guaranteed to be paid
by such person in such manner and within such time, as may be prescribed, or unless and
until deposit of such amount, as may be prescribed, is made in advance in the prescribed
manner. The premium receipt of insurance companies carrying on general insurance business
normally arise out of three sources, viz., premium received from direct business, premium
received from reinsurance business and the share of co-insurance premium.
Verification of Premiums - Verification of premium is of utmost importance to an auditor. The
auditor should apply, inter alia, the following procedures for verification of premium -
Before commencing verification of premium income, the auditor should look into the
internal controls and compliance thereof as laid down for collection and recording of the
premiums.
The auditor should ascertain that all the cover notes relating to the risks assumed have
been serially numbered for each class of business. The auditor should also verify that
there is an adequate internal check on the issue of stationery comprising of cover notes,
policy documents, stamps, etc. The auditor may apply sampling techniques for
verification of larger volume of transactions.
The auditor should ensure that premium in respect of risks incepting during the relevant
accounting year has been accounted as premium income of that year on the basis of
premium revenue recognition discussed in this Chapter. The auditor, as part of his audit
procedures, should make an assessment of the reasonability of the risk pattern
established by the management. The auditor should also see whether the premium
received during the year but pertaining to risk commencing in the following year has been

accounted for under the head Premium Received in Advance and has been disclosed
separately. Normally, such instances relate to the issue of cover notes and certificates at
the end of the accounting year relating to risks commencing in the next accounting
period. Generally, there is a column in the Premium Register called Commencement of
Risk, indicating the date and time from which the risk under the policy issued has
commenced. The auditor should verify that policy documents have not been issued, or
where issued, the company was not at risk, in case:
(a) premium had not been collected at all;
(b) premium had been collected but the relevant cheques have been dishonoured;
(refer Cheque Dishonoured Book);
(c) premium had not immediately been collected due to furnishing of a bank guarantee
or cash deposit but either the deposit or guarantee had fallen short or has expired
or the premium had been collected beyond the stipulated time limit (i.e., there is a
shortfall in bank guarantee account or cash deposit account of the insured);
(d) premium had not been collected due to risk cover being increased or where
stipulated limits have been exhausted in respect of open declaration policies (i.e.,
where premium has accrued but has not been received); and
(e) instalments of premium have not been collected in time in respect of certain
categories of policies, e.g., marine-cum-erection policies where facility has been
granted for premium being paid in instalments (such facility is normally available
subject to certain conditions, e.g., that the first equated instalment is more by 5 per
cent of the total premium payable by instalments).
The auditor should examine whether the reinsurance company is not under a risk in
respect of amount lying at credit and outstanding as at the year-end in the following
accounts:
(a) Deposit Premium Account;
(b) Premium Received in Advance Account;
(c) Inspectors Deposits Account; and
(d) Agents Premium Accounts
The auditor should verify the collections lodged by agents after the balance sheet date to
see whether any collection pertains to risk commencing for the year under audit. The
auditor should also check that the premium has been recorded originally at the gross
figure, i.e., without providing for unexpired risks and reinsurances.
In case of co-insurance business, where the company is not the leader, because of the
non-availability of the relevant information in many cases the premium is not booked
even though the risk has commenced during the relevant accounting year. The auditor
should see that the companys share of the premium has been accounted for on the
basis of the available information on nature of risk and the provisional premium charged
by the leading insurer. The auditor should examine the communications issued to the

company by the leading insurers advising them of the companys share of premium
income. Such communications should be seen even in respect of the post-audit period.
Where the company is the leader, the auditor should obtain a reasonable assurance that
only the companys own share of premium has been shown as income and accounts of
the other companies have been credited with their share of the premium collected.
The auditor should check whether Premium Registers have been maintained
chronologically, for each underwriting department, giving full particulars including service
tax charged as per acceptance advice on a day-to-day basis. The auditor should verify
whether the figures of premium mentioned in the register tally with those in General
Ledger.
Where policies have been issued with a provision to collect premium periodically (i.e.,
under instalment clause, special declaration policy or periodical declaration under open
policies in marine insurance), the auditor should check whether premia are collected as
and when they become due.
The auditor should verify whether instalments falling due on or before the balance sheet
date, whether received or not, have been accounted for as premium income as for the
year under audit. Also examine whether instalments of premium falling due in the
subsequent year have not been recognised in the accounts as outstanding premium.
The auditor should verify the year end transactions to check that amounts received
during the year in respect of risks commencing/ instalments falling due on or after the
first day of next financial year are not credited to premium account but credited to
Premium Received in Advance Account.
The auditor should verify the collections remitted by agents immediately after the cut-off
date to verify the risk assumed during the year under audit on those collections.
The auditor should also check that in case of cancellation of policies/cover notes issued,
no risk has been assumed between the date of issue and subsequent cancellation
thereof.
Where premium originally received has been refunded, the auditor should verify whether
the agency commission paid on such premium has been recovered.
The auditor should verify whether service tax has been charged from the insured, at the
rates in force, on the total premium for all classes of business other than those exempted
under service tax laws. Check whether service tax so collected is disclosed under
Current Liabilities to the extent not deposited in Governments Account.
In the case of co-insurance business, the auditor should verify whether service tax at the
rates in force on the whole premium has been charged or collected from the insured by
the company in case it is the leader.
Check that service tax so collected on premium charged trained from the insured by the
company have been regularly deposited in the Governments Account.

12.7.2 Claims -The components of the cost of claims to an insurer comprise the claims under
policies and claim settlement costs. Claims under policies comprise the claims paid for losses
incurred, and those estimated or anticipated claims pending settlements under the policies.
Settlement cost of claims includes surveyor fee, legal expenses, etc. A liability for outstanding
claims should be brought to account on the following:
Direct Business;
Inward Reinsurance Business; and
Co-Insurance business
The liability includes future payments in relation to unpaid reported claims and claims incurred
but not reported including inadequate reserves which would result in future cash or asset
outgo for settling liabilities against those claims. Change in estimated liability represents the
difference between the estimated liabilities for outstanding claims in respect of claims under
policies, whether due or intimated at the beginning and at the end of the financial period. The
accounting estimate also includes claims cost adjusted for salvage value if there is sufficient
degree of certainty of its realisation.
Check that service tax so collected on premium charged trained from the insured by the
company have been regularly deposited in the Governments Account.
Registers and Records - The following register and records are generally prepared in respect
of claims:
Claims Intimation Register;
Claims Paid Register;
Claims Disbursement Bank Book;
Claims Dockets, normally containing the following records:
Claim intimation, claim form, particulars of policy, survey report, Photograph showing
damage, repairers bills, letter of subrogation, police report, fire service report, claim
settlement note, claim satisfaction note, salvage report, salvage disposal note, claims
discharge voucher, etc.;
Report of quality assurance team; and
Salvage register
The Claim Account is debited with all the payments including repair charges, fire fighting
expenses, police report fees, survey fees, amount decreed by the Courts, travel expenses,
photograph charges, etc. The provision for claims incurred but not reported is not made at
Branch/Divisional Office level but at the Head Office level.
Verification of Claims
Claims Provisions - The auditor should obtain from the divisions/branches, the information
for each class of business, categorizing the claims value-wise before commencing verification
of the claims provisions, so that appropriate statistical sampling techniques may be applied, to

ensure that representative volume of claims is verified for each class of business. The auditor
should determine the total number of documents to be checked giving due importance to claim
provisions of higher value.
The outstanding liability at the year-end is determined at the divisions/branches where the
liability originates for outstanding claims. Thereafter, based on the total consolidated figure for
all the divisions/branches, the Head Office considers a further provision in respect of
outstanding claims. The auditor should satisfy himself that the estimated liability provided for
by the management is adequate with reference to the relevant claim files/dockets, keeping in
view the following:
(i) that provision has been made for all unsettled claims as at the year-end on the basis of
claims lodged/communicated by the parties against the company. The date of loss (and
not the date of communication thereof) is important for recording/ recognizing the claim
as attributable to a particular year. In certain circumstances, the claims are incurred by
the insurance company but are not reported at the balance sheet date by the insured.
Such claims are known as claims incurred but not reported (IBNR). The auditor should
check the records for subsequent periods to ascertain that adequate provision has been
created for such claims also.
(ii) that provision has been made for only such claims for which the company is legally liable,
considering particularly, (a) that the risk was covered by the policy, if in force, and the
claims arose during the currency of the policy; and (b) that claim did not arise during the
period the company was not supposed to cover the risk, e.g., where the premium was not
paid or where cheques covering premium have been dishonoured (refer section 64 VB of
the Insurance Act, 1938) or where a total loss under a policy has already been
met/settled.
(iii) that the provision made is normally not in excess of the amount insured except in some
categories of claims where matters may be sub-judice in legal proceedings which will
determine the quantum of claim, the amount of provision should also include survey fee
and other direct expenses.
(iv) that in determining the amount of provision, events after the balance sheet date have
been considered, e.g., (a) claims settled for a materially higher/lower amount in the post-
audit period; (b) claims paid by other insurance companies during the year under audit
and communicated to company after the balance sheet date where other companies are
the leaders in co-insurance arrangements; and (c) further reports by surveyors or
assessors.
(v) that the claims status reports recommended to be prepared by the Divisional Manager on
large claims outstanding at the year-end have been reviewed with the contents of
relevant files or dockets for determining excess/short provisions. The said report should
be complete as to material facts to enable the auditor to take a fair view of the provision
made.
(vi) that in determining the amount of provision, the average clause has been applied in
case of under-insurance by parties.

(vii) that the provision made is net of payments made on account to the parties wherever
such payments have been booked to claims.
(viii) that in case of co-insurance arrangements, the company has made provisions only in
respect of its own share of anticipated liability.
(ix) that wherever an unduly long time has elapsed after the filing of the claim and there has
been no further communication and no litigation or arbitration dispute is involved, the
reasons for carrying the provision have been ascertained.
(x) that wherever legal advice has been sought or the claim is under litigation, the provisions
is made according to the legal advisors view and differences, if any, are explained.
(xi) that in the case of amounts purely in the nature of deposits with courts or other
authorities, adequate provision is made and deposits are stated separately as assets and
provisions are not made net of such deposits.
(xii) that no contingent liability is carried in respect of any claim intimated in respect of
policies issued.
(xiii) that the claims are provided for net of estimated salvage, wherever applicable.
(xiv) that intimation of loss is received within a reasonable time and reasons for undue delay
in intimation are looked into.
(xv) that provisions have been retained as at the year end in respect of guarantees given by
company to various Courts for claims under litigation.
(xvi) that due provision has been made in respect of claims lodged at any office of the
company other than the one from where the policy was taken, e.g., a vehicle insured at
Mumbai having met with an accident at Chennai necessitating claim intimation at one of
the offices of the company at Chennai.
In cases of material differences in the liability estimated by the management and that which
ought to be provided in the opinion of the auditor, the same must be brought out in the
auditors report after obtaining further information or explanation from the management. For
determining the adequacy of the provisions in respect of any category of business, the auditor
may resort to the method of testing the actual payments, wherever made, with the provisions
made earlier for that category of business. Whether such liability has been estimated in the
past on a fair and realistic basis can, thus, be examined by looking into current years
payments against provisions of the earlier year.
Claims Paid - The auditor may determine the extent of checking of claims paid on the same
line as suggested for outstanding claims. Other aspects in respect of claims paid to be
examined by the auditors are as follows:
(i) that in case of co-insurance arrangements, claims paid have been booked only in respect
of companys share and the balance has been debited to other insurance companies.

(ii) that in case of claims paid on the basis of advices from other insurance companies
(where the company is not the leader in co-insurance arrangements), whether share of
premium was also received by the company. Such claims which have been
communicated after the year-end for losses which occurred prior to the year end must be
accounted for in the year of audit.
(iii) that the claims payments have been duly sanctioned by the authority concerned and the
payments of the amounts are duly acknowledged by the claimants;
(iv) that the salvage recovered has been duly accounted for in accordance with the
procedure applicable to the company and a letter of subrogation has been obtained in
accordance with the laid down procedure;
(v) that the amounts of the nature of pure advances/deposits with Courts, etc., in matters
under litigation/arbitration have not been treated as claims paid but are held as assets till
final disposal of such claims. In such cases, full provision should be made for outstanding
claims;
(vi) that payment made against claims partially settled have been duly vouched. In such
cases, the sanctioning authority should be the same as the one which has powers in
respect of the total claimed amount ;
(vii) that in case of final settlement of claims, the claimant has given an unqualified discharge
note, not involving the company in any further liability in respect of the claim; and
(viii) that the figures of claims, wherever communicated for the year by the Division to the
Head Office for purposes of reinsurance claims, have been reconciled with the trial
balance-figure.
12.7.3 Commission - It is a well-known fact that insurance business is solicited by insurance
agents. The remuneration of an agent is paid by way of commission which is calculated by
applying a percentage to the premium collected by him. Commission is payable to the agents
for the business procured through them and is debited to Commission on Direct Business
Account. There is a separate head for commission on reinsurance accepted which usually
arise in case of Head Office. It may be noted that under section 40 of Insurance Act, 1938, no
commission can be paid to a person who is not an agent of the insurance company.
The auditor should, inter alia, do the following for verification of commission:
Vouch disbursement entries with reference to the disbursement vouchers with copies of
commission bills and commission statements.
Check whether the vouchers are authorised by the officers- in charge as per rules in
force and income tax is deducted at source, as applicable.
Test check correctness of amounts of commission allowed.
Scrutinise agents ledger and the balances, examine accounts having debit balances, if
any, and obtain information on the same. Necessary rectification of accounts and other
remedial actions have to be considered.
Check whether commission outgo for the period under audit been duly accounted.

12.7.4 Operating Expenses Related to Insurance Business (Expenses of Management) -
All the administrative expenses in an insurance company are broadly classified under 13
heads as mentioned in Schedule 4. In so far as financial statements are concerned, this
Schedule is part of the Revenue Account to be prepared for insurance business. Any other
expenses are required to be disclosed under the head Others. Others would include foreign
exchange gains or losses as indicated in note B of Schedule 4. Any major expenses (` 5
lacs or in excess of 1% of net premium, whichever is higher) are required to be shown
separately. Careful reading of the words expenses related to insurance business clearly
indicate any expenses which do not have any direct relation to insurance business are to be
shown separately in the Profit and Loss Account. Expenses relating to investment department,
brokerage, bank charges, transfer fees, etc. do not have a direct relationship to the day-to-day
working of the insurance business and as such would not be included in the revenue account.
These expenses are first aggregated and then apportioned to the Revenue Account of each
class of business on a reasonable and equitable basis. The accounting policy should clearly
indicate the basis of apportionment of these expenses to the respective Revenue Accounts
(i.e., fire, marine and miscellaneous) along with the certificate that all expenses of
management, wherever incurred, directly or indirectly, read with the accounting policy, have
been fully debited to the respective Revenue Account as expenses. Refer to Schedule 4 on
Operating Expenses for specific items.
12.7.5 Legal and Professional Charges - As far as legal and professional changes are
concerned, attention is drawn to the head Claims Incurred under Schedule 2 where it is
clearly stated that survey fees, legal and other expenses should form part of claim cost, and
therefore, are not to be included under the head Legal and Professional Charges. Hence, all
other expenses which are not covered under the claims cost are required to be included under
this head.
12.7.6 Employees Remuneration and Welfare Benefits -The employees remuneration
includes all kinds of payments made to employees in consideration of their services. The
reimbursement of medical expenses or premium in respect of employees health cover is
covered under the employees remuneration and welfare. Any medical fees incurred towards
maintenance of health care policies (which are not for employees) are required to be debited
to the claims cost under the health care and not to be included under this head. Any expenses
towards medical treatment of employees incurred by the company should also be included
under this head. Non training expenses have to be shown separately.
12.7.7 Interest and Bank charges - All expenses incurred towards maintenance of Bank
Account, interest and other charges levied by bankers to the normal course of business other
than bank expenses relating to investments (interest, bank charges, custodial charges, etc.)
are shown under the head, Interest and Bank Charges. Any other interest charged on the
borrowings which could not form part of the Revenue Account not to be included under this
head.
12.7.8 Depreciation -The rates of depreciation are governed by the provisions of the
Companies Act, 1956. Attention of the students is also invited to Accounting Standard (AS) 6,

Depreciation Accounting, and Guidance Note on, Depreciation in Companies, issued by the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
12.7.9 Interest, Dividend and Rent -An insurance enterprise, like any other, earns interest
dividend and rent through its assets. The interest, dividend and rent earned are to be
apportioned between Revenue Account and Profit and Loss Account. The Regulations require
that basis of allocation of interest, dividend and rent between the Revenue Account and Profit
and Loss Account should be clearly indicated in the companys accounting policy. The interest
or dividend earned as against the policyholders funds is required to be apportioned to the
Revenue Account. The interest earned on, say, grant of vehicle loans, housing loans, deposits
with banks of the shareholders, funds, rent received on let out properties owned by the
company, by way of investments shareholders, funds, etc. are required to be shown under the
profit and Loss Account.
12.8 Items Relating to Balance Sheet
Following are the broad classes of items in a balance sheet.
12.8.1 Investments - The legal requirements for investments by enterprises carrying on
general insurance business are provided under sections 27B, 27C and 27D of the Insurance
Act, 1938. Sub-section (1) of section 27B lays down that no insurer carrying on general
insurance business can invest or keep invested any part of its assets otherwise than in any of
the approved investments mentioned in the section. Sub-section (3), however, gives a
leverage to an insurer to invest or keep invested any part of its assets otherwise than in an
approved investment if the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) such investments should not exceed 25% of the total investments; and
(b) such investments are made with the consent of all the Directors.
The consent of Directors appointed under section 34C of the Insurance Act, 1938 is not
necessary. However, such Directors should not object to the investments so made or
continued.
Sub-section (4) of section 27B requires that an insurer should not invest or keep invested any
part of its assets in the shares of any one insurance company or an investment company
which constitutes more than ten percent of the total assets of the insurer or two percent of the
subscribed share capital or debentures of the insurance companies or investment company
concerned. Similar considerations also apply to the investment in shares or debentures of any
other company not being an insurance companies or investment company. In such cases, the
limit of two percent of the subscribed share capital or debentures of the insurance companying
company or the investment company concerned is to be read as ten percent {sub-section (5)}.
According to sub-section (6), an insurer cannot invest in the shares or debentures of a private
company. It may be noted that in case an investment has been made in the partly paid up
shares of a company, the uncalled liability on the shares is to be added to the amount
invested for the purpose of computing the percentages referred to above.
Section 27C of the Insurance Act, 1938 prohibits an insurer from investing, directly or
indirectly, funds of the policy-holders outside India. It implies that the funds which do not

belong to policy-holders can be invested outside India. Examples of such funds that do not
belong to the policyholders are the share capital, amount of loans raised, balances lying in
free reserves, etc.
The Authority has been authorized to frame regulations related to investments to be made by an
insurer. The Authority has been empowered to specify, through the regulations made by it, the
time, manner and other conditions of investments of assets held by an insurer. The Authority has
also been granted the power of framing specific directions with regard to time, manner and other
conditions subject to which the funds of policy-holders are to be invested in the infrastructure and
social sector. The Authority also has the power to issue instructions to a single insurer, after taking
into account the nature of business and the interests of the policy holders, the manner and other
conditions of investment of assets to be held, provided the insurer is given a due opportunity of
being heard before directions are issued by the Authority (Section 27D).
In exercise of the power conferred by the Insurance Act, 1938, the Authority, in consultation
with the Insurance Advisory Committee, has made the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority (Investment) Regulations are subject to revision by the Authority from time to time.
Regulation 4 of the amended Regulations on investments prescribes that every insurer
carrying on the business of general insurance should invest and at all times keep invested its
total assets in the following manner:
(i) Government Securities Not less than 20% of Investment Assets
(ii) Government Securities and other
approved securities
Not less than 30% of Investment Assets
(including (i) above)
(iii) (a) Approved investments and
other investments (out of (iiia)
other investments shall not
exceed 25% of Investment
Assets)
Not exceeding 55%
(b) Housing and Loans to State
Government
Not less than 5%
(c) Investment in infrastructure Not less than 10%
It may be mentioned here that with regard to (iv) above, subscription/purchase of bonds or
debentures issued by HUDCO, National Housing Insurance Company or House Building
Institutions duly accredited by National Housing Banks, for house building activities, duly
guaranteed by Government or carrying current fating of not less than AA by an independent,
reputed and recognized agencies also qualify to be included in the limits [under clause (iv)]
above.
Audit Procedures - The auditors primary objective in audit of investments is to satisfy himself
as to their existence and valuation. Examination of compliance with statutory and regulatory
requirements is also an important objective in audit of investments insofar as non-compliance
may have a direct and material affect on the financial statements.

The auditor should verify the investment scrips physically at the close of business on the date
the balance sheet. In exceptional cases where physical verification of investment scrips on the
balance sheet date is not possible, the auditor should carry out the physical verification on a
date as near to the balance sheet date as possible. In such a case, he should take into
consideration any adjustments for subsequent transactions of purchase, sale, etc. He should
take particular care to see that only genuine investments are produced before him, and that
securities held by the insurance company on behalf of others (e.g., those held as security
against loans) are not shown to him as the insurance companys own investments. To ensure
this, the auditor should require that all investment scrips in the possession of the insurance
company whether belonging to it or to borrowers should be produced before him
simultaneously. The auditor should keep them under his control until he completes his
checking. Normally, the investments of an insurance company are held by the insurance
company itself or a depository (in the case of dematerialised securities other than government
securities).
Investments are normally dealt with at the Head Office and not at the branches. However,
sometimes, for realisation of interest, etc. and other similar purposes, investments of an
insurance company may be held at Branch Offices also. In such cases, the auditor should
examine the record maintained at the Head Office to record details of investments held at
other locations and request the respective branch auditors to physically verify such
investments as a part of their audit. The auditor should obtain a written confirmation to this
effect from the branch auditors. In case the verification has been done on a date other than
the balance sheet date, a statement showing the reconciliation of the investments held at the
time of physical verification with the investments held as on the balance sheet date should
also be obtained from the branch auditors. The branch auditors should report whether
adequate records are maintained by the branch for the securities held by it on behalf of the
Head Office.
Investments should not normally be held by any other person (as laid down in the City
Equitable Fire Insurance Co. case). If any investments are so held, proper enquiry should be
made to ensure that there is some justification for it, e.g., shares may be held by brokers for
the purpose of transfer or splitting-up, etc. Shares may also be lodged with the companies
concerned for transfer etc. When investments are held by any other person on behalf of the
insurance company, the auditor should obtain a certificate from him. The certificate should
state the reason for holding the investment (e.g., in safe custody or as security).
In respect of scripless dealings in investments through the OTC Exchange of India, the auditor
should verify the interim and other acknowledgements issued by dealers as well as the year-
end confirmation certificates of the depository organisation.
The auditor should also examine whether securities lodged for transfer are received back
within a reasonable period. Similarly, he should examine whether share certificates, etc. are
received within a reasonable period, of the lodging of the allotment advice. In case there is an
unusual delay in registration of transfers, etc., the auditor should see that adequate follow-up
action has been taken. He may, in appropriate cases, also enquire from the issuers, or their
registrars, about the delays. In cases where the issuer/registrar has refused to register the

transfer of securities in the name of the insurance company, the auditor should verify the
validity of the title of the insurance company over such securities.
The auditor should examine whether the portfolio of the insurance company consists of any
securities whose maturity dates have already expired. It is possible that income on such
investments may also not have been received. In case the amount of such investments or the
income accrued thereon is material, the auditor should seek an explanation from the
management on this aspect. He should also consider whether any provision for loss on this
account is required. Similarly, where income on any security is long overdue, the auditor
should consider whether provision is required in respect of such income accrued earlier.
Investments in securities now-a-days constitute a substantial part of total assets of many
insurance companies. Method of valuation of investments followed by an insurance company
may, therefore, have a significant effect on its Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account.
The auditor should examine whether the method of accounting followed by the insurance
company in respect of investments, including their year-end valuation, is appropriate.
The auditor should examine the manner of accounting for investments in the context of the
guidelines of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (discussed earlier in this
Chapter) and the accounting policy followed by the insurance company in respect of
investments. The auditor should examine the appropriateness of accounting policies followed
by the insurance company. In case any of the accounting policies is not appropriate, the
auditor should consider the effect of adoption of such policy on the financial statements and,
consequently, on his audit report.
A change in the method of valuation of investments constitutes a change in accounting policy
and adequate disclosure regarding the fact of the change along with its financial effect should
be made in the balance sheet.
The auditor should examine whether income from investments is properly accounted for. This
aspect assumes special importance in cases where the insurance company has opted for
receipt of income through the Electronic Clearing Service.
There may be cases where the certificates of tax deduction at source (TDS) received along
with the interest on investments are found missing. This increases the incidence of tax on the
insurance company. The auditor should see that there is a proper system for recording and
maintenance of TDS certificates received by the insurance company.
12.8.2 Cash and Bank Balances - Cash and Bank balances at Branch Office/Divisional Office
level also constitute significant items related to balance sheet. The auditor should apply the
following audit procedures for verification of claims.
The auditor should physically verify cash balance collection and imprest for meeting day
to day expenditures, postage stamps balance, revenue, policy, licence fees, franking
machine balance. The auditor should also obtain a certificate from the management for
the above mentioned balances as at the balance sheet date. If for some reason, the
physical verification of the above on the balance sheet date is not possible then the same
can be done at a subsequent date and by way of backward calculations, cash in hand at
the balance sheet date can be verified.

The auditor should also check whether late collections of cash and cheques on the last
working day of the financial year, which could not be deposited into bank account on the
same day, have been identified and booked as Cash in Hand and Cheques in Hand
Account, respectively.
The auditor may apply test check on the bank transactions.
The auditor should also check Bank Reconciliation statement and long outstanding
entries therein.
The auditor should obtain confirmation of Bank Balances for all operative and inoperative
accounts.
The auditor should physically verify Term Deposit Receipts issued by bankers.
The auditor should verify the deposits and withdrawals transactions at random and check
whether the Account is operated by authorised persons only
The auditor should verify the subsequent realisations for all items appearing in the
reconciliation.
In case of funds, in-transit, he should verify that the same are properly reflected as part
of bank balance.
12.8.3 Outstanding Premium and Agents Balances -The following are the audit procedures
to be followed for verification of outstanding premium and agents balances:
Scrutinise and review control account debit balances and their nature should be enquired
into.
Examine inoperative balances and treatment given for old balances with reference to
company rules.
Enquire into the reasons for retaining the old balances
Verify old debit balances which may require provision or adjustment. Notes of
explanation may be obtained from the management in this regard.
Check age-wise, sector-wise analysis of outstanding premium.
Verify whether outstanding premiums have since been collected.
Check the availability of adequate bank guarantee or premium deposit for outstanding
premium.
12.8.4 Provision for Taxation - The steps to be conducted by the auditor for audit and
verification are given below:
(i) The auditor should check whether the provision for taxation has been made after taking
into account the above specific provisions applicable to insurance companies carrying on
general insurance business.
(ii) It should be seen by auditor whether for the purpose of computation not only the profit as
disclosed by the annual accounts, copies of which are required under the Insurance Act,

1938 to be furnished to the Controller of Insurance, is taken but also all the other
accounts furnished by the company to the Controller of Insurance is taken into account.
(iii) The auditor should assess the past trend regarding the approach of the Income Tax
Department, the decision of the various appellate forums including the High Court and
the Supreme Court vis-a-vis the computation made.
(iv) The compliance with the provisions of Chapter III provisions the Income Tax Act, 1961
which provides for income which do not form part of total income is also to be seen.
(v) The auditor should see whether deductions under Chapter VI A of the Income Tax Act,
1961 which provides for deduction have been made in computing total income is properly
taken into account.
(vi) The auditor should examine whether income computation relating to foreign branches
and other income earned outside India is dealt with properly as per the double taxation
avoidance agreement, if any, entered into with those countries.
(vii) It should be seen whether the exemption provision relating to tax deducted at source
from certain categories of income as exempted under section 35A of the General
Insurance (Business Nationalisation) Act, 1972 has been properly availed.
(viii) Also, the auditor should check whether the grossing up of TDS relating to the income has
been properly done for the propose of computation of taxable income.
(ix) The auditor should ensure that the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 regarding the
tax to be deducted at source have been properly complied with, relating to the payments
/ credits for which the TDS provisions of the Income Tax Act and applicable and the
amount so deducted are remitted within the stipulated time. Also check TDS implication
on the interest paid /payable and included on claim settlement / outstanding claims.
(x) The auditor may also assess the applicability of the Wealth Tax Act, 1957 with reference
to the assets of the company at the end of the year.
(xi) The auditor should see the system of service tax collection and the payment to the
statutory authorities and the internal system including the filing of statutory returns.
(xii) The examination of sales tax implication on the sale of salvage should also be seen as it
is applicable to the respective states and the past trend in this regard.
(xiii) The auditor should check the liability under the VAT and whether provision for adequate
amount has been made in the books or not.
(xiv) The auditor should verify that adequate provision has been made for additional liability
relating to earlier years for which demands have been received in the current year and
where the company has gone into appeal, the fact that no provision has been made and
that an appeal has been preferred has to be disclosed in the notes to accounts.
12.8.5 Unexpired Risks Reserve - The need for Unexpired Risks Reserve arises from the
fact that all policies are renewed annually except in specific cases where short period policies
are issued. Since the insurers close their accounts on a particular date, not all risks under
policies expire on that date. Many policies normally extend beyond this date into the following

year during which risks continue. In other words, at the closing date, there is unexpired liability
under various policies which may occur during the remaining term of the policy beyond the
year end. The effort involved in calculating unexpired portion of premium under each policy is
very time consuming therefore, a simple formula to derive a percentage of premium income to
be allocated to reserve for unexpired risks is adopted. According to the requirements of the
Insurance Act, 1938, for the purpose of maintaining solvency margin, it is sufficient if the
provision is made for unexpired risks at 50 per cent for Fire, Marine Cargo and Miscellaneous
business except for Marine Hull which has to be 100 per cent. It may be mentioned that the
insurance companies are governed by the provisions of Section 44 of the Income Tax Act,
1961. In this regard Rule 5 of the First Schedule to the Income Tax Rules-Computation of
Profit & Loss of General Insurance Business-provides for creation of a reserve for unexpired
risks as prescribed under Rule 6E of the said rules. According to this Rule, the insurance
companies are allowed a deduction of 50 per cent of net premium income in respect of Fire
and Miscellaneous Business and 100 per cent of the net premium income relating to Marine
Insurance business. In view of this, the reserves are created at the rates allowed under the
Income -tax Act.
12.9 Reinsurance
A reinsurance transaction may be defined as an agreement between a ceding company and a
reinsurer whereby the former agrees to cede and the latter agrees to accept a certain
specified share of risk or liability upon terms as set out in the agreement. A ceding company
is the original insurance company which has accepted the risk and has agreed to cede or
pass on that risk to another insurance company or the reinsurance company. It may, however,
be emphasised that the insured does not acquire any right under a reinsurance contract. In the
event of loss, the insureds claim for full amount is against the original insurer only. The
original insurer in turn, lodges a claim with the reinsurer.
12.9.1 Type of Reinsurance Contracts - There are broadly two types of reinsurance
contracts, viz., facultative reinsurance and treaty reinsurance. A diagrammatic presentation is
as below:

Facultative Reinsurance - It is that type of reinsurance whereby the contract relates to one
particular risk and is expressed in the reinsurance policy. This is the oldest method of
reinsurance and it necessitates consideration of each risk separately. Each transaction under
facultative reinsurance has to be negotiated individually. Each party to the transaction has a
free choice, i.e., for the ceding company to offer and the reinsurer to accept. The main
drawbacks of this type of insurance are the volume of work involved and time taken to cover
the risk. It is, however, still used even today, mainly when:
(i) automatic covers have already been exhausted.
(ii) the risk is excluded from the Treaties.
(iii) the insurer does not want his reinsurance treaties overburdened with particularly heavy
and abnormal risks.
(iv) the insurer has no automatic cover at his disposal in a particular branch, where he issues
policies rarely.
(v) the nature of business is such that technical guidance or consultation with the reinsurer
is required at every stage of acceptance of the risk itself or for a type of business where
the number of risks is very small, for example, in atomic energy installations, oils rigs,
etc.
Treaty Reinsurance - Under this type of reinsurance, a treaty agreement is entered into
between the ceding company and the reinsurer(s) where reinsurances are within the limits of
the treaty. These limits can be monetary, geographical, section of business, etc. Under this
contract, it is obligatory for the reinsurer to accept all risks within the scope this treaty and it is
obligatory for the ceding company to cede risks in accordance with the terms of the treaty. In
the case of treaty reinsurance contracts, the insurer generally prepares a statement of treaty
reinsurances accounts, either on quarterly basis or on half-yearly basis. These statements are
Types of Reinsurance Contracts
Facultative
Reinsurance
Treaty
Reinsurance
Proportional
Treaty
Non-Proportional
Treaty
Excess
of Loss
(XL)
Treaty

Stop Loss
Treaty

Pools
Auto-
fac
Treaty
Quota
Share
Treaty

Surplus
Treaty

sent to the re-insurer for the purpose of reconciliation of claims lodged under the reinsurance
contracts, out standing claims, claims paid and claims paid in advance. It may be noted here
that the treaty reinsurance contracts generally provide that in the event of any large claim
being lodged with the insurer, the re-insurer shall make the payment even before the claim is
finally settled or the statement of treaty reinsurance is received by the reinsurer. The
reinsurer, in such cases, treats the amount paid to the insurer as advance against claim. The
Advance against Claim Account is squared up as and when the claim is settled and the
information of this settlement is sent to the reinsurer through statement of treaty reinsurances.
Such payments by the reinsurer are called Cash Loss Payments. Treaties can also be divided
into two categories, viz., proportional treaties and non-proportional treaties.
Proportional Treaties - Such treaties are based on pro-rata apportionment of the sum
insured, premium and losses, according to a pre-determined percentage/ratio. These treaties
can be further classified as follows:
Quota share treaty - Under this treaty, the ceding company binds itself to cede a fix
percentage of all policies issued by it under a defined scope of business covered by the
agreement. The accounting under this treaty is simpler than any other form of treaties. The
advantage to the reinsurer under this treaty is that the reinsurer receives the same proportion
of all business of the treaty class defined under the treaty. In other words, there is no selection
against him. The advantage to the ceding company under this treaty is that, it cannot vary its
retention/line for any particular risk, and therefore, it may have to pay premiums even on small
risks which could have been retained by the ceding company itself. The use of this treaty is
appropriate when a company commences business at a branch where no relevant data is
available.
Surplus Treaty - Where a company cedes those amounts which it cannot or does not want to
retain for its net account, such type of contract is known as surplus reinsurance treaty. If
certain risk is totally retained, no surplus is left to be ceded. Surplus is always determined in
multiples of ceding companys retention. A company can arrange more surplus treaties by
having, say, second surplus treaty or third surplus treaty, etc. An example is given below:
Sum Assured ` 500 lakhs
Line ` 5 lakhs
Surplus ` 495 lakhs
If first surplus treaty is 10 lines, it would cede ` 50 lakhs to the treaty and the balance of
` 445 lakhs would have to be ceded to other treaty arrangements.
Auto-fac Treaty - Under this treaty, a ceding company may reinsure upto a defined limit after
cession of its surplus treaties. It is obligatory for the reinsurer to accept cessions within the
purview of the agreement. It, thus, resembles a facultative reinsurance treaty as the
acceptance is obligatory and in many instances, the details of the risks are submitted by way
of a Borderaux.
Pools - More than one insurer may form a Pool under an agreement whereby its members
cede a pre-determined proportion of a particular category of business directly written by them

into the Pool. They also share the aggregate premiums and claims in the proportion and the
share of premium ceded by each member. In India, the examples of this system are Indian
Market Fire Pool and Hull Pools.
Non-Proportional Treaties - Such treaties are characterised by a distribution of liability
between the ceding company and the reinsurer on the basis of losses rather than the sum
insured, as is the case in proportional reinsurance. The following are the other characteristics
of non-proportional treaties:
(i) Premium is not calculated on each cession, but on the whole portfolio of the ceding
company.
(ii) The premium rate is predetermined.
(iii) Cost of reinsurance can vary substantially each year, depending on the premium income,
loss ration and reinsurance marked situations.
(iv) Normally no commission is paid.
Non-Proportional Treaties can be further classified into following categories.
Excess of Loss (XL) Treaties - In this type of treaty, the reinsurers liability arises only when
a claim exceeds a predetermined figure relating to a specific branch of the ceding companys
business or to its entire business. The Treaty would provide for maximum liability as well as
the amount upto which the ceding company would bear the loss itself, which is called the
Underlying Limit. The XL cover can also be arranged for an unlimited amount in excess of the
underlying limit.
Excess of loss cover on prevent basis - In this type of cover, in case as a result of one
event several risks are effected, the loss under each risk is arrived at separately and the
underlying limit is applied to each risk to determine the liability of the insurer. This is also
known as Working Excess of Loss Cover.
Excess of loss cover on non-prevent basis- In this type of cover, losses resulting from one
event are considered together and aggregate amount of loss is determined and one loss
underlying limit is deducted from the aggregate amount of the loss to determine the liability of
the excess of loss reinsurer. This type of cover provides protection to an insurer against the
numerous losses caused by one or the same event such as cyclone, earthquake, etc. This
type of cover is also, therefore, known as Catastrophic Covers.
Stop loss treaties - This is also known as Excess of Loss Ration Cover and it protects the
company from losing more than a specified amount for a given class of business. Normally,
the amount is fixed in relation to the ceding companys annual premium income for the class of
business and is represented as a percentage. Thus, the reinsurer is liable for the losses which
exceed the agreed percentage of loss ratio, until the limit of liability is reached which is
expressed in the form of loss ratio. Such a treaty protects the annual results of a company in
one branch against negative deviation due to increase in the number and cost of
claims/losses.
12.9.2 Verification of Re-Insurance Inward - Under Sub-regulation 4 of the IRDA (General
Insurance Reinsurance) Regulations, 2000, every insurer desirous of writing inward

reinsurance business should have a well defined underwriting policy. The decisions on
acceptance of re-insurance should be taken by persons with good knowledge and experience,
keeping in view the financial risk involved in those transactions. The insurer is required to file
with the Authority, a note on its underwriting policy and any changes therein from time to time.
The auditor should apply the following verifications measurers for re-insurance inward
transactions:
Re-Insurance Inward underwriting should be as per the norms and guidelines prescribed
by the Insurance Act, 1938 and IRDA Regulations. It is necessary to ensure that the
inward reinsurance arrangements and acceptances, both Indian and foreign are done as
per the prescribed parameters applicable for the particular year.
The auditor should check that domestic inward acceptances are in accordance with the
approved programme.
The auditor should verify whether re-insurance inward acceptance, both Indian and
foreign, are as per arrangements / agreements entered into with Indian and foreign
insurance companies.
The auditor should also verify whether the policy adopted for booking the accounts is on
receipt basis or due basis with the appropriate basis of estimation towards accounts
not received and that the basis of estimation is fair and consistently applied and properly
disclosed.
The auditor should examine whether proper system exists to have control over the
quantum of agreements existing at any point of time and also that periodical accounting
statements received in connection with the agreements.
The auditor should verify whether proper closing returns have been received for
premiums and claims for facultative acceptances.
The auditor should check the accounts for closure of any underwriting year, with portfolio
withdrawals as per the terms and conditions agreed.
The auditor should evaluate the system and practice adopted in recognising the foreign
currency transaction and also whether it is in accordance with the Accounting Standard
(AS)-11, Accounting for Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.
The auditor should verify whether profit commission has been calculated as per the
agreement and terms and conditions and all the statements rendered are properly taken
into account.
The auditor should check whether there is any run off claim / large claim of long chain in
nature which requires any provisioning.
The auditor should also verify whether the Foreign Inward acceptance components,
consisting of premium, commission, brokerage and other expenses, claims consisting of
paid claims opening and closing outstanding claims etc., have been recorded and
accounted as per the accounts rendered by the companies. It is essential that the
statement should be rendered in the currency in which it was agreed to be transacted

and the conversion of foreign currency balances from the accounts submitted have been
done at the appropriate conversion rates as per Accounting Standard (AS)-11.
The auditor should examine whether the outstanding claim figures have been properly
obtained well in time, under proper systematic arrangements and sufficient provisioning
has been made for all the outstanding claims. The auditor should see that regarding
foreign inward, appropriate provisioning is done after adopting prescribed conversion rate
to the Indian rupee. The auditor should ensure that confirmation regarding the
outstanding claims have been received in respect of all inward arrangements.
As per IRDA (General Insurance-Reinsurance) Regulations, 2000, every insurer is
required to make provision for outstanding claims for all reinsurance arrangements
accepted on the basis of loss information advices received from brokers /cedants and
where such advices have not been received, on an actuarial estimation basis. In addition,
every insurer has to make an appropriate provision for Incurred but Not Reported
(IBNR) claims on its reinsurance accepted portfolio on actuarial estimation basis. This
aspect has to be looked into as this may result in a lot of difference in the financial
results of the company.
Closing balances of the re-insurers accounts should be reconciled and the confirmation
of balances should be obtained from all the companies.
The auditor must ensure that foreign inward accounts balances have been re-stated at
the prevailing value at the year end and that difference arising out of re-statement has
been taken to Profit and Loss Account.
The auditor should verify the requirement of provision / write off of reinsurance inward
balances based on the doubtful nature of recovery, if any.
The auditor should check whether Indian inward balances including with the GIC have
reconciled and identical balances arrived at and affect, if any, due to co-insurance
transactions should also be looked into.
12.9.3 Verification of Re-Insurance Outward -The following steps may be taken by the
auditor in the verification of re-insurance outward;
The auditor should verify that re-insurance underwriting returns received from the
operating units regarding premium, claims paid, outstanding claims tally with the audited
figures of premium, claims paid and outstanding claims.
The auditor should check whether the pattern of re-insurance underwriting for outward
cessions fits within the parameters and guidelines applicable to the relevant year.
The auditor should also check whether the cessions have been made as per the
stipulation applicable to various categories of risk.
The auditor should verify whether the cessions have been made as per the agreements
entered into with various companies.
It should also be seen whether the outward remittances to foreign re-insurers have been
done as per the foreign exchange regulations.

It should also be seen whether the commission on cession has been calculated as per
the terms of the agreement with the re-insurers.
The auditor should verify the computation of profit commission for various automatic
treaty arrangements in the light of the periodical accounts rendered and in relation to
outstanding loss pertaining to the treaty.
The auditor should examine whether the cash loss recoveries have been claimed and
accounted on a regular basis.
The auditor should also verify whether the Claims Paid item appears in Outstanding
Claims list by error. This can be verified at least in respect of major claims.
He should see whether provisioning for outstanding losses recoverable on cessions have
been confirmed by the re-insurers and in the case of major claims, documentary support
should be insisted and verified.
Accounting aspects of the re-insurance cession premium, commission receivable, paid
claims recovered, and outstanding losses recoverable on cessions have to be checked.
The auditor should check percentage pattern of gross to net premium, claims paid and
outstanding claims to ensure comparative justification.
The auditor should also check that the re-insurers balance on cessions and whether the
sub ledger balances tallies with the general ledger balances.
The auditor should review the individual accounts to find out whether any balance
requires provisioning / write off or write back.
He should verify whether the balances with re-insurers are supported by necessary
confirmation obtained from them.
He should verify whether opening outstanding claims not paid during the year find place
in the closing outstanding claims vis-a-vis the reinsurance inwards outstanding losses
recoverable on cessions appears in both opening and closing list. If not, the reason for
the same should be analysed.
Any major event after the Balance Sheet date which might have wider impact with
reference to subsequent changes regarding the claim recovery both paid and outstanding
and also re-insurance balances will need to be brought out suitably.
12.10 Co-Insurance
Where the insured chooses to have more than one insurer for the same transaction of risk, it
would amount to coinsurance. The concept of co-insurance emerges, when there is a
predetermined set of understandings, leader of the business receives the premium and issues
policy with a co-insurance clause in the policy and the referred leader also settle the claims to
the insured in case of the occurrence of claims. Balances pertaining to other companies
relating to premiums and claims are accounted under co-insurance as Amounts due to / due
from other insurance companies.

Balances are settled in periodical meetings and exchange of statements as agreed between
the companies. Suitable slot can be provided in the systems to incorporate co-insurance
requirements. Most of the practice in accounting and settlement of co-insurance transactions
are industry specific and insured specific. Hence, system may suitably be designed to
accommodate all the possibilities of co-insurance accounting and settlements.
The auditors should get information from the agreement arrived at the Insurance Council,
where the insurance companies may chose to be the members. (Wherever the concept of
Insurance Council is in place). Members of the Insurance Council could arrive the mutually
agreeable terms and norms of entering into coinsurance agreement and the norms for
settlement of dues. The Insurance Council may recommend the following norms while entering
into coinsurance agreement:
Settlement of commission
Collection and Remittance of service tax
Standard practices for settlement of dues
Settlement of claims
Reinsurance arrangement for the risk booked
Exceptional booking and the powers thereof deviating from the Councils understanding
The auditor should go through the understanding of the Council and ensure that the risks are
covered as per the terms and conditions with adequate consideration and proper settlement.
12.11 Solvency Margin
Section 64VA of the Insurance Act, 1938, inter alia, requires every insurer to maintain an
excess of the value of its assets over the amount of its liabilities at all times. The excess is
known as Solvency Margin. In the case of an insurer carrying on general insurance business,
the solvency margin should be the highest of the following amounts:
(a) fifty crore rupees (one hundred crores of rupees in case of a reinsurer); or
(b) a sum equivalent to twenty percent of net premium income; or
(c) a sum equivalent to thirty percent of net incurred claims,
subject to credit for reinsurance in computing net premiums and net incurred claims being
actual but a percentage, determined by the regulation but not exceeding fifty percent. It may
be noted that conditions regarding maintenance of the above mentioned solvency margin may
be relaxed by the Authority in certain special circumstances.
If, at any time, an insurer does not maintain the required solvency margin, the insurer is
required to submit a financial plan to the Authority indicating the plan of action to correct the
deficiency in the solvency margin. If, on consideration of the plan, the Authority finds it
inadequate, the insurer has to modify the financial plan.
Maintenance of solvency margin has a great importance for an insurance company
considering their size and nature of business and also involvement of public money. Sub-

section (2C) of Section 64A states that if an insurer fails to comply with the requirements of
the Insurance Act, 1938, it shall deemed to be insolvent and may be wound up by the Court.
12.11.1 IRDA Regulations - Sub section (3) of Section 64V of the Act requires that every
insurer should value the assets and liabilities in the manner laid down by the Section 64V and
in accordance with the regulations which may be made by the Authority in this behalf.
The Authority has issued IRDA (Assets, Liabilities and Solvency Margin of Insurers)
Regulations. The Regulations lay down manner of valuation of assets and liabilities, the forms
in which assets and liabilities are to be disclosed, the manner of determination of solvency
margins and the format of certificate to be signed by the auditors.
Every Insurer is required prepare a statement of value of assets in Form IRDA-Assets-AA. A
statement of the amount of liabilities in case of general insurance business is to be prepared
in Form HG and a statement of Solvency Margin in Form KG as specified in the Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority (Assets, Liabilities and Solvency Margin of Insurers)
Regulations. The statement of assets, liabilities and solvency margin are to be certified by an
auditor and filed by the insurance company with the Authority within six months from the end
of the period to which they refer to along with the audited accounts and statements. The
salient features pertaining to the valuation of assets are discussed below:
12.11.2 Statement of Solvency Margin -Every insurer is required to determine the required
solvency margin, the available solvency margin and the solvency ratio in the Form KG. The
statement of solvency margin is to be prepared in accordance with Section 64 VA of the
Insurance Act, 1938 and the same is to be certified by the auditor.
12.12 Trade credit insurance
"Trade Credit Insurance business" means the business of effecting contracts of insurance in
respect of trade credit insurance transactions.
"Trade credit insurance" means insurance of suppliers against the risk of non-payment of
goods or services by their buyers who may be situated in the same country as the supplier
(domestic risk) or a buyer situated in another country (export risk) against non-payment as a
result of insolvency of the buyer or non-payment after an agreed number of months after due-
date (protracted default) or non-payment following an event outside the control of the buyer or
the seller (political risk cover). Political risk cover is available only in case of buyers
outside India and in countries agreed upon at the proposal stage.
"Trade Credit Insurance transaction" means a transaction between two persons for supply of
goods or services on open and agreed terms.
"Trade Credit insurance policy" is a conditional insurance contract between two parties
(insurer and seller) that cannot be traded and is always directly related to an underlying trade
transaction, which is either the delivery of goods or of services. The correct fulfilment of this
trade transaction and satisfaction of the contract terms which is essential for credit cover to
exist.
12.12.1 Basic Requirements of a Trade Credit Insurance Product: An insurer shall offer
trade credit insurance product only if all requirements mentioned below are met:

1. Policyholder's loss is non-receipt of trade receivable arising out of a trade of goods or
services.
2. Policyholder is a supplier of goods or services in consideration for a fair market value.
3. Policyholder's trade receivable does not arise out of factoring or reverse factoring
arrangement or any other similar arrangement.
4. Policyholder has a customer (i.e. Buyer) who is liable to pay a trade receivable to the
policyholder in return for the goods and services received by him from the policyholder, in
accordance with a policy document filed with the insurer.
5. Policyholder undertakes to pay premium for the entire Policy Period.
6. Any other requirement that may be specified by the Authority from time to time.
12.13. Compliance with Corporate Governance Guidelines ("CG
Guidelines") Circular No. IRDA/F&A/CIR/CG/081/05/2011,
Dated 2-5-2011
Attention is drawn to the Corporate Governance Guidelines issued by the
Authority vide Circular no. IRDA /F&A/ CIR/025/2009-10, dated 05th August, 2009, and
Circular No. IRDA /F&I/CIR/ F&A/014/01/2010, dated 29th January, 2010.
The following additional stipulations shall form part of the Guidelines:-
I. Annual Filing of Compliance Status:
(a) All insurers are required to file a Report on status of compliance with the C G Guidelines
on an annual basis w.e.f. the Financial Year 2010-11. This report shall be filed within 90
days from the end of the Financial year (i.e., before 30th June).
(b) Clause 9 of the CG Guidelines requires confirmation of disclosures made in the Annual
Accounts. In such instances, where the finalization of Annual Accounts extends beyond
90 days of the close of the financial year, the status on disclosure in the Financial
Statements as required under the aforementioned clause may be made within 15 days of
adoption of the Annual Accounts by the Board of Directors of the insurers. This is in line
with the stipulations issued by IRDA vide Circular No. IRDA/F&A/013/2005-06, dated 9th
June, 2005.
II. Filling up of the Vacancy to the Post of Independent Director on the Board:
Clause 5.1 of the CG Guidelines lays down the requirements regarding appointment of a
minimum number of independent directors on the Board of Directors of an insurer. These
stipulations are in line with Section 48 of Insurance Act, 1938.
All insurers are required to ensure compliance with the stipulations regarding the minimum number
of independent directors at all times. In case, the number of independent directors falls below the
minimum requirement laid down, the vacancy shall be filled up within a maximum period of 180
days, under intimation to the Authority.

III. Optional Committees: Clause 7 of the CG Guidelines provides for the formation of
following three optional committees:
(1) Remuneration Committee
(2) Nomination Committee
(3) Ethics Committee
It is further clarified that though the formation of such Committees is optional, once these are
in place, the insurer is required to comply with the requirements on the "Role and
Responsibilities" of such Committees as laid down in the said clause of the CG Guidelines.
Insurers are advised to initiate steps to ensure compliance with respect to such Committees.

APPENDIX I
Directions under Section 619 (3) (a) of the Companies Act, 1956, applicable to
Insurance Companies
I. System of Accounts
1. Examine the following systems and give your views as regards their deficiencies
alongwith suggestions for remedial measures:-
(a) Recording of receipts and expenditure.
(b) Drawing periodical trial balance.
(c) Compilation of accounts.
(d) Reconciliation of inter-office accounts.
(e) Reconciliation of registers/records relating to property, assets. Investments,
premiums, claims, loans, etc., with financial books.
(f) Maintenance of up-to-date records in respect of assets, which are pledged,
encumbered or blocked in any way.
2. Are the bank accounts of the company reconciled with the bank statements
regularly? If not, describe the failures.
3. Are control accounts and subsidiary accounts up-to-date and reconciled regularly? If
not, describe the failures.
4. Examine the accounting policies of the company. Are these in conformity with the
Accounting Standards (National and in the absence of National Standards, the
corresponding International Standard)? Give particulars of material departures from
these standards, if any, alongwith their effect on the financial statements; quantify
the impact wherever possible.
II. System of Financial Control
1. Examine the delegation of financial powers and indicate whether these are clearly
and legally made within the company. If not, describe the defects in the delegation

of powers and suggest remedial measures.
2. Indicate whether the cash and imprest balances were physically verified during the
year on a regular basis by an authorised officer? Highlight the inadequacies in this
regard, if any.
3. Whether transfers of surplus funds are being made on a timely basis and whether
these are being properly monitored?
4. Examine whether the system of the company insures adequate control over issue
and custody of critical items of stationery, e.g., cover notes, policy documents
receipts and acknowledgements relating to risk accepted, etc? If not, describe the
inadequacies.
5. Give your comments on Internal Audit system stating whether its reporting status,
scope of work, level of competence, etc. are adequate? If not, describe the short-
comings thereof. Is there an adequate compliance mechanism on internal audit
observations?
6. Indicate the serious lacunae in the system of internal control which have come to
your notice during audit.
III. Investments (Applicable only at H.O.)
1. Indicate whether the Board of Directors of the company laid down on investment
policy? If yes, please indicate the following:-
(a) Is the policy in accordance with the laws, rules and regulations applicable to
the company?
(b) In your opinion, are there any defects in the policy?
(c) Has the company followed it in case of all material investments made during
the year?
(d) Were the investments made by the company in its best interest?
2. Does the company have adequate system of periodic physical verification of
investments and reconciliation thereof with books? Have the discrepancies been
properly dealt with?
3. Does the system of the company ensure proper recording of rights, entitlements and
options on investments held? Are adequate records maintained in support of
exercise/non exercise of such rights, etc.?
4. Does the system of the company ensure recording of accrual of dividend, interest
and other yields on investments and for follow up of the amounts accrued but not
received?
5. In the case of investments matured and income due but not received/collected, is
satisfactory explanation available for non-receipt/non-collection?


IV. Loans (Applicable only at H.O.)
1. Indicate whether the Board of Directors of the company has laid down a policy
regarding of loans. If yes, please indicate the following :-
(a) Is the policy in accordance with the laws, rules and regulations applicable to
the company?
(b) In your opinion, are there any defects in the policy?
(c) Has the company followed it in the case of all material loans made during the
years?
(d) Were the loans made by the company in its best interest?
(e) Has adequate provision been made in the accounts in respect of bad and
doubtful loans? If not, describe the failures.
(f) Does the company have an effective system of identifying non-performing
loans? Does the company monitor such loans effectively?
(g) Has the company taken adequate steps against the defaulters during the year?
If not, indicate significant instances of failures.
V. Revenue Accounts
1. Does the company has an effective system to ensure that premiums for risks
assumed/accepted during the year for various classes of business are properly
computed and accounted for?
2. Is the system of collections of premium on policies issued adequate? If not, give
instances of major violations of relevant legal provisions and prescribed procedures.
3. Have the norms for determining premium for non-tariff business been laid down by
the company and are these followed by divisions/branches booking the business?
4. Have you come across instances of prohibited/declined risks having been accepted
in excess of the delegated authority?
5. In respect of system relating to claims, comment on the following aspects, giving
instances of significant deviations/failures in each case.
(a) Are claims promptly recorded in the claims intimation register for each class of
business? Is the liability of the company ascertained/ assessed expeditiously?
(b) Are surveyors appointed and their preliminary/final survey reports obtained
within a reasonable time?
(c) Is collection and accounting of salvage as well as its disposal expeditious?
(d) Are close proximity claims, i.e., claims within a short period after
commencement of the risk, identified? Are the procedures for processing of
such claims effective/
(e) Are pending claims reviewed periodically and follow-up action taken in
appropriate cases?

6. Does the system of the company ensure that claims are recorded net of co-
insurance at the D.O./branch and net of re-insurance as per arrangement with other
insurers at the Head Office?
7. Is the system of monitoring the accepted or ceded business and accounting of
premiums and claims in connection therewith adequate? Indicate major defects.
8. Are balances under accepted treaties periodically reconciled and action taken for
outstanding recoveries?
9. Does the system of the company ensure proper recording of incoming and outgoing
co-insurance transactions and periodic reconciliation of co-insurers balances?
10. Does the system of the company ensure periodic reconciliation of ledger balances
relating to premiums and claims with the relevant figures as per the business and
claims registers as communicated by divisions in the underwriting returns for
purpose of re-insurance?
11. Were the re-insurance treaties entered into by the company in its best interest?
Indicate cases of re-insurance treaties which have resulted in heavy losses
continuously.
VI. Miscellaneous
1. Are the (i) Premium deposit accounts, (ii) Bank guarantee account, (iii) Agent's balance
accounts (iv) Outstanding premium accounts, (v) Amount due to and from other
persons/bodies carrying on insurance business accounts, (vi) Treaty inwards and
outwards control accounts , (vii) sundry debtors and creditors accounts including
outstanding claims, regularly reviewed and pursued for clearance/adjustment? Have
confirmations been obtained of such outstanding accounts. ? In the case of credit
Balance including premium deposits, sundry deposits and agents balances, are
appropriate premium adjustments made for risks assumed, if any ?
2. Were there any special features in the year which have affected the results shown by the
profit and Loss Account substantially ? If so, give details.
3. Are there any other significant matters which in your opinion deserve the attention of the
management?
Annexure -A
(This information is factual and should be obtained from the Management)
1. Indicate the areas where the company has computerised the accounts system. Have the
General and Application controls been reviewed periodically to derive assurance that the
system is producing results that can be relied upon by the auditors? State the
deficiencies reported by internal auditors/statutory auditors alongwith the remedial
measures being taken by the management.
2. Are the accounts of the company in arrears? If so, state the reasons therefor and the
action taken/being taken to bring the accounts up-to-date.

3. Please comment on operation of foreign branches/ agencies with relevant details. In case
of adverse results remedial measures taken and results thereof should be described.
4. What are non-performing investments? Please indicate the cost, book value and market
value of such investments.
5. What is the average yield on investments in last three years?
6. What percentage of loans was considered doubtful at the end of each the three
preceding years and the absolute amount thereof?
7. Give age-wise break-up of outstanding claims for each class of business (numbers and
amount).
8. List out top 30 claims (above ` 5 lakhs each) provided/settled during the year (10 for
each class of business).
9. Have any cases of frauds/embezzlements/ misappropriation comes to light during the
year? If so, give details

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Audit of General Insurance Companies

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