Subject: Chemistry Type of Lesson: Lecture/ Demonstration

Grade: 10 CSEC OBJ: Define the term standard solution

Use the results from volumetric
analysis to calculate; i) the number of
moles reacting ii) the mole ratio in
which the reactants combine iii) the
concentration and mass concentration
of reactants.
Term: 3 UNIT: Mole Concept Volumetric Analysis
Duration: 90 minutes Lesson: 25 Standard solutions
Week: 9

Objectives
As a result of this lesson, you should be able to:
1) define the term standard solution and give appropriate examples.
2) transfer your knowledge about the characteristics of homogenous solutions in previous
lessons to illustrate and interpret how to properly prepare a standard solution of a given
substance
3) prepare a standard solution for at least two substances after demonstration by the teacher.
4) develop skills of accuracy and precision of measurement when manipulating pipettes,
burettes, dropper bottles and volumetric flasks to carry out a volumetric analysis.

Prerequisite Student Knowledge
You should be familiar with:
1) the definition and characteristics of solutions.
2) the terms anhydrous and hydrated.
3) the use of universal indicators to distinguish between acids and bases.
4) calculating number of moles and molar mass.






Important Points
Important points in this lesson:
1) Practice manipulating the apparatus and you will become perfect at it.
2) Pay close attention to your teacher and how s/he carries out the titration.


Key Terms
volumetric analysis

analyte

burette

standard solution

pipette

titrant

concentration titration volumetric flask

titre volume

mole

molar volume



Challenge Areas
Explain why volumetric analysis would be important in sports, medicine and industry.


Equipment/Material Needed
Volumetric flask, clamp stand, chalk board, pipettes, burettes, calculator, white paper, indicator
solution, Computer with internet access and speaker, headphones to listen to tutorial.

Note to Student

Exercise patience with your self. Model best practices. Practice these skills until you gain
accuracy and precision. Visit internet websites and view the tutorials outside of class time.

Introduction
1) Introductory Activity
a. This is a discussion activity to make you aware of the terms used in this unit e.g.
Volumetric analysis and Titration.


i. Your teacher will engage you in a discussion on how to measure volume.
ii. Listen and participate in the discussion by answering the questions posed by
your teacher.
iii. Find the meaning of the terms accuracy and precision in your chemistry
dictionaries or on the internet.
iv. Your teacher will explain the meaning of the term analysis to you. S/He will
tell you that analysis means to make a qualitative or quantitative
determination by chemical or instrumental means of the constituents of a
particular substance or of particular components of the substance (Oxford
Dictionary). Also, when we determine the concentration or the number of
moles present in a substance by analyzing the volume of the substance it is
called volumetric analysis. The phrase volumetric analysis actually refers to
analysis by volumes.

b. In this unit you will be learning about volumetric analysis. In todays lesson we will
begin by observing and using the instruments which are used to conduct a titration.

i. Listen to these points as your teacher writes them on the board and write your
own notes:

(a) Titration refers to the practice of using a burette and a pipette to measure
volumes of solutions and running one solution from the burette into a
conical flask until an indicator which was placed in the solution in the
conical flask changes colour.

ii. Your teacher will show you the instruments which are used to measure the
volumes when conducting a titration. S/He will tell you that the titration
exercise will only allow us to measure the volume that is required to
neutralize the solution. The analysis of the number of moles which was
required is the second part of the volumetric analysis.

iii. Draw and label each of the instruments and state the use of each of them.

c. In this section you will be required to watch the teacher weigh out substances using a
simple tare balance or an analytical balance.

i. Compare your teachers demonstration with the one on the following video
presentation/ internet tutorial.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtnPiKSKKtI&feature=related
Notes

Labelling and
keeping track of
your materials and
equipment plays
an important part
in accuracy!

ii. Write down the skills and techniques that are necessary to obtain accuracy
and precision.
iii. Write down in your notebooks why it is important to measure volumes
accurately and precisely when carrying out volumetric analysis.


2) Tutorial on laboratory techniques used in titration.

a. Sit in groups to use a computer. Internet support is necessary for this activity.

i. View the laboratory techniques presented in this series of videos entitled
Laboratory techniques from the following website-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DkB82xLvNE&feature=PlayList&p=18F
FBEDEE194F652&index=0
ii. Write out the information on the procedures using a flow chart. This should
take approximately 45 minutes.
iii. Practice the technique of weighing out substances using a standard balance.
Listen to your teacher.






Body of Lesson
1) Demonstration preparing standard solutions.

a. Your teacher will demonstrate how to prepare a standard solution. Sit quietly and
observe and write down any questions you may have.

i. View the following tutorial about preparing standard solutions and doing
molar calculations. This should take you 20 minutes. Write your own notes
and listen to your teacher again.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckAwavEKA0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwacHJ6Tzm4&feature=PlayList&p=5F
A0C598551ECD50&index=67&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL

b. Your teacher will measure the volume of solution required to make up the standard
solution of an acid or weigh out the mass of substance required to make a standard
solution of the base.

i. Write down and recite the steps which should be taken when preparing a
standard solution.
Try This!

Write down the steps
that you observed in
the internet tutorial
and compare with the
steps that you use.

ii. Look at your teacher demonstrate the procedure for preparing a standard
solution. Critique the demonstration and compare it to the techniques you
observed in the tutorial.

2) Preparation of Standard Solutions Calculations

a. What mass of potassium nitrate is required to prepare 500 cm
3
of a 0.100 mol dm
-3

standard solution of KNO
3


Follow the steps below to assist you in your calculation:

i. Calculate the number of moles of KNO
3
required to
make 500 cm
3
of the solution.

Answer:
0.100 mol dm
-3
means that there is 0.100 moles of KNO
3
in 1 dm
3
(or 1000
cm
3
) of solution.

So if 1000 cm
3
contain 0.100 moles of KNO
3

Then, 1 cm
3
contains 0.100 moles KNO
3

1000

Hence, 500 cm
3
contain 500 x 0.100 moles KNO
3

1000

= 0.05 moles KNO
3


ii. Convert moles to mass

Remember, 1 mole of a compound is equal to its relative molecular mass in
grams.

The relative molecular mass of KNO
3
is:

RMM = 39 + 14 + (16 x 3) = 101 g mol
-1
KNO
3


Since 1 mole KNO
3
= 101 g
Then 0.05 mole KNO
3
= 101 x 0.05
= 5.05 g

5.05 g of KNO
3
has to weighed out accurately and dissolved in 500 cm
3
as
described above.

b. Try these on your own.
i. What mass of sodium sulphate is required to
prepare 250 cm
3
of a 0.5 mol dm
-3
sodium sulphate solution?
ii. What mass of magnesium nitrate is required to
prepare 100 cm
3
of a 0.01 mol dm
-3
magnesium nitrate solution?

c. Summarize the major steps in preparing a standard solution.

Closure
In-Class Assignments

1) Prepare 250 cm
3
of a standard solution of sodium carbonate. Your teacher will guide you in
the preparation. Remember you need to calculate the mass that is required for this volume.

2) Assess your skills at preparing a standard solution and that of your partner. Write down at
least 2 ways in which you could improve your precision and accuracy.
Out-of-Class Assignment
View the following tutorial at leisure and record your own notes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckAwavEKA0&feature=related (preparing standard
solutions)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwacHJ6Tzm4&feature=PlayList&p=5FA0C598551ECD50
&index=67&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL (calculating the concentration of an unknown
solution)

Supplemental
Glossary of Terms
titration

The quantitative measurement of an analyte in
solution by reacting it completely with a
standardized reagent

titrant

The solution that is often placed in the burette
during a titration.

aliquot

A definite portion of a solution that is often
placed in the conical flask. This solution is often
the base and is measured out using the pipette.

Standard solution

A solution of accurately known concentration

Titre volume Volume of the solution that was used from the
burette for neutralization.

Molar
concentration
The number of moles of solute per litre (dm
3
) of
solution.



CSEC Questions
None.

Recommended Materials
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DkB82xLvNE&feature=PlayList&p=18FFBEDEE194F652
&index=0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwacHJ6Tzm4&feature=PlayList&p=5FA0C598551ECD50
&index=67&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckAwavEKA0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUeT5XbUH-8&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cckAwavEKA0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwacHJ6Tzm4&feature=PlayList&p=5FA0C598551ECD50
&index=67&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
Bibliography
Taylor, M. & Chung-Harris, T. ( 2006). CXC Chemistry. Macmillan CXC Science series.