A

Seminar Report
On

4K UHD Opportunity or Hype?
By
Sumit Dinkarrao Pople
ME (Electronic & Telecommunication)

Under the guidance of

Prof. - S. S. Jadhav

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
MSSs CET, Jalna


Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
MSSs, College of Engineering and Technology, Jalna
For Academic Year
2013-14


MSSS,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JALNA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Sumit Dinkarrao Pople has successfully completed
seminar work entitled 4k UHD Opportunity or Hype in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF ENGINERRING (ELECTRONICS
& TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.) of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad-431004.
The matter embodied in this seminar report is a record of his own independent work
carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.

Guide
Prof. S. S. Jadhav



PG CO-ORDINATOR H.O.D. Principal
Prof. M. R. Saundade Prof. J. N. Mohite Dr. C. M. Sedani



INDEX
I. List of Figures I
II. List of Tables II
III. Abbreviations III
IV. ABSTRACT
Sr. No. Contents Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Commercial and Consumer Need 2
1.2.1 Achieve human visual acuity 2
1.2.2 Large display 4
1.2.3 Enhance post production effect 4
1.2.4 Modern cinema theater layout 4
1.3 Objective of 4K UHD 5
1.3.1 Higher resolution for visual acuity 5
1.3.2 Large display with wide angle at home 6
1.3.3 Long distance projection and close eye clearance 7
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 9
2.1 Standard Definition 9
2.2 High Definition 10
3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 11
3.1 4K Ultra High Definition 11
3.2 Development in 4K UHD 12
3.2.1 2003-2011 12
3.2.2 2012 14
3.2.3 2013 16
4 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 19
4.1 Post-production in video
4.1.1 Zoom Factor
4.1.2 Frame rate
4.2 Parameter difference between HD and UHD 21

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 22
5.1 Advantages 22
5.1.1 Viewing experience of Viewer 22
5.1.2 Post production effect 22
5.1.3 More access at home 22
5.1.4 Benefits for broadcast 23
5.1.5 Conversion from 4K UHD to HD 23
5.1.6 Much higher resolution 23
5.1.7 Brilliant colors 24
5.1.8 Stay connected 24
5.2 Disadvantages 25
5.2.1 Technical challenges for shooting and delivering 4K 25
5.2.2 View 4K Videos 25
5.2.3 Infrastructure requirement 26
5.2.4 Conversion for HD 27
5.2.5 Other Technical Issues 27
6. CONCLUSION 28
6.1 Conclusion 28
6.2 Future scope 28
6.2.1 8K UHD 28
6.2.2 Glass-less 3D 29
6.3 Applications of UHD 30
6.3.1 In TV Broad cast 30
6.3.2 In Cinemas 30

REFERENCES


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


DECLARATION




I



List of figures

Figure
No.
Name Of Figure Page No.
Fig 1 Typical Snellen chart used for visual acuity testing. 3
Fig 2 Screen projection 4
Fig 3 Resolution comparison 5
Fig 4. Comparative viewing angle and distance of SD/HD/4KUHD 6
Fig 5. Projection distance/view angle and distance comparison 8
Fig 6. Comparatively 4 time pixel than 1080p Or Quad HD 11
Fig 7. This exaggerated view depicts the effect of stairstep "jaggies"
and screen door effect that become visible when you're sitting
sufficiently close to a digital projection.
19
Fig 8. Quality zoom for post-production 20
Fig 9. Comparison of SD, HD, 4KUHD, and 8KUHD 29












II







List of tables

Table No. Name Of Table Page No.
Table 1 SD video components comparison 9
Table 2 HD video components comparison 10
Table 3 Video parameters of SD, HD, and UHD 21

























III



List of abbreviations
Abbreviation Full Form of Abbreviation
HD High Definition
UHD Ultra High Definition
UHDTV Ultra High Definition Tele- Vision
CES Consumer Electronics Show
SIS Satellite Information Service
FCC Federal Communications Commission
NHK Nippon Hs Kykai official English name: Japan Broadcasting Corporation
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
CES Consumer Electronics Show
ITU International Telecom Union
FPS Frame Per Second
HFR High Frame Rate
DWDM Dense Wide Dimension Medium
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television




ABSTRACT
Audio-Visual has built its history on the fundamental desire of human beings to
extend their audio-visual senses spatially and temporally. HD is one of the great
achievements of audio-visual. People in many countries are now enjoying the benefits of HD
in form of HDTV, HD movie Theaters and HD games, and people in the rest of the world
will soon benefit in the near future.
The definition of HD is state of high-definition is as : A high-definition system is a
system designed to allow viewing at about three times the picture height, such that the system
is virtually, or nearly, transparent to the quality of portrayal that would have been perceived
in the original scene or performance by a discerning viewer with normal visual acuity. Such
factors include improved motion portrayal and improved perception of depth.
The popular example of HD is HDTVs. Many broadcasters have established HDTV
productions and serve their audiences with at least one HDTV channel via Satellite,
Terrestrial, Cable or IP networks to complement their regular SDTV distribution bouquets.
The attainment of this goal is limited in some aspects; e.g. the field of view of HD is
only 30 arc-degrees. Our natural desire to overcome such limitations has led us to the concept
of UHD;
Many television brands introducing 4K UHD TV in this year. UHD is an application
that is intended to provide viewers with an enhanced visual experience primarily by offering
a wide field of view that virtually covers all of the human visual field with appropriate sizes
of screens relevant to usage at home and in public places.
This Report contains the results of the study on ultra-high definition (UHD) and
describes the present state of UHD. It addresses the baseband image format and the
derivation of system parameter values in particular.
The objective of this document is to provide general information about HD and newly
proposed four times HD resolution format, abbreviated as Quad-HD or (more
imprecisely) 4K. This four times HDTV resolution format (3840 x 2160 pixels)
corresponds to the Level 1 (format) of NHKs Super High Vision system (Level 2, with 16
times HDTV resolution is also being developed in Japan). For the purpose of this document
we use the term 4k although the reader should be aware that there is a broad family of slightly
different image formats.
1



1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
4K UHD is a high resolution picture format (3840 2160 pixels per frame) which is
emerging as the standard for new multimedia services. It has huge artistic advantages
compared to conventional SD and HD production, both for content acquisition and special
effects (such as zoom).
4K UHD offers opportunities for new service development and differentiation to
broadcast and media organizations, many of whom have already started experimental
production and services or announced their 4K UHDTV plans. For example, Netfl ix has
announced plans for a 4K UHDTV movie service within a year or two, Sky TV carried out
a 4K multi-camera live field test for a soccer match in February 2013, and Japanese
broadcasters have committed to start 4K UHDTV services in time for the soccer World Cup
in 2014.
However, catching the 4K UHDTV wave is not without its difficulties, not least of
which is knowing what equipment to invest in while standards have not yet been fully agreed
between industry players, and knowing how to take advantage of the new format. .
4K UHDTV has generated a lot of excitement and press attention since the start of
2013. At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), all the major display vendors
announced and demonstrated 4K UHDTV consumer displays. In parallel, global broadcasters
and media organizations have been testing 4K UHDTV production including Sky, Netfl ix,
and RAI, with transmission tests supported by SIS Live, Ericsson and others.
4K UHD technology is already used for movies Warner Bros. has released this
summer The Dark Knight Rises in 4K. Taking the movie experience way beyond High
Definition (2K) resolution, screenings in Sony Digital Cinema 4K-equipped theatres have
been widely acclaimed for their ground-breaking visuals and special effects that are
considered as some of the best ever seen on screen.
Men in Black III, originally shot in 2D and later converted to 3D using a 4K Digital
Cinema projection technology, has offered an immersive visual experience allowing viewers
to get incredible detail and clarity, something which is absolutely essential for this action-
packed blockbuster. Samsaras emotional impact was due to a film shot entirely in 70mm
2



and presented in 4K digital projection to allow for mesmerizing images of unprecedented
clarity.
1.2 Commercial and Consumer Need
The digital revolution which is impacting the cinema and TV industry began by a
format known as 2K, and is continuing with 4K for very large screens. In parallel, many
leading filmmakers recommend using a high frame rate (HFR) by increasing the image
frequency from 24 to 48 and possibly even 60 frames per second (fps), to improve visual
comfort when viewing high-velocity shooting.
1.2.1 Achieve Human visual acuity
Visual acuity (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, which is dependent on
the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye and the sensitivity of the interpretative
faculty of the brain.
Visual acuity is a measure of the spatial resolution of the visual processing
system. VA is tested by requiring the person whose vision is being tested to identify
characters (like letters and numbers) on a chart from a set distance. Chart characters are
represented as black symbols against a white background (for maximum contrast). The
distance between the person's eyes and the testing chart is set at a sufficient distance to
approximate infinityin the way the lens attempts to focus.
Normal visual acuity is commonly referred to as 20/20 vision, the metric
equivalent of which is 6/6 vision. At 20 feet or 6 meters, a human eye
with nominal performance is able to separate lines that are 1.75 mm apart. A vision of 20/40
is considered half as good as nominal performance. A vision of 20/10 is considered twice as
good as nominal performance.
In the expression, 20/40 vision, the 20 is the distance in feet between the
subject and the chart. The 40 means that the subject can read the chart (from 20 feet away) as
well as a normal person could read the same chart from 40 feet away. This is calculated by
finding the smallest opt type they can identify and calculating the distance at which it has
a visual angle of 5 arc minutes.
3





Fig 1 - Typical Snellen chart used for visual acuity testing.

4



1.2.2 Large Display
Theres also the issue of encouraging consumers to desire a large display
(anything from 55 to 84) in their living rooms. It is clear that theres a technical push for
4K UHDTV underway, but commercial success will only follow if there is a real market
demand.
1.2.3 Enhancing post production effect
With 4K UHDTV, enhanced post-production effects, such as very high quality
zoom, become possible, where a viewer may concentrate on a specific part of the action
chosen by the program director, or, in the case of interactive services, chosen by the viewers
themselves.
Zoom effect in sport like cricket is used for close view. Ultra-slow-motion is another
post production issue which achieved using large frame rate (FPS).
1.2.4 Modern cinema theater layout
2K digital cinema provides an image container roughly 2000 pixels across
(2048 x 1080 or 2.2 million pixels). 4K digital cinema doubles those dimensions to 4096 x
2160. This equals 8.8 million pixels, exactly four times the count of 2K projection. On paper,
4K is obviously the superior solution. But what about the real world? Will the ticket buying
public actually be able to perceive the benefits of 4K resolution in actual theaters?

Fig 2 Screen projection
5



1.3 Objective of 4KUHD
1.3.1 Higher resolution for visual acuity
4K resolution is a generic term for display devices or content having
horizontal resolution on the order of 4,000 pixels. Several 4K resolutions exist in the fields
of digital television and digital cinematography. In the movie projection industry, Digital
Cinema Initiatives is the dominant 4K standard.
The television industry has adopted ultra-high definition television as its 4K
standard. As of 2013, some UHDTV models are available to general consumers. However,
due to lack of available content, 4K television has yet to achieve mass market appeal. Using
horizontal resolution to characterize the technology marks a switch from the previous
generation, high definition television, which categorized media according to vertical
resolution (1080i, 720p, 480p, etc.). The top-end regular HDTV format, 1080p, qualifies
as 2K resolution, having a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels, with a vertical resolution of
1080 pixels.
Some modern smartphones are capable of recording video at 4K resolution.

Fig 3 - Resolution comparison
6



1.3.2 Large display with wide angle at Home


Fig 4 - Comparative viewing angle and viewing distance of SH/HD/4KUHD
Fig 4 shows how viewing angles and distance from the screen vary, in SD
(left), HD (center) and Ultra HD (right) To appreciate the difference with Full HD, 50-inch
TV sets or more are ideal but the UHD difference can be seen on anything from a 40-inch
display upward. According to researchers, while viewers may initially think that even higher
resolutions would result in larger screens in already cramped living rooms, that is not the
case. Higher resolutions could bring a more immersive experience to the home theater as
viewers enjoy a wider field of view watching 4K video. The simple way to understand this is
to think of todays personal computer monitors where the viewing distance is typically 18- to
24-inches for a 27-inch, 1080p monitor. If the resolution of that monitor is set at 640-by-480
pixels (standard definition TV resolution), the picture is not very sharp or pleasing. On the
other hand, the picture looks fantastic if the resolution is set at 1920-by-1080 (2K) pixels.
This concept applies to television and theatres as well. Consumers should be able to sit close
to a 4K television enjoying a wider field of view and a more immersive experience. The
recommended viewing distances shown in the diagram below are based on the picture
resolution and the height (H) of the picture. With several 4K movies in production, a content
evolution has begun. This new model redefines what consumers should expect from their
televisions performance, said Brian Siegel, vice president of Sony Electronics TV Group.
Our professional division continues to see the migration toward 4K content creation with
major film and broadcast productions.
7



Incorporating proprietary up-scaling technology, the new TV sets will be able
to ensure that every frame offers 4K resolution regardless of the content source, delivering a
viewing experience that exceeds Full HD resolution.
1.3.3 Long Distance Projection and close eye clearance
Since the 1940s, just about everything in movie theaters has been transformed,
including auditorium design. Through the 1990s, new theater designs moved to progressively
wider-angle projection lenses, which suggest that seats became progressively closer to the
screen.
By 1994, viewing distances that had once been considered the minimum were
now close to the maximum. The renamed Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
(SMPTE) issued Engineering Guideline EG 18-1994, which recommended that the screen
subtend a minimum horizontal angle of 30 degrees for viewers in the back of the room. This
corresponds to a distance of 3.45 Picture Heights (using the contemporary picture
proportions of 1.85:1). EG 18-1994 proved to be a snapshot of best practices at the end of the
era of sloped-floor auditoriums. It was withdrawn in 2003 as inappropriate for the new era of
stadium seating auditoriums, which bring the audience even closer. In stadium seating, the
back of the house is about three Picture Heights from the screen while the closest seats are
less than one Picture Height away.
Any specified viewing distance also enables us to calculate the angle of view
that the picture occupies. In the sample 104-seat auditorium, the front row is roughly one
Picture Height from the screen while the back row is roughly three Picture Heights. The most
desired seats for the most enthusiastic ticket holders are roughly 1.5 Picture Heights from the
screen. At this distance, the vertical angle of view is 37.
It is possible to simulate the difference between 2K and 4K projection. The
following page provides side-by-side images14 for your evaluation. View a color printout of
this page from 8 feet, 7 inches (2.6 meters) to simulate first row seats at 0.86 Picture Heights.
From close viewing, you can easily see the difference between the two images, especially in
the windows and archways. As you would expect, the further back you move, the less distinct
the differences become. To Simulate View from (feet) View from (meters)
8




Fig 5 - Projection Distance / View angle and distance Comparison




9

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Standard Definition
From a historical perspective, the first electronic scanning format 405 lines was the
first "high definition" television system as the previous mechanical systems had far fewer
scanning lines.
From 1939, the US and other European countries experimented with 441 lines and 605
lines until, in 1941, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated 525 lines for
the US. In wartime France, Rene Barthelme experimented with higher definitions, reaching
1015 and even 1042 lines. Official French transmissions finally began with 819 lines in late
1949; however, this standard was abandoned in 1984 upon the adoption of 625-line color on
the TF1 network.
Video
Format
Resolution
Pixel Aspect
Ratio
After Horizontal
Scaling
576i 4:3
704576
12:11
768576
720576
(horizontal blanking
cropped)
720576 (full frame) 786576
576i 16:9
704576
16:11
1024576
720576
(horizontal blanking
cropped)
720576 (full frame) 1048576
480i 4:3
704480
10:11
640480
720480
(horizontal blanking
cropped)
720480 (full frame) 654480
480i 16:9
704480
40:33
853480
720480
(horizontal blanking
cropped)
720480 (full frame) 872480

Table 1 SD Video components Comparison



10

2.2 High Definition
Modern HD specifications date to the early 1970s, when Japanese engineers developed
the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard that ran at 60 frames per second. The Sony
HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers,
April 1981 and Japan's NHK presented its analog HDTV system at a Swiss conference in
1983. These are analog HD
Europe developed HD-MAC (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the MAC family of
hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video
transmission format.
The FCC process, led by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the
original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz, and 720-line
video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz.
In the end, however, the DVB standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective
frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also
involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC
transmission standard (which included both HD and SD video standards) in 1996, with the
first broadcasts on October 28, 1998.
Video
mode
Frame size in
pixels (WH)
Pixels per
image
Scanning
type
Frame rate (Hz)
720p 1,280720 921,600 Progressive
23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30,
50, 59.94, 60, 72
1080i 1,9201,080 2,073,600 Interlaced
25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94
fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s)
1080p 1,9201,080 2,073,600 Progressive
24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97),
50, 60 (59.94)

Table 2 HD Video Component Comparison




11

3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1 4K Ultra High Definition
Definition: 4K refers to one of two high definition resolutions: 3840 x 2160 pixels or
4096 x 2160 pixels. 4K is four times the high definition resolution of 1080p (1920x1080
pixels) that is one of main current consumer high definition resolution standards. The other
high definition resolution currently is use is 720p and 1080i. 4K is now officially
designated for consumer products as Ultra HD or Ultra High Definition, but is also referred
to at times, such as in professional or commercial settings as 4K x 2K, Quad High
Definition, or 2160p. 4K resolution is now being employed in an increasing basis in
commercial digital cinema projection using the 4096 x 2160 pixel option, where more and
more films are shot or mastered in 4K, or upscale from 2K (1998x1080 for 1.85:1 aspect
ratio or 2048 x 858 for 2.35:1 aspect ratio).
Also definition of 4K television depends on who you ask, but boils down to a digital
video resolution with a horizontal dimension approximately 4,000 pixels across. The most
common definition for 4K high-definition television sometimes dubbed Quad Full HD
or 4K UHDTV, for ultra high-definition television is 3,840 pixels by 2,160 pixels
exactly double the dimensions of a standard 1080p high-definition display.

Fig 6 Comparatively 4 time pixel than 1080p OR Quad HD


12

That seems like an incredible amount of resolution and it is. A 4K UHDTV display
has 8,294,400 pixels. An eight megapixel display might not seem incredibly high-tech when
inexpensive point and shoot cameras these days routinely boast resolutions of 10, 12, and 14
megapixels, but its important to put that 4K resolution in context. Check out how a 4K
display compares to the size of other 16:9 video formats: That seems like an incredible
amount of resolution and it is.
A 4K UHDTV display has 8,294,400 pixels. An eight megapixel display might not
seem incredibly high-tech when inexpensive point-and shoot cameras these days routinely
boast resolutions of 10, 12, and 14 megapixels, but its important to put that 4K resolution in
context. Check out how a 4K display compares to the size of other 16:9 video formats.
One possible point of confusion is that the 4,000-ish pixels in a 4K display are
measured horizontally, where the 1,080 (or 720) pixels on an HDTV display are measured
vertically. A 4K display is double the width of a 1080p high definition display (which are
1,920 pixels across) and offers four times as many total pixels, but its not four times taller.
The 3,840 by 2,160 resolution is the only resolution possible for 4K displays: Folks
might also see references to 4K displays running at 4,096 by 2,160 pixels (that 4,096 numbers
is one of those powers-of-eight numbers computers love). For the most part, however, those
will be limited to professional digital cinematography.
3.2 Development in 4KUHD
3.2.1 20032011
NHK researchers built their own UHDTV prototype which they demonstrated
in 2003. They used an array of 16 HDTV recorders with a total capacity of almost 3.5 TB that
could capture up to 18 minutes of test footage. The camera itself was built with four 2.5 inch
(64 mm) CCDs, each with a resolution of only 3840 2048. Using two CCDs for green and
one each for red and blue, they then used a spatial pixel offset method to bring it to 7680
4320.
Subsequently, an improved and more compact system was built using CMOS
image sensor technology and the CMOS image sensor system was demonstrated at Expo
2005, Aichi, Japan, the NAB 2006 and NAB 2007 conferences, Las Vegas, at IBC 2006
and IBC 2008, Amsterdam, Netherlands, and CES 2009. A review of the NAB 2006 demo
was published in a Broadcast Engineering e-newsletter. The final goal is for UHDTV to be


13

available in domestic homes, though the timeframe for this happening varies between 2015 to
2020 but Japan and China may get it in the 20132014 time frames.
On November 2, 2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of a UHDTV program over a
260 kilometer (km) distance by a fiber-optic network. Using dense wavelength division
multiplex (DWDM), 24 Gbit/s speed was achieved with a total of 16 different wavelength
signals.
On December 31, 2006, NHK demonstrated a live relay of their annual Khaku Uta
Gassen over IP from Tokyo to a 450 in (11.4 m) screen in Osaka. Using a codec developed
by NHK, the video was compressed from 24 Gbit/s to 180600 Mbit/s and the audio
was compressed from 28 Mbit/s to 728 Mbit/s. Uncompressed, a 20-minute broadcast would
require roughly 4 TB of storage.
The SMPTE first released Standard 2036 for UHDTV in 2007. UHDTV was defined
as having two levels called UHDTV1 (3840 2160 or 4K UHDTV) and UHDTV2 (7680
4320 or 8K UHDTV).
In May 2007, the NHK did an indoor demonstration at the NHK Open House in
which a UHDTV signal (7680 4320 at 60 fps) was compressed to a 250 Mbit/s MPEG2
stream. The signal was input to a 300 MHz wide band modulator and broadcast using a
500 MHz QPSK modulation. This "on the air" transmission had a very limited range (less
than 2 meters), but shows the feasibility of a satellite transmission in the 36,000 km orbit.
In 2008, Aptina Imaging announced the introduction of a new CMOS image sensor
specifically designed for the NHK UHDTV project. During IBC 2008 Japan's NHK,
Italy's RAI, BSkyB, Sony, Samsung, Panasonic Corporation, Sharp Corporation, and Toshiba
(with various partners) demonstrated the first ever public live transmission of UHDTV, from
London to the conference site in Amsterdam.
On September 29, 2010, the NHK partnered up and recorded The Charlatans live in
the UK in the UHDTV format, before broadcasting over the internet to Japan.
On May 19, 2011, SHARP in collaboration with NHK demonstrated a direct-view
85 in (220 cm) LCD display capable of 7680 4320 pixels at 10 bits per pixel. It was the first
direct-view Super Hi-Vision-compatible display to be released.
Before 2011, UHDTV allowed for frame rates of 24, 25, 50, and 60 fps. In an ITU-R
meeting during 2011, an additional frame rate was added to UHDTV of 120 fps.


14

3.2.2 2012
On February 23, 2012, NHK announced that with Shizuoka University they
had developed an 8K sensor that can shoot video at 120 fps.
In April 2012, NHK (in collaboration with Panasonic) announced a 145 in
(370 cm) display (7680 4320 at 60 fps), which has 33.2 million 0.417 mm square pixels. In
April 2012, the four major Korean terrestrial broadcasters (KBS, MBC, SBS, and EBS)
announced that in the future, they would begin test broadcasts of UHDTV on channel 66
in Seoul. At the time of the announcement, the UHDTV technical details had not yet been
decided. LG Electronics and Samsung will also be involved in the test broadcasts of UHDTV.
In May 2012, NHK showed the world's first ultra-high-definition shoulder-
mount camera. By reducing the size and weight of the camera, the portability had been
improved, making it more maneuverable than previous prototypes, so it can be used in a wide
variety of shooting situations. The single-chip sensor uses a Bayer color-filter array, where
only one color component is acquired per pixel. Researchers at NHK have also developed a
high-quality up-converter, which estimates the other two-color components to convert the
output into full resolution video.
Also in May 2012, NHK showed the ultra-high-definition imaging system it
has developed in conjunction with Shizuoka University, which outputs 33.2-megapixel video
at 120 fps with a color depth of 12 bits. As ultra-high-definition broadcasts at full resolution
are designed for large, wall-sized displays, there is a possibility that fast-moving subjects
may not be clear when shot at 60 fps, so the option of 120 fps has been standardized for these
situations. To handle the sensor output of approximately 4 billion pixels per second with a
data rate as high as 51.2 Gbit/s, a faster analog-to-digital converter has been developed to
process the data from the pixels, and then a high-speed output circuit distributes the resulting
digital signals into 96 parallel channels. This 1.5 in (38 mm) CMOS sensor is smaller and
uses less power when compared to conventional ultra-high-definition sensors, and it is also
the world's first to support the full specifications of the ultra-high-definition standard.
During the 2012 Summer Olympics in Great Britain, the format was publicly
showcased by the world's largest broadcaster, the BBC, which set up 15 meter wide screens
in London, Glasgow, and Bradford to allow viewers to see the Games in ultra-high definition.


15

On August 23, 2012, UHDTV was officially approved as a standard by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), standardizing both 4K and 8K resolutions
for the format in ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020.
On September 15, 2012, David Wood, Deputy Director of the EBU Technology and
Development Department (who chairs the ITU working group that created Rec. 2020),
told The Hollywood Reporter that Korea plans to begin test broadcasts of 4K UHDTV next
year. Wood also said that many broadcasters have the opinion that going from HDTV to 8K
UHDTV is too much of a leap and that it would be better to start with 4K UHDTV. In the
same article Masakazu Iwaki, NHK Research senior manager, said that the NHK plan to go
with 8K UHDTV is for economic reasons since directly going to 8K UHDTV would avoid an
additional transition from 4K UHDTV to 8K UHDTV.
On October 18, 2012, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) announced that it
had been unanimously agreed on by a vote of the CEAs Board of Industry Leaders that the
term "Ultra High-Definition", or "Ultra HD", would be used for displays that have a
resolution of at least 8 megapixels with a vertical resolution of at least 2,160 pixels and a
horizontal resolution of at least 3,840 pixels. The Ultra HD label also requires the display to
have an aspect ratio of at least 16 9 and to have at least one digital input that can carry and
present a native video signal of 3840 2160 without having to rely on a video scaler. Sony
announced that their 4K products will be marketed as "4K Ultra High-Definition (4K UHD)".
On October 23, 2012, Ortus Technology Co., Ltd announced the development of the world's
smallest 3840 2160 pixel LCD panel with a size of 9.6 in (24 cm) and a pixel density of
458ppi. The LCD panel is designed for medical equipment and professional video equipment.
On October 25, 2012, LG Electronics began selling the first flat panel Ultra HD display in the
United States with a resolution of 3840 2160. The LG 84LM9600 is a 84 in (210 cm) flat
panel LED-backlit LCD display.
On November 29, 2012, Sony announced the 4K Ultra HD Video Player, which is a
hard disk server preloaded with ten 4K movies and several 4K video clips that will be
included with the Sony XBR-84X900.
Examples of preloaded 4K movies will be The Amazing Spider-Man, Total
Recall (2012), The Karate Kid (2010), Salt, Battle: Los Angeles, The Other Guys, Bad
Teacher, Thats My Boy, Taxi Driver, and The Bridge on the River Kwai.


16

Additional 4K movies and 4K video clips will be offered for the 4K Ultra HD Video
Player in the future. November 30, 2012, Red Digital Cinema Camera Company announced
that they were taking pre-orders for the US$1,450 REDRAY 4K Cinema Player which is
capable of outputting 4K resolution to a single 4K display or to four 1080p displays arranged
in any configuration and connected using four HDMI 1.4 connections. Video output can be
4K DCI (40962160), 4K Ultra HD, 1080p, and 720p at frame rates of up to 60 fps with a bit
depth of up to 12-bits with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling. Audio output can be up to 7.1
channels. Content will be distributed online using the ODEMAX video service. External
storage can be connected using eSATA, Ethernet, USB, or a Secure Digital memory card.
3.2.3 2013
On January 6, 2013, the NHK announced that Super Hi-Vision satellite
broadcasts could begin in Japan in 2016. January 7, 2013, Eutelsat announced the first
dedicated 4K Ultra HD channel. ATEME uplinks the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC channel to the
EUTELSAT 10A satellite. The 4K Ultra HD channel has a frame rate of 50 fps and is
encoded at 40 Mbit/s. The channel started transmission on January 8, 2013. On the same
day Qualcomm CEO Paul Jacobs announced that mobile devices capable of playing and
recording 4K Ultra HD video will be released in 2013 using the Snapdragon 800 chip.
January 8, 2013, Broadcom announced the BCM7445 which is an Ultra HD
decoding chip capable of decoding High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) at up to 4096
2160p at 60 fps. The BCM7445 is a 28 nm ARM architecture chip capable of 21,000
Dhrystone MIPS with volume production estimated for the middle of 2014. On the same day
THX announced the "THX 4K Certification" program for Ultra HD displays. The
certification involves up to 600 tests and the goal of the program is so that "content viewed
on a THX Certified Ultra HD display meets the most exacting video standards achievable in a
consumer television today".
January 14, 2013, Blu-ray Disc Association president Andy Parsons stated that
a task force created three months ago is studying an extension to the Blu-ray
Disc specification that would add support for 4K Ultra HD video. January 25, 2013, the BBC
announced that the BBC Natural History Unit will produce Survival which will be the first
wildlife TV series to be filmed in 4K resolution. This was announced after the BBC had
experimented with 8k during the London Olympics. On January 27, 2013, Asahi
Shimbun reported that 4K Ultra HD satellite broadcasts will start in Japan with the 2014


17

FIFA World Cup. Japans Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications decided on this
move to stimulate demand for 4K Ultra HD TVs.
On February 21, 2013, Sony announced that the PlayStation 4 will support 4K
resolution output for photos and videos but games cannot be rendered at that resolution.
On March 26, 2013, the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
announced a call of proposals for the ATSC 3.0 physical layer which states that the plan is for
the system to support video with a resolution of 3840 2160 at 60 fps.
On April 19, 2013, SES announced the first Ultra HD transmission using the HEVC
standard. The transmission had a resolution of 3840 2160 and a bit rate of 20 Mbit/s.
On May 9, 2013, NHK and Mitsubishi Electric announced that they had jointly
developed the first HEVC encoder for 8K Ultra HD TV, which is also called Super Hi-Vision
(SHV). The HEVC encoder supports the Main 10 profile at Level 6.1 allowing it to encode
10-bit video with a resolution of 7680 4320 at 60 fps. The HEVC encoder has 17 3G-
SDI inputs and uses 17 boards for parallel processing with each board encoding a row of
7680 256 pixels to allow for real time video encoding. The HEVC encoder is compliant
with draft 4 of the HEVC standard and has a maximum bit rate of 340 Mbit/s.
The HEVC encoder was shown at the NHK Science & Technology Research
Laboratories Open House 2013 that took place from May 30 to June 2. At the NHK Open
House 2013 the HEVC encoder used a bit rate of 85 Mbit/s which gives a compression ratio
of 350:1. May 21, 2013, Microsoft announced the Xbox One which will support 4K
resolution (38402160) video output and 7.1 surround sound. Yusuf Mehdi, corporate vice
president of marketing and strategy for Microsoft, has stated that there is no hardware
restriction that would prevent Xbox One games from running at 4K resolution. On May 30,
2013, Eye IO announced that their encoding technology was licensed by Sony Pictures
Entertainment to deliver 4K Ultra HD video. Eye IO encodes their video assets at 3840
2160 and includes support for the xvYCC color space.
On June 11, 2013, Comcast announced that they had demonstrated the first public
U.S. based delivery of 4K Ultra HD video at the 2013 NCTAshow. The demonstration
included segments from Oblivion, Defiance, and nature content sent over a DOCSIS 3.0
network. June 13, 2013, ESPN announced that they would end the broadcast of the ESPN
3D channel by the end of the year and that they will "experiment with things like UHDTV".


18

On June 26, 2013, Sharp announced the LC-70UD1U which is a 70 in (180 cm) 4K Ultra HD
TV. The LC-70UD1U is the world's first TV with THX 4K certification.
On July 2, 2013, Jimmy Kimmel Live! recorded in 4K Ultra HD a performance by
musical guest Karmin and the video clip will be used as demonstration material at Sony
stores.
In September 2, 2013 Acer announced the first smartphone dubbed Liquid S2 capable
of recording 4K. September 4, 2013, the HDMI Forum announced the release of the HDMI
2.0 specification which can support 4K resolution at 60 fps. On the same day Panasonic
announced the Panasonic TC-L65WT600 which will be the first 4K TV to support 4K
resolution at 60 fps. The Panasonic TC-L65WT600 will have a 65 in (170 cm) screen,
support for Display Port 1.2a, support for HDMI 2.0, an expected ship date of October.
In October 4, 2013, DigitalEurope, announced the requirements for their UHD logo in
Europe. The DigitalEurope UHD logo will require that the display support a resolution of at
least 38402160, a 16:9 aspect ratio, the Rec. 709 (HDTV) color space, 8-bit video,
24p/25p/30p/50p/60p frame rates, and 2 channel audio.
On October 29, 2013, Elemental Technologies announced support for real-time 4K
Ultra HD HEVC video processing. Elemental provided live video streaming of the
2013 Osaka Marathon on October 27, 2013, in a workflow designed by K-Opticom, a
telecommunications operator in Japan. Live coverage of the race in 4K Ultra HD was
available to viewers at the International Exhibition Center in Osaka. This transmission of 4K
Ultra HD HEVC video in real-time was an industry-first.
On November 28, Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI
Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi chief Dmitri Chernyshenko stated that 2014
Olimpic Winter Games are to be filmed in 8K Super Hi-Vision.








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4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
4.1 Post production in videos
We can multiply the vertical angle of view by the number of pixels per degree to
determine the number of vertical pixels required to produce a visibly seamless image for a
viewer with good eyesight. The "relaxed" reference of 44 pixels per degree multiplied by 37
degrees vertical equals 1628 pixels vertical. How does this number compare to 2K? The
typical modern movie has a picture width-to-height proportion ("aspect ratio") of 1.85:1. 2K
projection accommodates this aspect ratio picture with 1998 pixels horizontal by 1080 pixels
vertical. (Different aspect ratios use different accommodations.12) The 1080 pixels of 2K
projection fall 34% short of the 1628 pixels required to create a seamless picture.

Fig 7 - This exaggerated view depicts the effect of stairstep "jaggies" and screen door
effect that become visible when you're sitting sufficiently close to a digital projection.

Of course, this 2K shortfall varies according to viewing distance. Sit closer and the
shortfall becomes more severe. Sit further and the shortfall will diminish, eventually to zero.
The shortfall is also linked to the reference for visual acuity. Using 60 pixels per degree,


20

which corresponds to recognizing the "E" on the 20/20 line of the eye chart, 2K projection
can only provide half of the required 2220 pixels.
Assuming appropriate content and a 2K projector that's in focus, the 2K shortfall can
create a problem for viewers in contemporary stadium seating theaters. At practical viewing
distances, the drawbacks of 2K presentation will be visible. These limitations can include the
visibility of individual pixels, which can undermine the illusion of reality. Stairstep "jaggies"
can add unwanted texture to diagonal lines in the picture. And gaps between pixels can put a
fine mesh of black lines across the entire image, as if the picture were viewed through a
screen door. (And if a projectionist were to deliberately put a 2K projector out of focus to
conceal these artifacts, the picture would lose even more detail.) For many audience
members, the benefits of 4K projection will be visible.
4.1.1 Zoom factor
High quality zoom effects can be integrated into the programming, this helps
user to zoom on particular areas. For example, in cricket match if a close decision of caught
behind is forward to third umpire then he can zoom the image at that portion frame by frame.
Other example in an interactive mode, a consumer or the program director could choose an
area of a 4K UHDTV scene for a close-up, as the simple example of Figure 7 shows.
However, it is also possible for sophisticated image analysis systems to identify the most
dynamic or most relevant area of a 4K UHDTV scene to offer the viewer an automatic close-
up.

Fig 8 Quality zoom for post-production


21

4.1.2 Frame Rate
In 4k UHD frame rate is above 60 fps, so in post-production effect like slow
motion is achieved more closely.
Example of this same for cricket, close decision for run out is more closely
analyzed with 120 FPS than 24/30/60 FPS.
4.2 Parameter Difference of HD and UHD
Following table 3 shows parametric advantages and comparison between
several forms of SD Videos, HD videos and UHD videos in respect to frame sizes, pixel per
image, scanning type and Frame rate in PFS or Hz.
Video
Standars
Video
mode
Frame size in
pixels (WH)
Pixels per
image
Scanning
type
Frame rate (Hz)
SD 576i 720516 368640 Interlaced 25,27,30
SD 576i 700516 361200 Interlaced 30
SD 480i 640480 307200 Interlaced 25,30
SD 480i 720480 346500 Interlaced 30
SD 640i 720640 460800 Interlace 30
HD 720p 1,280720 921,600 Progressive
23.976, 24, 25, 29.97,
30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72
THD 1080i 1,9201,080 2,073,600 Interlaced
25 (50 fields/s), 29.97
(59.94 fields/s), 30
(60 fields/s)
THD 1080p 1,9201,080 2,073,600 Progressive
24 (23.976), 25, 30
(29.97), 50, 60
(59.94)
FHD 2000p 2,0481,536 3,145,728 Progressive 24
UHD 2160p 3,8402,160 8,294,400 Progressive 60, 120
UHD 2540p 4,5202,540 11,480,800 Progressive
UHD 4000p 4,0963,072 12,582,912 Progressive
UHD 4320p 7,6804,320 33,177,600 Progressive 60, 120

Table 3 - Video parameter of SD,HD and UHD



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5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
5.1 Advantages
5.1.1 viewing experience of viewers
Ultra HD displays include four times as many pixels as Full HD meaning
Traditionally, Full HD images begin to break up on TV screens over 140 cm (55"). But with a
Toshiba Ultra HD TV, you get incredible 3840 x 2160 resolutions. Combined with advanced
upscaling technology, so you can enjoy uncompromisingly crisp, clear visuals for a fully
immersive cinema quality TVs experience in the comfort of your own home
Even if youre sitting close to the screen.
- They deliver stunning picture quality, regardless of screen size.
- Wide angle achieved so viewer can any angle for view movies,
- Short distance eye also give better picture quality,
5.1.2 Post production Effect
With 4K UHDTV, enhanced post-production effects, such as very high quality zoom,
become possible, where a viewer may concentrate on a specific part of the action chosen by
the program director, or, in the case of interactive services, chosen by the viewers
themselves.
- Effect like Zoom is more effective for particular area,
- High FPS more closely response slows motion,
- Most interaction programs can be telecasted to increase user interest,
- 3D contents can be enhanced,
5.1.3 More access at home
When high bandwidth delivery services to the home are launched, 4K UHDTV viewers
will be able to enjoy exceptionally high quality pictures, with a much higher degree of
involvement in the program. In addition, most of the 4K UHDTV displays targeted at
consumers also support 3D, so the consumer is likely to feel more confi dent that their
spending is a good investment. Since many consumers also use their TV monitor as their


23

games display, there will be additional incentive from the greater immersive experience when
4K UHDTV games are available.
5.1.4 Benefits for broadcasters
Broadcast and media companies can use 4K UHDTV as an opportunity to create new
services and differentiate their existing services. 4K UHDTV gives a stimulus to viewers to
start new subscriptions. Improved quality of content delivered to large displays in the home
gives program producers new artistic scope and freedom to create stunning new material.
Similarly, where a content provider wants to offer both 4K UHDTV and conventional
HD services, it would be possible to format convert the entire scene from 4K to HD to show
the HD viewer the whole content, and then later in the program, the director could choose to
show only an HD close-up, tracking specific program detail.
5.1.5 Conversion from 4K UHD to HD
Similarly, where a content provider wants to offer both 4K UHDTV and conventional
HD services, it would be possible to format convert the entire scene from 4K to HD to show
the HD viewer the whole content, and then later in the program, the director could choose to
show only an HD close-up, tracking specific program detail.
5.1.6 Much Higher Resolution
The most obvious advantage of 4K UHDTV is the much higher resolution than HDTV
which enables producers to capture much more detail in their scenes.
This provides a more immersive experience, bringing to life spacious wildlife
panoramas as well as offering the most detailed action at a sports game. The opportunity to
capture a wider field of view enables producers greater freedom in camera placement,
thereby enabling more artistic license, and hence closer engagement with viewers.





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5.1.7 Brilliant Colors
Treat your eyes to Pure Color Reproduction, simply put - superior clarity, brilliant
color, and the illusion of objects reaching out and inviting you in their story. LED technology
brings vibrant colors and a new level of picture clarity by constantly adapting to the images
on the screen, producing great detail. The precision and accuracy in the colour range will
open up your eyes to what landscapes are supposed to look like. Thanks to the Hisense's Pure
Color Reproduction, colors are meant to be exactly what they are supposed to be beautiful
shades of colors.

5.1.8 Stay Connected
Entertainment thrives beyond live TV and your digital library, with Hisense Smart TV,
doors swing wide open to access of online videos, games and music. Browse through over a
billion hours of video content on YouTube, see what your friends are up to on Facebook and
follow the latest worldwide trends on Twitter. Video chat via Skype to brings your friends
and family closer to home wherever they are.














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5.2 Disadvantages
5.2.1 Technical challenges for shooting and delivering in 4K
Firstly, the file sizes are enormous - 8.6m pixels in a frame; at 16bit colour depth,
means 1.7TB/hour! This is HUGE! An example of this was given recently by Nicholas
Recagno who provided technical support for the final online of The Hobbit. The final online
master at 48 fps, stereoscopic 3D of uncompressed 16 bit 4K files required 2.2GB/second of
data this is 2x faster than a fully loaded RAID drive equipped with thunderbolt can
eliver It really is at the limit of what current computing technology can provide.
Plus you have to find a way to archive this data. The current LTO6 backup tape
format only has a lifetime 25 years and therefore needs to be copied to new media every 3rd
hardware generation, so this is a very important consideration, as there is no helpful HDCAM
SR system at present which can capture and archive these files in true 4K yet.
So if we acknowledge the need to compress images, which will by definition be a
lossy form of compression, then isnt there an argument that it might be better to record a
lower rate of compression but in 2K/HD perhaps? Especially if you had at your disposal a
way of capturing images at 48P instead of just 24P? HDCAM SR and existing technology
can cope with this now in full uncompressed format without spending any extra in expensive
infrastructure
5.2.2 View 4K videos
Firstly, you need a lot of money for ah HD TV set. Until Sony released sets in April
2013 for $5,000, you needed $40,000 for an 86 UHD TV and the larger sets are still the
price of an executive car!. OK, the prices will come down in time but having spent such a
vast sum on a screen, how can you ensure that you will see the images properly?


26

There was a study some years ago in the US, which found that most people sit too far
from their TVs the average distance was 9ft. Under optimal view conditions for 20/20
vision, the optimal viewing distance has been calculated to be 1.8x the width of the screen, so
9ft distance is required for a 70 diagonal to distinguish detail for
UHD. Displays are becoming bigger and this is the basic argument for 4K but houses are not
especially in the UK!
5.2.3 Content memory Size
But where does the 4K content come from? The gigantic files are way beyond the
capability of internet presently and we will require more bandwidth for terrestrial, cable or
satellite, whichever is the designated vehicle for 4K transmission. First, we will require a
new compression standard to be universally adopted and the present H.264 will become
H.265, though this will take years to adopt and will still give a large level of compression too.
Blu-ray disks are possible but a 2K film currently uses all 50GB, so a 4K film would need a
3
rd
and a 4
th
layer to shoehorn a 4K film onto a Blu-ray disk and the technology isnt here to
achieve this yet.
Finally, all cabling for the last mile to all houses would need to be replaced in order
to work for 4K images, not to mention a complete replacement of all equipment in the
production and post-production process to be able to edit, route, post produce, copy, archive
4K images
5.2.4 Infrastructure requirement
Additionally, who is going foot the bill to do this infrastructure replacement in these
cash-strapped times?
4K will come though, so if we acknowledge this, just how long will it take to
penetrate to the mass consumer?


27

The best guide is the penetration of HDTV. The first American nationwide broadcast
of an HD programmed was John Glenns lift-off in the Space Shuttle in 1998. It took another
12 years for HDTV to go mainstream so by that reckoning it should be 2025 before UHD 4K
is in half of all American homes.
5.2.5 Conversion for HD
Similarly, where a content provider wants to offer both 4K UHDTV and conventional
HD services, it would be possible to format convert the entire scene from 4K to HD to show
the HD viewer the whole content, and then later in the program, the director could choose to
show only an HD close-up, tracking specifi c program detail.
5.2.6 Other Technical Issues
If higher resolution is the goal, then shoot at higher frame rate, which will achieve
this at lower cost.
At best the benefits of 4K are subtle on existing display equipment.
Also there are clear disadvantages to 4K not least of which is the extra cost of
moving around and processing the massive amounts of data that 4K involves.
I would like to finish on a case study of a theatrical feature shot with VMIs
cameras in 4K. Fast Girls was shot at 4K on the RED EPIC however the film
was never finished in 4K because of the cost. The film went to theatrical release
and it still looked fantastic despite not having been finished as intended.






28

6. CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
4K UHD is a very promising new opportunity for broadcast and media organizations.
It opens up the possibility to develop new revenue streams from innovative new services,
with much scope for new artistic freedom for program producers. Many elements in the
equipment chain from production to consumer are already available or are in development by
manufacturers, bringing the move to 4K UHDTV within the reach of many broadcast and
media organizations. Consumer displays are on sale now, setting an expectation of services to
come.
4K UHDTV is a serious option, and the issue isnt about whether 4K UHDTV is
commercially important but more about how soon regular consumer services will start.
6.2 Future Scope
6.2.1 8K UHD
Yes, they are already thinking beyond 4K - how about 8K? 8K is 16 times the
resolution of 1080p. For more on this development, read my article 8K Resolution, as well as
a peak at an8K TV prototype that was on display at CES 2012.
Definition: 8K resolution represents 7680 x 4320 pixels (4320p - or the
equivalent of 33.2 Megapixels) and is effectively 16 times more detailed than current 1080p
resolution TVs. One of the leaders in developing 8K resolution for television broadcasting is
NHK of Japan which has proposed its Super Hi-Vision broadcast format, which is not only
intended for 8K resolution video, but also for up to 22.2 channel audio.
However, with billions of dollars having already been invested by broadcasters,
manufacturers, and consumers on currently available HDTV technology, any widespread
implementation of 8K resolution TVs and Super Hi-Vision TV broadcasting is still almost a
decade away (about the year 2020) as current broadcasting and video format infrastructure
cannot handle the extended bandwidth requirements - unless new breakthroughs in
compression technology would be able to address this.
8K is not only a ways off, but 4K is just know beginning to make inroads. Also,
while 8K resolution may be applicable for very large screen applications, 8K resolution on
smaller screen sizes would be overkill - and then there is issue of finding or producing 8K


29

resolution content, and, finally the cost for both broadcasters and consumers for not only the
TV upgrade, but other components.
On the other hand, where 8K resolution is seeing use now is in film restoration
and mastering, where some movie studios, are taking select classic films and preserving them
as 8K resolution digital files to be used in Blu-ray disc and other high-definition mastering
applications. Even though current high definition formats are 1080p, mastering from an 8K
master insures the best quality transfer available. Also, mastering a 8K means that films or
other content would not have to be premastered every time a new high definition format
comes into use for either theatrical or consumer applications.

Fig 9 Comparison of SD,HD, 4KUHD and 8KUHD

6.2.2 Glass-less 3D
3D content without glass can be archive using 4KUHD. Except displaying
even and odd frames alternately one can display both camera captured frame in 2K format at
same time. Due to this shutter glass is not need so.
3D is reimagined with use of the latest Ultra High Definition technology. Be part of
the hottest action, fantasy or kids movie as you dodge projectiles and characters coming to
life on your screen. The clarity and realism of the images will make you realize how truly


30

accurate your in-home experience can get. The Hisense UHD with 3D makes watching your
favourite movies or TV shows into a truly unmatched viewing experience.

6.3 Applications of 4kUHD
6.3.1 In TV Broadcast
4K UHDTV has generated a lot of excitement and press attention since the start of
2013. At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), all the major display vendors
announced and demonstrated 4K UHDTV consumer displays. In parallel, global broadcasters
and media organizations have been testing 4K UHDTV production including Sky, Netfl ix,
and RAI, with transmission tests supported by SIS Live, Ericsson and others.
However, experienced industry players may be asking themselves if this is just a
repeat of the hype generated around 3D displays a few years ago, which didnt achieve the
expected consumer take-up. With estimates of the cost to broadcasters of creating a 4K
UHDTV channel in the range of $10 million to $15 million, i.e. five times that for a new HD
service, according to Deloitte, the decision to upgrade existing equipment and infrastructure
will not be taken lightly. Nevertheless, at Snell we believe that 4K UHDTV is a serious
option, and we would suggest that the issue isnt about whether 4K UHDTV is commercially
important but more about how soon regular consumer services will start.
6.3.2 In Cinemas
4K: already in the movie theatres, facilitated by satellite infrastructure. To understand
how 4K images will revolutionize the TV viewing experience, we must effectively refer to
4K in the Digital cinema world. Although Digital Cinema differs slightly from TV (a 4K
cinema frame has 4096 pixels per line compared to 3840 for 4K TV), more films than ever
are post-produced in 4K, either based on 35mm negative film or digital 4K shoots, which will
now be made available to cinemas in 4K, says Oliver Pasch, Head of European Digital
Cinema Sales at Sony Professional.
All Hollywood studios are already embracing 4K as the ultimate theatrical presentation
format, making eight-megapixel 4K images the next big thing in cinema. Recent examples
include The Dark Knight Rises, Men in Black III, Spiderman 4 and Samsara.




31

REFERENCES
Web
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.definitionmagzine.com
3. www.arris.com
4. www.hdtvexceprt.com
5. www.itu.in
Book
1. Video Basics 6 Edition by Zettl
2. Video Demystified by Keith Jack 5
th
Edition
Magazines
1. Ultra HD
2. Definition
3. PC






32

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


With deep sense of gratitude i would like to thanks all the people who have lighted
our path with their kind guidance. I am very grateful to these intellectuals who did their best
to help during my work.
It is my proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to, Dr. C. M. Sedani,
Principal of MSS College of Engineering and Technology, Jalna, for his comments and kind
permission to complete this Seminar. I remain indebted to Prof. J. N. Mohite, H.O.D,
Electronics and Telecommunication Department for their timely suggestions.
The special gratitude goes to my guide Prof. S. S. Jadhav, for their expensive,
excellent and precious guidance time to time to make it possible with fluency. I also thank to
M.E. Coordinator Prof. M. R. Saundade and all staff members, technical staff members, of
Electronics and telecommunication Department. I thanks to all the colleagues for their
appreciable help for my working.
I am also thankful to my parents who have provided their wishful support for
completion of our work successfully.
And lastly I thanks to all our friends and the people who are directly or indirectly
related to my work.





Mr. Sumit Dinkarrrao Pople
(ME ETC 1316)













33

DECLARATION







I hereby declare that this seminar report entitled




4K UHD Opportunity or Hype






is written by me and is my own effort and that no part has been plagiarized without citations.








Sign - ________________
Student: Sumit Dinkarrao Pople
Date: _________________
Sign - ______________________
Guide Prof . S. S. Jadhav
Date - _______________________