Chapter 7

Miscellaneous Greens Functions

This last chapter presents three Greens functions. The rst and second sections
consider the 2D static Greens dyadic for an orthotropic elastic solid, and for an
inhomogeneous elastic solid. The third section is concerned with Greens function
for an SH wave which is reected at a moving boundary. All the Greens functions
are obtained by applying the method of integral transform. Especially, in the last
section which discusses wave reection at a moving edge, a conversion formula
between two different Laplace inversion integrals is developed so that we can treat
the moving boundary problem.
7.1 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Orthotropic Elastic
Solid
An anisotropic elastic solid whose orthogonal Youngs moduli differ from each
other is called an orthotropic solid. In 2D in-plane deformation, Hookes law for
the orthotropic elastic solid is given by
r
xx
r
yy
r
xy
_
_
_
_
=
C
11
C
12
0
C
12
C
22
0
0 0 C
66
_
_
_
_
e
xx
e
yy
e
xy
_
_
_
_
(7:1:1)
where C
ij
are elastic moduli. The strain components are dened by
e
xx
=
ou
x
ox
; e
yy
=
ou
y
oy
; e
xy
=
1
2
ou
x
oy

ou
y
ox
_ _
(7:1:2)
where we have assumed the state of plane strain. The equilibrium equations are
or
xx
ox

or
xy
oy
= Q
x
d(x)d(y)
or
xy
ox

or
yy
oy
= Q
y
d(x)d(y)
(7:1:3)
K. Watanabe, Integral Transform Techniques for Greens Function,
Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics 71,
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-00879-0_7, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
157
where Q
i
is the magnitude of a body force.
Substituting Hookes law into the equilibrium equations, we obtain the dis-
placement equations as
C
11
o
2
u
x
ox
2

C
66
2
o
2
u
x
oy
2
C
12

C
66
2
_ _
o
2
u
y
oxoy
= Q
x
d(x)d(y)
C
12

C
66
2
_ _
o
2
u
x
oxoy

C
66
2
o
2
u
y
ox
2
C
22
o
2
u
y
oy
2
= Q
y
d(x)d(y)
(7:1:4)
Since we are concerned with the Greens dyadic, a particular solution corre-
sponding to the body force is explored. Assuming that the medium is of innite
extent and that the convergence condition at innity,
u
i
[

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
i
ox

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
i
oy

x
2
y
2
_

= 0 ; i = x; y (7:1:5)
is satised, we apply the double Fourier transform with respect to two space
variables as dened by

f (n) =
_

f (x) exp(inx)dx; f (x) =

1
2p
_

f (n) exp(inx)dn (7:1:6)

~
f (g) =
_

f (y) exp(igy)dy; f (y) =

1
2p
_

~
f (g) exp(igy)dg (7:1:7)
The displacement equations are transformed to algebraic equations for the trans-
formed displacement components,
C
11
n
2
(C
66
=2)g
2

~
u
x
(C
12
C
66
=2)ng
~
u
y
= Q
x
(C
12
C
66
=2)ng
~
u
x
(C
66
=2)n
2
C
22
g
2

~
u
y
= Q
y
(7:1:8)
Explicit expressions for the displacement components are obtained as
~
u
x
=
Q
x
C
22
n
2
bg
2
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)

Q
y
C
22
(c 1)ng
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
~
u
y
=
Q
x
C
22
(c 1)ng
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)

Q
y
C
22
an
2
g
2
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
(7:1:9)
158 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
where the eigenvalues, p
j
(j = 1; 2), are
p
1
p
2
_ _
=

ab c(c 2) 2

bc
_
4b

ab c(c 2) 2

bc
_
4b

(7:1:10)
and the elastic modulus parameters, a; b; c, are introduced as
a =
C
11
C
66
=2
; b =
C
22
C
66
=2
; c =
C
12
C
66
=2
(7:1:11)
Inspecting the transformed displacement in Eq. (7.1.9), we nd that two inversion
formulas are necessary for the inversion. They are
~

I
1
(n; g; a; b) =
an
2
bg
2
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
;
~

I
2
(n; g) =
ng
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
(7:1:12)
If we get the inversions for these two expressions, the displacement in the actual
space can be expressed as
u
x
=
Q
x
C
22
I
1
(x; y; 1; b)
Q
y
C
22
(c 1)I
2
(x; y)
u
y
=
Q
x
C
22
(c 1)I
2
(x; y)
Q
y
C
22
I
1
(x; y; a; 1)
(7:1:13)
(1) Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter g
The formal Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter g is given by the
integrals

I
1
(n; y; a; b) =
1
2p
_

an
2
bg
2
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
exp(igy)dg

I
2
(n; y) =
1
2p
_

ng
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
exp(igy)dg
(7:1:14)
These two integrals can be evaluated by the application of some formulas, but, in
order to show the application of Jordans lemma, we consider the complex inte-
grals in the g-plane.
Let us consider the complex integral whose integrand is the same as that of the
corresponding integral in Eq. (7.1.14),
7.1 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Orthotropic Elastic Solid 159
U
1
=
1
2p
_
L
an
2
bg
2
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
exp(igy)dg
U
2
=
1
2p
_
L
ng
(g
2
p
2
1
n
2
)(g
2
p
2
2
n
2
)
exp(igy)dg
(7:1:15)
The integrand has four simple poles at g = ip
j
[n[; (j = 1; 2) as shown in
Fig. 7.1. The closed loop L is composed of a straight line along the real axis and a
semi-circle with innite radius. Due to the convergence on the semi-circle, we
have to choose the lower loop when y [0 and the upper loop when y\0. Since no
other singularity exists in the loop, the integral along the real axis is converted to
the sum of the residues at the two poles. Thus, we have for

I
j
; j = 1; 2

I
1
(n; y; a; b) =
a bp
2
1
2p
1
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1
[n[
exp p
1
[n[[y[ ( )
a bp
2
2
2p
2
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1
[n[
exp p
2
[n[[y[ ( )

I
2
(n; y) =
sgn(y)
2(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
i
n
exp p
1
[n[[y[ ( )
i
n
exp p
2
[n[[y[ ( )
_ _
(7:1:16)
where the sign function is dened as
sgn(y) =
1; y [0
1; y\0
_
(7:1:17)
Re( )
Im( )
1
| | ip = +
1
| | ip =
2
| | ip = +
2
| | ip =
0 y <
0 y >
Fig. 7.1 Closed loop L for
Fourier inversion integral
160 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
(2) Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter n
Applying the formal Fourier inversion integral with respect to the parameter n
to Eqs. (7.1.16), we have
I
1
(x; y; a; b) =
a bp
2
1
2p
1
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1
2p
_

1
[n[
exp p
1
[n[[y[ inx ( )dn

a bp
2
2
2p
2
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1
2p
_

1
[n[
exp p
2
[n[[y[ inx ( )dn
I
2
(x; y) =
sgn(y)
2(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1
2p
_

i
n
exp p
1
[n[[y[ inx ( )dn
_
_
_

1
2p
_

i
n
exp p
2
n [ [ y [ [ inx ( )n
_
_
_
(7:1:18)
Inspecting the above equations, the two necessary inversion integrals are extracted
as
I
1j
=
1
2p
_

1
[n[
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn
I
2j
=
1
2p
_

i
n
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn
(7:1:19)
The second integral I
2j
is reduced to a semi-innite integral and can be evaluated
by the application of the formula (Erdlyi 1954, p. 72, 2),
_

0
1
x
exp(ax) sin(bx)dx = tan
1
b
a
_ _
(7:1:20)
That is
I
2j
=
1
2p
_

i
n
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn
=
1
p
_

0
1
n
exp p
j
n[y[
_ _
sin(nx)dn
=
1
p
tan
1
x
p
j
[y[
_ _
(7:1:21)
7.1 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Orthotropic Elastic Solid 161
The rst integral I
1j
has a singularity at n = 0, and thus this integral cannot be
evaluated in this form. The singular behavior is the same as that in the 2D static
plane problem in Chap. 3. We differentiate the integral with respect to the variable
x and [y[, respectively, to obtain
oI
1j
ox
=
1
2p
_

in
[n[
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn;
oI
1j
o[y[
=
1
2p
_

p
j
[n[
[n[
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn;
(7:1:22)
Reducing the above integrals to semi-innite ones, we get
oI
1j
ox
=
1
p
_

0
exp p
j
n[y[
_ _
sin(nx)dn;
oI
1j
o[y[
=
p
j
p
_

0
exp p
j
n[y[
_ _
cos(nx)dn
(7:1:23)
and then we apply the formulas (Erdlyi 1954, pp. 14 and 72), to get
_

0
exp p
j
n[y[
_ _
cos(nx)dn =
p
j
[y[
x
2
p
2
j
y
2
_

0
exp p
j
n[y[
_ _
sin(nx)dn =
x
x
2
p
2
j
y
2
(7:1:24)
The two integrals with different derivative are expressed in terms of algebraic
functions,
oI
1j
ox
=
1
p
x
x
2
p
2
j
y
2
;
oI
1j
o[y[
=
p
2
j
p
[y[
x
2
p
2
j
y
2
(7:1:25)
In order to obtain a formula for I
1j
, we integrate the derivatives with respect to
each space variable,
I
1j
=
1
2p
log x
2
p
2
j
y
2
_ _
C
x
(y); I
1j
=
1
2p
log x
2
p
2
j
y
2
_ _
C
y
(x)
(7:1:26)
Since the two expressions for I
1j
must be same, the integration constant func-
tions C
x
and C
y
must be a simple constant, without any space variable. Thus, we
have for I
1j
162 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
I
1j
=
1
2p
log x
2
p
2
j
y
2
_ _
const: (7:1:27)
Summarizing the above discussion for the inversion integrals, we obtain the simple
formulas,
I
1j
=
1
2p
_

1
[n[
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn =
1
2p
log x
2
p
2
j
y
2
_ _
I
2j
=
1
2p
_

i
n
exp p
j
[n[[y[
_ _
exp(inx)dn =
1
p
tan
1
x
p
j
[y[
_ _
(7:1:28)
where the arbitrary constant for the integral I
1j
is neglected since it does not
produce any stress and strain. Substituting these formulas into Eqs. (7.1.18), we
obtain closed expressions for the double Fourier inversion for I
1
and I
2
as
I
1
(x; y; a; b) =
a bp
2
1
4pp
1
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
log x
2
p
2
1
y
2
_ _

a bp
2
2
4pp
2
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
log x
2
p
2
2
y
2
_ _
I
2
(x; y) =
sgn(y)
2p(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
tan
1
x
p
1
[y[
_ _
tan
1
x
p
2
[y[
_ _ _ _
(7:1:29)
Thus, the displacement components in Eq. (7.1.13) are expressed in the closed
form as
u
x
(x; y) =
Q
x
4pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1 bp
2
1
p
1
log x
2
p
2
1
y
2
_ _

1 bp
2
2
p
2
log x
2
p
2
2
y
2
_ _
_ _

Q
y
2pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
(c 1) tan
1
x
p
1
y
_ _
tan
1
x
p
2
y
_ _ _ _
u
y
(x; y) =
Q
x
2pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
(c 1) tan
1
x
p
1
y
_ _
tan
1
x
p
2
y
_ _ _ _

Q
y
4pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
a p
2
1
p
1
log x
2
p
2
1
y
2
_ _

a p
2
2
p
2
log x
2
p
2
2
y
2
_ _
_ _
(7:1:30)
Furthermore, if we introduce the notation of the Greens dyadic G
ij
, the dis-
placement can be rewritten as
u
x
(x; y) =Q
x
G
xx
(x; y) Q
y
G
xy
(x; y)
u
y
(x; y) =Q
x
G
yx
(x; y) Q
y
G
yy
(x; y)
(7:1:31)
where the dyadic components are given by
7.1 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Orthotropic Elastic Solid 163
G
xx
(x; y) =
1
4pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
1 bp
2
1
p
1
log x
2
p
2
1
y
2
_ _

1 bp
2
2
p
2
log x
2
p
2
2
y
2
_ _
_ _
G
xy
(x; y) = G
yx
(x; y) =
1
2pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
(c 1) tan
1
x
p
1
y
_ _
tan
1
x
p
2
y
_ _ _ _
G
yy
(x; y) =
1
4pC
22
(p
2
1
p
2
2
)
a p
2
1
p
1
log x
2
p
2
1
y
2
_ _

a p
2
2
p
2
log x
2
p
2
2
y
2
_ _
_ _
(7:1:32)
It should be noticed that the symmetry G
xy
= G
yx
holds in spite of the orthotropic
nature. The logarithmic singularity at the source point and at innity is same as
that for isotropic media in Chap. 3. These singular behaviors are inherent in 2D
plane elasticity.
7.2 2D static Greens Dyadic for an Inhomogeneous
Elastic Solid
Materials whose material parameters, such as elastic moduli and density, are
varying with space point are called inhomogeneous materials. Many mathe-
matical models for the inhomogeneity are proposed. The simplest model for the
inhomogeneity is a uniaxial exponential function for the material parameters. This
model is mathematically simple and tractable, but not fully correct since the
material parameters vanish or diverge at innity. In spite of the unrealistic nature
of the exponential model, this type of the inhomogeneity is frequently used for
stress analysis due to its simplicity.
Let us consider the 2D plane deformation of an inhomogeneous isotropic elastic
solid. Hookes law for an inhomogeneous solid is the same as that for a homo-
geneous one, but its elastic moduli (k; l) are functions of the space variables,
r
xx
= (k 2l)
ou
x
ox
k
ou
y
oy
r
yy
= k
ou
x
ox
(k 2l)
ou
y
oy
r
xy
= r
yx
= l
ou
x
oy

ou
y
ox
_ _
(7:2:1)
As we are concerned with Greens dyadic corresponding to a point source, the 2D
equilibrium equations with a point body force are given by
or
xx
ox

or
yx
oy
= B
x
d(x)d(y)
or
xy
ox

or
yy
oy
= B
y
d(x)d(y)
(7:2:2)
164 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
where the body force acts at the coordinate origin (0; 0). The inhomogeneity which
we adopt here is a uniaxial exponential function and thus, Lames constants (k; l)
are assumed to be exponential functions with one space variable y,
k(y) = k
0
expk(y=h); l(y) = l
0
expk(y=h) (7:2:3)
Here (k
0
; l
0
) are moduli at the coordinate origin, k is an inhomogeneity parameter,
and h is a reference length. Since we assume that two Lames constants have the
same exponential function, the Poisson ratio m is constant throughout the medium.
Substituting Hookes law of Eq. (7.2.1) with the inhomogeneity of Eq. (7.2.3)
into the equilibrium Eqs. (7.2.2), we obtain displacement equations with constant
coefcients,
c
2
o
2
u
x
ox
2

o
2
u
x
oy
2
(c
2
1)
o
2
u
y
oxoy

k
h
ou
x
oy

ou
y
ox
_ _
=
B
x
l(y)
d(x)d(y)
(c
2
1)
o
2
u
x
oxoy

o
2
u
y
ox
2
c
2
o
2
u
y
oy
2

k
h
(c
2
2)
ou
x
ox
c
2
ou
y
oy
_ _
=
B
y
l(y)
d(x)d(y)
(7:2:4)
where the constant material parameter c is dened by
c =

k 2l
l

k
0
2l
0
l
0

2(1 m)
1 2m
_
(7:2:5)
In order to obtain a particular solution corresponding to the nonhomogeneous body
force term, we apply the double Fourier transform with respect to two space
variables,

f (n) =
_

f (x) exp(inx)dx; f (x) =

1
2p
_

f (n) exp(inx)dn
~
f (g) =
_

f (y) exp(igy)dy; f (y) =

1
2p
_

~
f (g) exp(igy)dg
(7:2:6)
The convergence condition at innity is also imposed on the displacement,
u
i
[

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
i
ox

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
i
oy

x
2
y
2
_

= 0 ; i = x; y (7:2:7)
With aid of the integration formulas which include the delta function,
_

d(x) exp(inx)dx = 1 ;
_

d(y)
l(y)
exp(igy)dy =
1
l(0)
(7:2:8)
7.2 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Inhomogeneous Elastic Solid 165
the displacement Eqs. (7.2.4) are transformed to algebraic equations for the dis-
placement components,
c
2
n
2
g
2
ig(k=h)
~
u
x
(c
2
1)ng in(k=h)
~
u
y
=
B
x
l(0)
(c
2
1)ng in(c
2
2)(k=h)
~
u
x
n
2
c
2
g
2
igc
2
(k=h)
~
u
y
=
B
y
l(0)
(7:2:9)
where
l(0) = l
0
(7:2:10)
Solving Eq. (7.2.9) for the transformed displacement components, we get
~
u
x
=
B
x
l(0)
n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
c
2
D(n; g)

B
y
l(0)
(c
2
1)g ij(c
2
3)
c
2
D(n; g)
n (7:2:11a)
~
u
y
=
B
x
l(0)
(c
2
1)g ij(c
2
3)
c
2
D(n; g)
n
B
y
l(0)
c
2
n
2
g
2
j
2
c
2
D(n; g)
(7:2:11b)
where the new inhomogeneity parameter j is introduced as
j = k=(2h) (7:2:12)
and the denominator D(n; g) and g are given by
D(n; g) = (n
2
g
2
j
2
)
2
4(1 2=c
2
)j
2
n
2
(7:2:13)
g = g ij (7:2:14)
In order to apply the inversion integral, we factorize the denominator as
D(n; g) = (n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
) (7:2:15)
where the eigenvalues x
j
; j = 1; 2 are
x
1
=

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
jp; x
2
=

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
jp (7:2:16)
and
p =

1 2=c
2
_
; q =

2(1 1=c
2
)
_
(7:2:17)
The formal Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter n is given by the
integrals,
166 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
~u
x
=
B
x
c
2
l(0)
1
2p
_

n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)dn

B
y
c
2
l(0)
1
2p
_

(c
2
1)g ij(c
2
3)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
n exp(inx)dn
(7:2:18a)
~u
y
=
B
x
c
2
l(0)
1
2p
_

(c
2
1)g ij(c
2
3)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
n exp(inx)dn

B
y
c
2
l(0)
1
2p
_

c
2
n
2
g
2
j
2
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)dn
(7:2:18b)
The above integrals can be evaluated by the complex integral theory. So, we apply
Cauchys theorem (Jordans lemma) to the integral in the complex n-plane. As an
example, the rst integral in Eq. (7.2.18a) is discussed. We represent it by the
complex integral U
xx
,
U
xx
=
1
2p
_
C
n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)dn (7:2:19)
where the closed loop C is composed of a semi-circle with innite radius and a
straight line along the real axis (see Fig. 7.2). In order to guarantee the conver-
gence on the large semi-circle, we have to employ the lower loop for x [0, and
the upper for x\0. The integrand has four poles; two of them are in the upper
plane and other two are in the lower plane. Each closed loop includes two poles.
Applying the Jordans lemma to the complex integral U
xx
in Eq. (7.2.19), the
integral along the real axis is converted to the sum of two residues. When we
employ the lower loop for x [0, the complex integral yields
U
xx
=
1
2p
_

n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)dn
=2piRes(ix
1
) 2piRes(ix
2
)
(7:2:20)
The detailed calculation for the residues is
7.2 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Inhomogeneous Elastic Solid 167
2piRes(ix
1
) 2piRes(ix
2
)
=
2pi
2p
n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)

n=ix
1

2pi
2p
n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
1
)
exp(inx)

n=ix
2
(7:2:21)
Arranging the above equation, the inversion integral along the real axis can be
evaluated exactly as
1
2p
_

n
2
c
2
(g
2
j
2
)
(n ix
1
)(n ix
1
)(n ix
2
)(n ix
2
)
exp(inx)dn
=
c
2
1
4jp
sinh(jpx)
c
2
1
4

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ cosh(jpx)
_ _
e
x

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
(7:2:22)
Similarly, the other integrals in Eq. (7.1.18) can be evaluated and we have
~u
x
=
B
x
4c
2
l(0)
c
2
1

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ cosh(jpx)
c
2
1
jp
sinh(jp[x[)
_ _
exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
_ _

B
y
4c
2
l(0)
ig(c
2
1) j(c
2
3)
jp

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ sinh jp[x[ ( ) exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
_ _
(7:2:23a)
~u
y
=
B
x
4c
2
l(0)
ig(c
2
1) j(c
2
3)
jp

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ sinh(jp[x[) exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
_ _

B
y
4c
2
l(0)
c
2
1

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ cosh(jpx)
c
2
1
jp
sinh(jp[x[)
_ _
exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
_ _
(7:2:23b)
2
i +
1
i +
2
i
1
i
Re( )
Im( )
x 0 <
x 0 >
+
+

Fig. 7.2 Closed loop C for

the complex integral U
xx
168 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
Our next task is to evaluate the inversion integral with respect to the parameter g.
The formal inversion of the displacement is expressed in terms of the fundamental
inversion integrals I
i
(x; y); i = 0; 1; 2,
u
x
=
B
x
4l(0)
c
2
1
c
2
exp(jy)
c
2
1
c
2
1
cosh(jpx)I
0
(x; y)
sinh(jp[x[)
jp
I
1
(x; y)
_ _

B
y
4l(0)
c
2
1
c
2
sinh(jp[x[)
jp
exp(jy) I
2
(x; y) j
c
2
3
c
2
1
I
0
(x; y)
_ _
(7:2:24a)
u
y
=
B
x
4l(0)
c
2
1
c
2
sinh(jp[x[)
jp
exp(jy) I
2
(x; y) j
c
2
3
c
2
1
I
0
(x; y)
_ _

B
y
4l(0)
c
2
1
c
2
exp(jy)
c
2
1
c
2
1
cosh(jpx)I
0
(x; y)
sinh(jp[x[)
jp
I
1
(x; y)
_ _
(7:2:24b)
where the fundamental integrals I
i
are dened by
I
0
(x; y) =
1
2p
_

exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
igy
_ _

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ dg (7:2:25)
I
1
(x; y) =
1
2p
_

exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
igy
_ _
dg (7:2:26)
I
2
(x; y) =
1
2p
_

ig
exp [x[

g
2
j
2
q
2
_
igy
_ _

g
2
j
2
q
2
_ dg (7:2:27)
and the variable g is dened by Eq. (7.2.14).
Observing and examining the above three equations (7.2.257.2.27), we nd the
relation among the fundamental integrals as
I
1
(x; y) =
oI
0
(x; y)
o[x[
; I
2
(x; y) =
oI
0
(x; y)
oy
(7:2:28)
Since the two integrals I
1
and I
2
can be derived from I
0
, it is enough to evaluate the
only one integral I
0
. For the integral I
0
in Eq. (7.2.25), we introduce the variable
transform from g to the new variable 1,
1 = g = g ij (7:2:29)
Eq. (7.2.25) is transformed to the integral along the complex line from ij to
ij,
7.2 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Inhomogeneous Elastic Solid 169
I
0
(x; y) =
1
2p
_
ij
ij
exp [x[

1
2
j
2
q
2
_
i1y
_ _

1
2
j
2
q
2
_ d1 (7:2:30)
The above integral is very similar to the formula
_

x
2
c
2
_ exp a

x
2
c
2
_
_ _
exp(ibx)dx = 2K
0
c

a
2
b
2
_
_ _
; (7:2:31)
where K
0
(:) is the modied Bessel function of zeroth order. However, this formula
cannot be applied directly since the integration path for our integral of Eq. (7.2.30)
is not real. In order to apply the formula, we need to transform the integral to one
along the real path.
Let us consider the complex integral U along the rectangular closed loop
ABCDA shown in Fig. 7.3,
U =
1
2p
_
ABCDA
exp [x[

1
2
j
2
q
2
_
i1y
_ _

1
2
j
2
q
2
_ d1 (7:2:32)
The integrand has two branch points at 1 = ijq. Two branch cuts along the
imaginary axis are also introduced as shown in the gure. Fortunately, neither of
the branch cuts cross the integration lines DA and BC, especially the line BC since
q(= 1=(1 m)) [1. No other singular point is included in the closed loop
ABCDA and the integrals along the straight lines, AB and CD, vanish at innity,
A
B C
i +
D
i q +
i q
branch cut
branch cut
i + i ++
+
{ }
2 2
Re ( ) 0 q + >
Re( )
Im( )
Fig. 7.3 Transform of integration path from the complex line to the real line
170 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
since the real part of the radical is positive. Thus, the integral along the complex
line CB

is converted to one along the real axis DA

. That is
1
2p
_
CB

exp [x[

1
2
j
2
q
2
_
i1y
_ _

1
2
j
2
q
2
_ d1 =
1
2p
_
DA

exp [x[

1
2
j
2
q
2
_
i1y
_ _

1
2
j
2
q
2
_ d1
(7:2:33)
Consequently, the integral (7.2.30) along the complex line can be converted to that
along the real path,
I
0
(x; y) =
1
2p
_

exp [x[

1
2
j
2
q
2
_
i1y
_ _

1
2
j
2
q
2
_ d1 (7:2:34)
and we can apply the integration formula Eq. (7.2.31) to the above integral. Then,
we have the exact expression for the integral I
0
,
I
0
(x; y) =
1
p
K
0
[j[q

x
2
y
2
_
_ _
(7:2:35)
Substituting this Eq. (7.2.35) into Eq. (7.2.28), the other two integrals, I
1
and I
2
,
are exactly evaluated as
I
1
=
[j[q[x[
p

x
2
y
2
_ K
1
[j[q

x
2
y
2
_
_ _
I
2
=
[j[qy
p

x
2
y
2
_ K
1
[j[q

x
2
y
2
_
_ _
(7:2:36)
Finally, we substitute Eqs. (7.2.35) and (7.2.36) into Eq. (7.2.24) and rewrite the
displacement in terms of Greens dyadic G
ij
,
u
x
=B
x
G
xx
(x; y) B
y
G
xy
(x; y)
u
y
=B
x
G
yx
(x; y) B
y
G
yy
(x; y)
(7:2:37)
where the exact expressions for the dyadic are
G
xx
(x; y) =
c
2
1
4pc
2
l(0)
exp(jy)

c
2
1
c
2
1
cosh(jpx)K
0
[j[qr ( ) [j[q
x
r
sinh(jpx)
jp
K
1
[j[qr ( )
_ _
(7:2:38a)
7.2 2D Static Greens Dyadic for an Inhomogeneous Elastic Solid 171
G
xy
(x; y) =
c
2
1
4pc
2
l(0)
exp(jy)
sinh(jpx)
jp
[j[q
y
r
K
1
[j[qr ( ) j
c
2
3
c
2
1
K
0
[j[qr ( )
_ _
(7:2:38b)
G
yx
(x; y) =
c
2
1
4pc
2
l(0)
exp(jy)
sinh(jpx)
jp
[j[q
y
r
K
1
[j[qr ( ) j
c
2
3
c
2
1
K
0
[j[qr ( )
_ _
(7:2:38c)
G
yy
(x; y) =
c
2
1
4pc
2
l(0)
exp(jy)

c
2
1
c
2
1
cosh(jpx)K
0
[j[qr ( ) [j[q
x
r
sinh(jpx)
jp
K
1
[j[qr ( )
_ _
(7:2:38d)
Here the radial distance r from the source is dened as
r =

x
2
y
2
_
(7:2:39)
2D Kelvins Solution for Homogeneous Media
Inspecting the dyadic in Eq. (7.2.38a), we nd that there is only one parameter for
the inhomogeneity, i. e. j(= k=(2h)). When this parameter vanishes, the medium
becomes homogeneous. Thus, taking the limit j 0 as
sinh jpx ( )
jp
~x; cosh jpx ( ) ~1 (7:2:40)
K
0
j [ [qr ( ) ~ log j [ [qr ( ); j [ [qK
1
j [ [qr ( ) ~
1
r
(7:2:41)
we have the dyadic for the homogeneous medium, i.e. the 2D Kelvins solution,
G
xx
x; y ( ) =
1
4pc
2
l
0
c
2
1
_ _
log r ( ) c
2
1
_ _
x
r
_ _
2
_ _
(7:2:42a)
G
xy
x; y ( ) = G
yx
x; y ( ) =
c
2
1
4pc
2
l
0
xy
r
2
(7:2:42b)
G
yy
x; y ( ) =
1
4pc
2
l
0
c
2
1
_ _
log r ( ) c
2
1
_ _
y
r
_ _
2
_ _
(7:2:42c)
where l
0
is a uniform rigidity throughout the medium. The reader will nd that
this dyadic is the same as the 2D static dyadic of Eq. (3.3.33) in Sect. 3.3.
172 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving
Boundary
As an example of a moving boundary problem, wave reection at a moving edge is
discussed. The simplest single SH-wave is considered and a conversion formula
between two Laplace transforms is developed so that the integral transform
method can be applicable to the moving boundary problem.
Let us consider a semi-innite elastic solid and dene Cartesian coordinates
(x; y) as shown in Fig. 7.4. The initial position of a moving edge of the half space is
at x = l and the edge moves toward the positive x-direction with velocity V. A point
and stationary source of SH-wave is placed at the coordinate origin and is assumed
as an impulsive body force with magnitude Q. The SH-wave eld produced by the
impulsive source is governed by the nonhomogeneous displacement equation,
o
2
u
z
ox
2

o
2
u
z
oy
2
=
1
c
2
s
o
2
u
z
ot
2

Q
c
2
s
d(x)d(y)d(t) (7:3:1)
where u
z
is the anti-plane displacement and c
s
is the SH-wave velocity. The stress
components are derived from Hookes law as
r
zx
= l
ou
z
ox
; r
zy
= l
ou
z
oy
(7:3:2)
where l is the shear rigidity.We assume a stress-free condition at the moving edge
x = Vt l,
r
xz
[
x=Vtl
= 0 (7:3:3)
The radiation condition at innity
u
z
[

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
z
ox

x
2
y
2
_

=
ou
z
oy

x
2
y
2
_

= 0 (7:3:4)
Vt
x l = 0 x =
x
y
SH-source
Q
Moving boundary
0 t = 0 t >
Fig. 7.4 Moving edge of a
semi-innite elastic solid
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 173
and the quiescent condition at an initial time
u
z
[
t=0
=
ou
z
ot

t=0
= 0 (7:3:5)
are also assumed to hold. Then, Eqs. (7.3.17.3.5) constitute the present elasto-
dynamic problem.
The wave eld can be decomposed into two parts: the incident wave contri-
bution u
inc
and the reected wave contribution u
refl:
. The total displacement (wave
eld) is the sum of the two,
u
z
(x; y; t) = u
inc
(x; y; t) u
refl
(x; y; t) (7:3:6)
where u
inc
and u
refl
are a particular and the general solution of the non-homoge-
neous wave Eq. (7.3.1), respectively.
(1) Incident wave
The incident wave is generated by the impulsive source and radiates from the
source point. The incident wave is given as the particular solution of the nonho-
mogeneous wave equation for the displacement,
o
2
u
inc
ox
2

o
2
u
inc
oy
2
=
1
c
2
s
o
2
u
inc
ot
2

Q
c
2
s
d(x)d(y)d(t) (7:3:7)
The particular solution has already been obtained in Sect. 2.4, i. e.
u
inc
(x; y; t) =
Q
2pc
s
H c
s
t

x
2
y
2
_
_ _

(c
s
t)
2
(x
2
y
2
)
_ (7:3:8)
However, we do not use this solution for the latter analysis, instead, the Fourier
transformed solution is employed. We apply a triple integral transform to
Eq. (7.3.7): Laplace transform with respect to the time,
f
+
(s) =
_

0
f (t) exp(st)dt; f (t) =
1
2pi
_
Br(s)
f
+
(s) exp(st)ds (7:3:9)
where Br(s) in the inverse integral denotes the Bromwich line in the complex s-
plane, and the double Fourier transform with respect to the space variables x and y,

f (n) =
_

f (x) exp(inx)dx; f (x) =

1
2p
_

f (n) exp(inx)dn (7:3:10)

174 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
~
f (g) =
_

f (y) exp(igy)dy; f (y) =

1
2p
_

~
f (g) exp(igy)dg (7:3:11)
The nonhomogeneous wave Eq. (7.3.7) is reduced to a simple algebraic equation
for the transformed displacement,
n
2
g
2
(s=c
s
)
2

~
u
+
inc
=
Q
c
2
s
(7:3:12)
and the particular solution in the transformed domain is then given by
~
u
+
inc
=
Q
c
2
s
1
n
2
g
2
(s=c
s
)
2
(7:3:13)
Its formal Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter n is given by
~u
+
inc
=
Q
2pc
2
s
_

1
n
2
g
2
(s=c
s
)
2
exp(inx)dn (7:3:14)
and is easily evaluated by the application of the formula (2.1.22), to give
~u
+
inc
=
Q
2c
2
s
a
s
exp(a
s
[x[) (7:3:15)
where the radical a
s
is dened by
a
s
=

g
2
(s=c
s
)
2
_
; Re(a
s
) [0 (7:3:16)
Furthermore, the formal Laplace inversion for the incident wave of Eq. (7.3.15) is
given by the Bromwich integral,
~u
inc
=
Q
2c
2
s
1
2pi
_
Br(s)
1
a
s
exp(a
s
[x[ st)ds (7:3:17)
where Br(s) denotes the Bromwich line from c
s
ito c
s
iin the complex s-
plane. The transformed stress ~ r
(inc)
xz
produced by the incident wave is also obtained
in the form of a Laplace inversion integral,
~ r
(inc)
xz
=
Q
2c
2
s
sgn(x)
1
2pi
_
Br(s)
exp(a
s
[x[ st)ds (7:3:18)
where sgn(x) is the sign function.
In the subsequent discussion for the stress-free condition, the integral form of
Eq. (7.3.18) is convenient since we develop the conversion formula for two
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 175
different Laplace transforms. Therefore, we shall stop the discussion for the
incident wave.
(2) Reected wave
The reected wave is the general solution of the homogeneous displacement
equation,
o
2
u
refl
ox
2

o
2
u
refl
oy
2
=
1
c
2
s
o
2
u
refl
ot
2
(7:3:19)
The reected wave is generated at the moving edge and runs toward the negative
x-direction. So, we transform the Eq. (7.3.19) to the moving coordinate systems
z; y; t ( ) where the moving coordinate z is dened as
z = Vt l x (7:3:20)
Due to this coordinate transform, the displacement of the reected wave has a
different set of three variables, as
u
refl:
x; y; t ( ) = u
refl:
z; y; t ( ) (7:3:21)
Thus, the wave equation (7.3.19) is transformed to
m
2
o
2
u
refl
oz
2

2M
c
2
o
2
u
refl
ozot

1
c
2
s
o
2
u
refl
ot
2

o
2
u
refl
oy
2
= 0 (7:3:22)
where Mach number M and its related parameter m are dened by
M = V=c
s
; m =

1 M
2
_
(7:3:23)
In order to solve the differential equation (7.3.22), we apply the double integral
transform: Laplace transform with respect to the time variable in the moving
coordinate system dened by
f

p ( ) =
_

0
f t ( ) exp pt ( )dt; f t ( ) =
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
f

p ( ) exp pt ( )dp (7:3:24)

and Fourier transform with respect to the space variable y,
~
f g ( ) =
_

f y ( ) exp igy ( )dy; f y ( ) =

1
2p
_

~
f g ( ) exp igy ( )dg (7:3:25)
It should be noted that the Laplace transform is not same as that in (7.3.9), but that
the Fourier transform is same as that in Eq. (7.3.11). This is because we have
introduced the moving coordinate system along the x-axis, not along the y-axis.
176 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
Thus, it should be understood that the time variable t in the moving coordinate
system is slightly different from the time in the xed coordinate system since the
variable z includes the time variable.Using the quiescent condition at the initial
time and the convergence condition at y , the wave equation (7.3.22) is
transformed to the ordinary differential equation,
m
2
d
2
~u

refl
dz
2
2 p=c
s
( )M
d~u

refl
dz
g
2
p=c
s
( )
2
_ _
~u

refl
= 0 (7:3:26)
and the solution which satises the convergence condition at z is given by
~u

refl
= A g; p ( ) exp b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
z
m
_ _
(7:3:27)
where A g; p ( ) is an unknown coefcient and the radical b
s
is dened by
b
s
=

g
2

p
mc
s
_ _
2

; Re b
s
( ) [0 (7:3:28)
Then, the formal Laplace inversion of the reected wave is given by the Bromwich
integral,
~u
refl
=
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
A g; p ( ) exp b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
z
m
_ _
exp pt ( )dp (7:3:29)
where Br p ( ) denotes the Bromwich line from c
p
ito c
p
iin the complex
p-plane. In order to obtain the stress, we change the moving coordinate z back to
the original one, z = Vt l x, to get
~u
refl
=
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
A g; p ( ) exp b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
Vt l x
m
pt
_ _
dp (7:3:30)
We then substitute this expression into the rst of Eq. (7.3.2). The stress produced
by the reected wave is thus given by
~ r
refl ( )
xz
=
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
1
m
b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
A g; p ( ) exp
1
m
b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
Vt l x ( ) pt
_ _
dp
(7:3:31)
The unknown coefcient is determined by the stress-free condition on the
moving edge. The stress is also the sum of two wave contributions, the incident
and the reected waves. Thus, the Fourier transformed boundary condition is given
by the sum of each wave contribution,
~ r
xz
= ~ r
inc ( )
xz
~ r
refl ( )
xz
= 0; at x = Vt l (7:3:32)
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 177
Substituting Eqs. (7.3.18) and (7.3.31) into the above condition, we obtain

Q
2c
2
s
1
2pi
_
Br s ( )
exp a
s
(Vt l) st ds
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
1
m
b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
A g; p ( ) exp pt ( )dp = 0
(7:3:33)
This is the integral equation for the unknown coefcient A g; p ( ). The second
integral on the left-hand side is in the form of a Laplace inversion integral with
respect to the parameter p, however, the rst integral is not (in the form of a
Laplace inversion integral). We thus have two different forms of the Laplace
inversion integral in a single equation and it is not possible to apply any one of the
Laplace transforms to reduce it to an algebraic equation for the unknown. Thus,
the inversion integral in the rst term must be converted to that with respect to the
parameter p, i.e. the matching of the inversion integral.
Let us consider the complex integral U
A
whose integrand is the same as that in
the rst integral in Eq. (7.3.33),
U
A
=
1
2pi
_
C
exp a
s
l ( ) exp s a
s
V ( )t ds (7:3:34)
where the radical a
s
is dened by Eq. (7.3.16). The integration loop C is discussed
now. The integrand has two branch points s = ic
s
g and corresponding two
branch cuts are introduced along the imaginary axis in the complex s-plane. These
are shown in Fig. 7.5. If we introduce the variable transform from s to the new
variable p as
Re( ) s
Im( ) s
A
C
B
no singular point
inside of the loop
s

p
p i = +
s
i +
p
p i =
s
i
( ) s p
branch
cut
s
ic
s
ic
Fig. 7.5 Closed loop C for
the complex integral U
A
in
Eq. (7.3.34)
178 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
p = s a
s
V (7:3:35)
its inverse is given by
s=c
s
=
1
m
2
p=c
s
M

mg ( )
2
p=c
s
( )
2
_
_ _
(7:3:36)
In order to determine the multiple sign ( ), we examine Eq. (7.3.35). We have the
following asymptotic relation between two variables:
s ~
p
1 M
; p [ [ (7:3:37)
This relation must be hold for the inverse of the variable transform, i. e. we have to
choose the positive sign in Eq. (7.3.36). Then, the suitable inversion for the var-
iable transform is
s=c
s
=
1
m
2
p=c
s
M

mg ( )
2
p=c
s
( )
2
_
_ _
(7:3:38)
When the new variable p varies along the Bromwich line Br p ( ) in the complex p-
plane, i.e.
Br p ( ) : c
p
ic
p
i (7:3:39)
where c
p
is a proper constant, the inverse s given by Eq. (7.3.38) moves along the
bumped curve ACB in Fig. 7.5, but it is almost straight at innity. At innity, the
inverse function takes the asymptotic form
s ~
c
p
i
1M
; p c
p
i
c
p
i
1M
; p c
p
i
_
(7:3:40)
So, if we take the real part of the Bromwich line Br s ( ) from c
s
ito c
s
ias
c
s
=
c
p
1 M
(7:3:41)
the bumped curve can be connected to the edge of the Bromwich line Br s ( ) and
then, these two curves constitute a closed loop ACBA as shown in the gure. Thus,
we employ this closed loop C for the complex integral U
A
in Eq. (7.3.34). For-
tunately, the real part of the two edges is sufciently large and the two Bromwich
lines
Br p ( ) : c
p
i\p\c
p
i
Br s ( ) : c
s
i\s\c
s
i
(7:3:42)
have sufciently large real parts so that all singular points of the integrand are on
the left side of the Bromwich line Br s ( ). Then, Cauchys integral theorem can be
applied to the complex integral. Since the closed loop C ACBA
_ _
does not include
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 179
any singular point, the integral along Br s ( ) is converted to a parametric integral
along the bumped curve. That is,
1
2pi
_
c
s
i
c
s
i
exp a
s
l ( ) exp s a
s
V ( )t ds =
1
2pi
_
c
p
i
c
p
i
exp a
s
l ( )
ds
dp
_ _
s=s p ( )
exp pt ( )dp
(7:3:43)
where s p ( ) is the inverse given by Eq. (7.3.38).
Consequently, we were able to convert the Laplace inversion integral with
respect to the parameter s to that with respect to the parameter p and thus,
Eq. (7.3.33) is rewritten in the form of a single Laplace inversion integral with
respect to the parameter p, i. e.
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
1
m
b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
A g; p ( ) exp pt ( )dp
=
Q
2c
2
s
1
2pi
_
Br p ( )
exp a
s
l ( )
ds
dp
_ _
s=s p ( )
exp pt ( )dp
(7:3:44)
Both sides of the above equation have just the same form of a Laplace inversion
integral with respect to the single parameter p. Applying the Laplace transform
with respect to the time t to both sides, we obtain a simple algebraic equation for
the unknown coefcient,
1
m
b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
A g; p ( ) =
Q
2c
2
s
exp a
s
l ( )
ds
dp
_ _
s=s p ( )
(7:3:45)
Thus, the coefcient is determined as
A g; p ( ) =
Q
2c
2
s
m
b
s
Mp ( )= mc
s
( )
exp a
s
l ( )
ds
dp
_ _
s=s p ( )
(7:3:46)
Using the relations derived from Eqs. (7.3.35) and (7.3.38), the radical and the
gradient are given by
a
s
=
1
m
2
M p=c
s
( ) mb
s
(7:3:47)
ds p ( )
dp
=
M p=mc
s
( ) b
s
m
2
b
s
(7:3:48)
The coefcient is then rewritten in the explicit form,
A g; p ( ) =
Q
2c
2
s
1
mb
s
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
exp
M p=c
s
( ) mb
s
m
2
l
_ _
(7:3:49)
180 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
Lastly, substituting Eq. (7.3.49) into Eq. (7.3.27), we nd that the double trans-
formed displacement produced by the reected wave is given by
~u

refl
=
Q
2c
2
s
1
mb
s
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
exp
M(p=c
s
) mb
s
m
2
l
_ _
exp b
s

Mp
mc
s
_ _
z
m
_ _
(7:3:50)
We have thus obtained the displacement produced by the reected wave, but in the
transformed domain. As the incident wave has been obtained in explicit form by
Eq. (7.3.8), our next task is to perform the double inversion for the displacement in
Eq. (7.3.50). The double inversion is carried out by applying the Cagniard-de Hoop
technique. The formal Fourier inversion with respect to the parameter g is given by
~u

refl
=
Q
4pc
2
s
_

1
mb
s
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
b
s
M p=mc
s
( )
exp
M p=c
s
( ) l z ( )
m
2

b
s
z l ( )
m
igy
_ _
dg
(7:3:51)
Since the radical b
s
=

g
2
p=mc
s
( )
2
_
has the Laplace transform parameter p, we
introduce a variable transform from g to the new variable 1 as
g = p=mc
s
( )1 (7:3:52)
Eq. (7.3.51) is rewritten as
~u

refl
=
Q
4pmc
2
s
_

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
exp p=mc
s
( )
M l z ( )
m

z l
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _ _ _
d1
(7:3:53)
Now, let us consider the complex integral U
B
whose integrand is the same as
that of Eq. (7.3.53),
U
B
=
1
2p
_
C
1

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
exp p=mc
s
( )
M l z ( )
m

z l
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _ _ _
d1
(7:3:54)
The closed loop C is discussed here. The integrand has two branch points at
1 = i. Two branch cuts are thus introduced along the imaginary axis in the
complex 1-plane. The vanishing point of the denominator,

1
2
1
_
M = 0,
gives two poles at 1 = im on the imaginary axis; but they are smaller in mag-
nitude than the branch points.The Cagniards path is determined by the variable
transform from 1 to the new variable t as
t =
1
mc
s
M l z ( )
m

z 1
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _
(7:3:55)
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 181
Solving for 1, the Cagniards path is given by
1
( )
s
=
imy m
2
c
s
t M l z ( )
_ _
z l ( )

m
2
c
s
t M l z ( )
2
z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_ _
_
z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
(7:3:56)
The saddle point of the Cagniards path is
1
saddle
= i
my

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_ (7:3:57)
at
t =
1
m
2
c
s
M l z ( )

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
_ _
(7:3:58)
If we take the closed loop composed of the Cagniards path, the straight line
along the real axis and two large arcs which connect the straight line with the
Cagniards path, the pole 1 = im is inside of the loop when
m\
m y [ [

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_ = y [ [ [
z l
M
(7:3:59)
but outside of it when
m[
m y [ [

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_ = y [ [\
z l
M
(7:3:60)
The location of the pole depends on this inequality. The contribution from the pole
at 1 = im is included only when the inequality of Eq. (7.3.59) holds. Thus, we
determine the closed loop C as ABCDOEA shown in Fig. 7.6. Applying Cauchys
theorem to the complex integral U
B
in Eq. (7.3.54), the line integral along the real
axis is converted to one along the Cagniards path and the residue at the pole gives
1
2p
_

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
exp p=mc
s
( )
M l z ( )
m

z l
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _ _ _
d1
=
1
2p
_

M lz ( )

zl ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
m
2
cs
1

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
_ _
1=1
( )
s

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
_ _
1=1
( )
s
_
_
_
_
e
pt
dt

2pi
2p
1 im

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
exp p=mc
s
( )
M l z ( )
m

z l
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _ _ _
_ _
1=im
H y [ [
z l
M
_ _
(7:3:61)
182 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
Rearranging the second residue term in the right hand side, we obtain the little bit
simpler form,
1
2p
_

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
exp p=mc
s
( )
M l z ( )
m

z l
m

1
2
1
_
i1y
_ _ _ _
d1
=
1
2p
_

M lz ( )

zl ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
m
2
cs
1

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
( )
s

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
( )
s
_
_
_
_
e
pt
dt

2M
m
exp
p
mc
s
2Ml
m
my
_ _ _ _
H y [ [
z l
M
_ _
(7:3:62)
Substituting this equation into Eq. (7.3.53), we obtain the Laplace transformed
displacement as the sum of the Laplace transform integral and the simple expo-
nential function,
u

refl
=
Q
4pmc
2
s
_

M lz ( )

zl ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
m
2
c
s
1

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
( )
s

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
( )
s
_

_
_

_
e
pt
dt

MQ
m
2
c
2
s
exp
p
mc
s
2Ml
m
my
_ _ _ _
H y [ [
z l
M
_ _
(7:3:63)
( )
( )

( )
( ) u
+
u
0 y >
2 2
( / )
iy
z m y

=
+
i =
pole
im =
Re( )
Im( )
+
A
B
C
D E
O
branch cut
Fig. 7.6 Closed loop C for the complex integral U
B
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 183
The rst term is just in the form of a Laplace transform integral and is easily
inverted by inspection. The second term is the exponential function and the simple
Laplace inversion formula,
L
1
exp(ap) = d t a ( ) (7:3:64)
is applied. Thus, the Laplace inversion is easily carried out and we get the nal
form for the displacement produced by the reected wave as
u
refl
=
Q
4pmc
2
s
H t
M l z ( )

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
m
2
c
s
_
_
_
_

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
()
s

1
2
1
_

1
2
1
_
M

1
2
1
_
M
d1
dt
_ _
1=1
()
s
_
_
_
_

MQ
m
2
c
2
s
d t
1
mc
s
2Ml
m
my
_ _ _ _
H y [ [
z l
M
_ _
(7:3:65)
Wave Fronts
Disturbed regions and wave fronts are easily obtained. They are given by the
conditionals of the step and delta functions in Eq. (7.3.65). Returning from the
moving coordinate to the original one, we nd that the step function attached to the
rst term in Eq. (7.3.65) gives the disturbed region by the reected wave:
W
refl
: H t
M l z ( )

z l ( )
2
my ( )
2
_
m
2
c
s
_
_
_
_
= c
s
t
2lm
m
2
_ _
2
[ x
2l
m
2
_ _
2
y
2
(7:3:66)
This is a circular region, but not a full circle since the edge is moving and the
conditional for x is imposed as x _Mc
s
t l. This reected wave is shown in
Fig. 7.7.
The second term included a product of delta and step functions.
W
flat
:d t
1
mc
s
2Ml
m
my
_ _ _ _
H y [ [
z l
m
_ _
=d c
s
t
2Ml
m
2
y
_ _
H M y [ [ x Mc
s
t 2l ( )
(7:3:67)
184 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions
Examining the product, we nd that the delta function gives a line singular wave
and the step function restricts its line segment BC (in the gure). Thus, we denotes
the wave as follows:
Flat wave:
W
flat
: c
s
t = y
2Ml
m
2
(7:3:68)
Supporting region:
y [ [ [
x 2l
M
c
s
t (7:3:69)
The incident wave has already been given by Eq. (7.3.8) and it is the circular
region. Its front is given by
W
inc
: H c
s
t

x
2
y
2
_
_ _
= c
s
t ( )
2
[x
2
y
2
; x\M c
s
t ( ) l (7:3:70)
Figure 7.7 shows a typical wave front shape for the incident and reected waves.
2
2
1
s
l
c t
M m

= +


O
A
B
C
Q
y
x
2
2 / l m
2
edge
2 (1 1/ ) x l m = +
3 / r l M =
s
c t
M
Incident wave
Reflected wave
Moving edge
Flat wave
Fig. 7.7 Wave fronts for incident and reected waves at the time c
s
t =
l
M
2
m
2
1
_ _
7.3 Reection of a Transient SH-Wave at a Moving Boundary 185
Exercise
(7.1) Decompose the integrand in Sect. 7.1, as
n
2
g
2
p
2
1
n
2
_ _
g
2
p
2
2
n
2
_ _ =
1
p
2
1
p
2
2
_ _
1
g
2
p
2
1
n
2

1
g
2
p
2
2
n
2
_ _
g
2
g
2
p
2
1
n
2
_ _
g
2
p
2
2
n
2
_ _ =
1
p
2
1
p
2
2
_ _
p
2
1
g
2
p
2
1
n
2

p
2
2
g
2
p
2
2
n
2
_ _ (a)
and carry out the inversion integral (7.1.14) with aid of the tabulated inte-
gration formula.
Reference
Erdlyi A (ed) (1954) Tables of integral transforms, Vol I. McGraw-Hill, New-York
186 7 Miscellaneous Greens Functions