Tablas resumen de transferencia de calor por radiaci on

28 de enero de 2014

Indice
1. Magnitudes en radiacion termica 1
2. El espectro electromagnetico 2
3. Radiaci on de cuerpo negro 2
3.1. Emision espectral de cuerpo negro: Distribuci on de Planck y ley de desplazamiento de Wien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2. Emision total de cuerpo negro: Ley de Stefan-Boltzmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3. Emision por bandas de cuerpo negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Factores de forma 4
4.1. Denicion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2. Reglas del algebra de factores de forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2.1. Regla de reciprocidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2.2. Regla de adicion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2.3. Regla de superposicion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2.4. Regla de simetra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3. Metodo de Hottel o de los hilos para determinar factores de forma entre supercies 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Intercambio de radiacion entre supercies: analoga electrica 7
5.1. Supercies negras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Recinto de dos supercies grises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2.1. Caso especial: una supercie mucho mayor que la otra A
2
A
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.3. Caso especial: pantallas de radiaci on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4. Recinto de dos supercies grises: casos comunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.5. Recinto de tres supercies grises, caso general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.6. Recinto de tres supercies grises, con una rerradiante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.7. Recinto de N supercies, una de ellas mucho menor que las demas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.8. Tratamiento simplicado por bandas: corta (solar) y larga (infrarroja) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.9. Presencia de una fuente puntual de radiacion en un recinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.10. Planteamiento matricial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Conversi on Estrella Triangulo 12
7. Referencias 13
8. Historial de cambios 13
Apendice: Catalogo de Factores de Forma 15
Seleccion de factores de forma de ItoTSE y Cengel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Seleccion de factores de forma de Siegel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Factores de forma de fuentes esfericas puntuales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Apendice: Tablas de propiedades radiantes(Cengel) 35
1. Magnitudes en radiaci on termica
472 Chapter 18. Heat Transfer by Radiation
The surface energy balance can be written in an alternative form in terms of the total ra-
diosity and total irradiation. For the surface of Fig. 18.11
(18.5b)
where is the net radiation leaving the surface by radiation, J is the total radiosity of the
surface, and G is the total irradiation. Recall from Eq. 18.4b that the radiosity is the sum of
the emitted and reflected irradiation leaving the surface. It is not always convenient to calcu-
late the radiosity, and hence Eq. 18.5a may be more useful. However, when dealing with
radiative exchange between surfaces in enclosures (Sec. 18.7), Eq. 18.5b will be required.
18.2.5 Summary: Radiation Quantities
The emissive power, E, irradiation, G, and radiosity, J, are the quantities that describe the
radiation processes experienced by a surface. You should know their definitions and
understand how they are employed in the surface energy balances of Eqs. 18.5a and 18.5b
to calculate the net radiation leaving a surface. Table 18.1 summarizes the definition of these
quantities and the other related terms.
q
rad,net
q
rad,net
J G
Figure 18.11
G
q
rad, net
J
"
Table 18.1 Glossary of Thermal Radiation Quantities
Quantities Definition
Emissive power Rate of radiant energy emitted by a surface in all directions per unit area of the surface, E

(W/m
2
m)
or E (W/m
2
); Eq. 18.1. Modifiers: spectral or total.
Irradiation Rate at which radiation is incident on a surface from all directions per unit area of the surface,
G

( ) or G (W/m
2
); Eq. 18.2. Modifiers: spectral or total.
Radiosity Rate at which radiation leaves a surface due to emission and reflection (reflected irradiation) in all direc-
tions per unit area of the surface, J

(W/m
2
m) or J (W/m
2
); Eqs. 18.3 and 18.4. Modifiers: spectral
or total.
Modifiers Definition
Diffuse Refers to directional uniformity of radiation field associated with emission, irradiation, and reflection.
Spectral Refers to a single-wavelength (monochromatic) or narrow spectral band; denoted by the subscript .
Total Refers to all wavelengths; integrated over all wavelengths (0 )
#
W/m
2 #
m
#
The total emissive power for the surface of a solar collector plate is 525 W/m
2
. The spectral distribution of the surface irradiation
is shown below, and 85% of the irradiation is absorbed, while 15% is reflected.
Example 18.1 Radiation Processes and Surface Energy Balances
Figure E18.1
600
300
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
( m)

(
W
/
m
2

m
)

G
,o
(a) What is the total irradiation on the plate, G? What is the absorbed total irradiation, G
abs
? (b) What is the total radiosity,
J, of the plate for these conditions? (c) What is the net radiative flux leaving the surface, q
rad,net
?
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:33 Page 472
1
2. El espectro electromagnetico
18.1 Fundamental Concepts 469
turn, the surface will intercept and absorb radiation originating from the surroundings.
However, if T
s
T
sur
the net heat transfer rate by radiation q
rad,net
is from the surface, and
the surface will cool until T
s
reaches T
sur
.
We associate thermal radiation with the rate at which energy is emitted by matter as a
result of its temperature. At this moment, thermal radiation is being emitted by all the matter
that surrounds you: by the furniture and walls of the room if you are indoors, or by the
ground, the buildings, the atmosphere and the sun if you are outdoors. The mechanism of
emission is related to energy released as a result of oscillations or transitions of the many
electrons that constitute matter. These oscillations are, in turn, sustained by the internal energy,
and therefore the temperature, of the matter. Hence, we associate the emission of thermal
radiation with thermally excited conditions within the matter.
We know that radiation originates due to emission by matter and that its subsequent trans-
port does not require the presence of any matter. But what is the nature of this transport? One
theory views radiation as the propagation of a collection of particles termed photons or quanta.
Alternatively, radiation may be viewed as the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In any case
we attribute to radiation the standard wave properties of frequency and wavelength . For
radiation propagating in a particular medium, the two properties are related by c, where
c is the speed of light in the medium. For propagation in a vacuum, c
o
2.998 10
8
m/s. The
unit of wavelength is commonly the micrometer (m), where 1 m 10
6
m.
The complete electromagnetic spectrum is delineated in Fig. 18.2. The short wave-
length gamma rays, X rays, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation are primarily of interest to the
Figure 18.1 A hot object experiences cooling by
radiation transfer and eventually achieves thermal
equilibrium with its surroundings.
thermal radiation
emission
Figure 18.2 Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation identifying the spectral region thermal radiation
pertinent to heat transfer.
Gamma rays
X Rays
Thermal radiation
Infrared
Microwave
Visible
V
i
o
l
e
t
B
l
u
e
G
r
e
e
n
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
e
d
0.4 0.7
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
( m)
Ultraviolet
Surroundings
T
s
T
sur
Vacuum
Surface
radiation
emission
q
rad,net
Object
Irradiation from
surroundings
electromagnetic spectrum
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:33 Page 469
Figura 18.2 ItoTSE. Espectro de radiaci on electromagnetica identicando la regi on de radiaci on termica.
3. Radiaci on de cuerpo negro
3.1. Emision espectral de cuerpo negro: Distribuci on de Planck y ley de despla-
zamiento de Wien
18.3 Blackbody Radiation 475
Note that C
1
and C
2
are calculated from the universal constants, h, k, and c
o
, which are the
Planck constant, the Boltzmann constant and the speed of light in a vacuum, respectively.
(See inside front cover for values of the physical constants.)
Equation 18.7, known as the Planck spectral distribution, is plotted in Fig. 18.13 for
selected temperatures. Several important features should be noted:

The emitted radiation varies continuously with wavelength.

At any wavelength the magnitude of the emitted radiation increases with increasing
temperature.

The spectral region in which the radiation is concentrated depends on temperature,

with comparatively more radiation appearing at shorter wavelengths as the tempera-
ture increases.
18.3.2 Wiens Displacement Law
From Fig. 18.13 we see that the blackbody spectral distribution has a maximum and that the
corresponding wavelength
max
depends on temperature. The nature of this dependence is
obtained by differentiating Eq. 18.7 with respect to and setting the result equal to zero. In
so doing, we obtain
(18.8)
where the third radiation constant is C
3
2897.8 m K.
Equation 18.8 is known as Wiens displacement law, and the locus of points described by
the law is plotted as the dashed line of Fig. 18.13. According to this result, the maximum
spectral emissive power is displaced to shorter wavelengths with increasing temperature. For
solar radiation, the maximum emission is in the middle of the visible spectrum ( 0.50 m)
since the sun emits approximately as a blackbody at 5800 K. For a blackbody at 1000 K,
#

max
T C
3
Figure 18.13 Spectral
blackbody emissive
power (Planck spectral
distribution).
10
9

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

e
m
i
s
s
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r
,

E

,
b

(
W
/
m
2

m
)
10
8

10
7

10
6

10
5

10
4

10
3

10
2

10
1

10
0
10
-1

10
-2

10
-3

10
-4

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 4 6 10 20 40 60 100
Wavelength, ( m)
Visible spectral region

max
T = 2898 mK
Solar radiation
5800 K
2000 K
1000 K
800 K
300 K
100 K
50 K

E


,

b

(


,

T
)
max

T
Wiens displacement law
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:33 Page 475
Figura 18.3 ItoTSE. Distribuci on espectral de Planck: Emitancia espectral de cuerpo negro E
b,
en funci on de la
longitud de onda . Ley de desplazamiento de Wien: Longitud de onda a la que la distribuci on de Planck tiene su
m aximo para una temperatura dada:
max
T = 2898m K
.
2
3.2. Emision total de cuerpo negro: Ley de Stefan-Boltzmann
Emitancia total de un cuerpo negro W/m
2
:
E
b
= T
4
donde la constante de Stefan-Boltzmann toma el valor de:
= 5,670 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
3.3. Emision por bandas de cuerpo negro
La fraccion de la emision total de cuerpo negro que esta en el intervalo de longitudes de onda (o banda)
desde 0 a es una funcion del producto T.
F
(0)
=

0
E
,b
d
T
4
= f(T)
Dicha fracci on esta tabulada en la tabla ItoTSE 18.2, a continuacion:
18.3 Blackbody Radiation 477
Since the integrand (E
,b
T
5
) is exclusively a function of the wavelengthtemperature prod-
uct T, the integral of Eq. 18.10a can be evaluated to obtain F
(0S)
as a function of only T.
The results are presented in Table 18.2 and Fig. 18.14b.
The band emission fraction may also be used to obtain the fraction of the blackbody ra-
diation in the spectral region between any two wavelengths
1
and
2
, using
(18.10b) F
1
1
S
2
2

2
0
E
,b
d

1
0
E
, b
d
T
4
F
10S
2
2
F
10S
1
2
Table 18.2 Blackbody Radiation Band Emission Fractions
T T T
(m K) F
(0S)
(m K) F
(0S)
(m K) F
(0S)
200 0.000000 4,000 0.480877 8,000 0.856288
400 0.000000 4,200 0.516014 8,500 0.874608
600 0.000000 4,400 0.548796 9,000 0.890029
800 0.000016 4,600 0.579280 9,500 0.903085
1,000 0.000321 4,800 0.607559 10,000 0.914199
1,200 0.002134 5,000 0.633747 10,500 0.923710
1,400 0.007790 5,200 0.658970 11,000 0.931890
1,600 0.019718 5,400 0.680360 11,500 0.939959
1,800 0.039341 5,600 0.701046 12,000 0.945098
2,000 0.066728 5,800 0.720158 13,000 0.955139
2,200 0.100888 6,000 0.737818 14,000 0.962898
2,400 0.140256 6,200 0.754140 15,000 0.969981
2,600 0.183120 6,400 0.769234 18,000 0.980860
2,800 0.227897 6,600 0.783199 20,000 0.985602
2,898 0.250108 6,800 0.796129 25,000 0.992215
3,000 0.273232 7,000 0.808109 30,000 0.995340
3,200 0.318102 7,200 0.819217 40,000 0.997967
3,400 0.361735 7,400 0.829527 50,000 0.998953
3,600 0.403607 7,600 0.839102 75,000 0.999713
3,800 0.443382 7,800 0.848005 100,000 0.999905
Note: the shaded entry corresponds to the blackbody maximum,
max
T 2898 m K, shown in Fig. 18.13.
#
# # #
Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained at 2000 K. (a) Calculate the emissive power of the radiation that
emerges from a small aperture on the enclosure surface. (b) What is the wavelength
1
below which 10% of the emission is
concentrated? What is the wavelength
2
above which 10% of the emission is concentrated? (c) Determine the maximum spec-
tral emissive power and the wavelength at which this emission occurs. (d) What is the irradiation incident on a small object
placed inside the enclosure?
Solution
Known: Large isothermal enclosure at 2000 K.
Find:
(a) Emissive power of a small aperture on the enclosure.
(b) Wavelengths below which and above which 10% of the radiation is concentrated.
(c) Maximum spectral emissive power and wavelength at which it occurs.
(d) Irradiation on a small object inside the enclosure.
Example 18.2 Characteristics of Blackbody Radiation
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:33 Page 477
Para calcular la fraccion de emision total en un intervalo desde
1
a
2
se puede utilizar:
F
(
1

2
)
=

2
0
E
,b
d

1
0
E
,b
d
T
4
= F
(0
2
)
F
(0
1
)
3
4. Factores de forma
4.1. Denici on
Fraccion de la radiacion que abandona la supercie i que es interceptada por la supercie j. Para dos
supercies orientadas arbitrariamente A
i
y A
j
el factor de forma es F
ij
=
q
ij
A
i
J
i
donde se asume que las supercies
son isotermas, difusas y con radiosidad uniforme.
18.5 The View Factor 489
view factor
reciprocity relation
summation rule
Figure 18.20
Figure 18.21
n
i
n
j
q
i j
A
i
, T
i
A
j
, T
j
J
N
J
i
T
N
T
1
T
i
Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces in Enclosures
Thus far we have restricted our attention to radiation processes that occur at a single surface.
Now we will consider the problem of radiative exchange between two or more surfaces. In
general, radiation may leave a surface due to both direct emission and reflection (radiosity),
and upon reaching a second surface, experience absorption as well as reflection. The radia-
tive exchange depends upon the surface geometries and their orientations, as well as on their
radiative properties and temperatures.
We begin by establishing the geometrical features of the radiation exchange problem by
developing the concept of the view factor. Using the view factor, we then treat black surface
exchange, which does not have the complications of multiple-surface reflections present with
non-black surfaces. Analyzing radiation exchange between non-black, opaque surfaces in an
enclosure is greatly simplified through two major assumptions: the surfaces are diffuse-gray
( ), and are characterized by a uniform radiosity and irradiation. The importance of these
assumptions will become evident as we develop the means to calculate radiative exchange.
The View Factor
The view factor (also called a configuration or shape factor) accounts for the geometrical
features for the radiation exchange between two surfaces. The view factor F
ij
is defined as
the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that is intercepted by surface j. For the arbi-
trarily oriented surfaces A
i
and A
j
of Fig. 18.20
(18.32)
where q
iSj
is the radiative flux leaving A
i
that is intercepted by A
j
; J
i
is the radiosity of sur-
face A
i
, which represents the radiative flux leaving A
i
in all directions. It is assumed that the
surfaces are isothermal, diffuse, and have a uniform radiosity.
Two important relationships involving the view factors should be recognized. For the ar-
bitrarily oriented surfaces (Fig. 18.20), we can write
(18.33)
This expression, termed the reciprocity relation, is useful in determining one view factor
from knowledge of the other. This relation is a consequence of the diffuse nature of the
radiation from the surfaces.
For surfaces forming an enclosure (Figure 18.21), the summation rule
(18.34)
can be applied to each of the N surfaces in the enclosure. This rule follows from the re-
quirement that all radiation leaving surface i must be intercepted by the enclosure surfaces.
The term F
ii
appearing in the summation represents the fraction of the radiation that leaves
surface i and is directly intercepted by i. If the surface is concave, it sees itself and F
ii
is
nonzero. However, for a plane or convex surface, F
ii
0.
There are several approaches for evaluating the view factors. For some situations, it may
be possible to determine F
ij
by inspection. That is, by intuition stemming from the physical
interpretation of F
ij
, with consideration to the surface arrangement, you can sometimes
recognize the fraction of radiation leaving A
i
that is intercepted by A
j
.
a
N
j 1
F
ij
1
A
i
F
ij
A
j
F
ji
F
ij

q
iSj
A
i
J
i
18.5
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:33 Page 489
4.2. Reglas del algebra de factores de forma
4.2.1. Regla de reciprocidad
Si se conocen las areas de dos supercies A
i
y A
j
y el factor de forma desde una hacia la otra F
ij
, esta
regla permite calcular su recproco F
ji
:
A
i
F
ij
= A
j
F
ji
4.2.2. Regla de adicion
En un recinto, la radiacion que abandona cualquier supercie i debe ser interceptada completamente por el
resto de supercies (y por s misma en caso de ser una supercie concava). Por tanto, la suma de los factores
de forma desde una supercie i hacia todas las supercies del recinto, incluyendose a s misma, es igual a 1.
N

j=1
F
ij
= 1
4.2.3. Regla de superposicion
F
1(2,3)
= F
12
+F
13
El factor de forma desde una supercie 1 hacia una supercie
compuesta (2,3) F
1(2,3)
es igual a la suma de los factores de
forma F
12
y F
13
. Atencion, lo recproco no es cierto, es
decir: F
21
+ F
31
= F
(2,3)1
pero aplicando reciprocidad
es posible demostrar que lo siguiente s es cierto:
A
2
F
21
+A
3
F
31
= A
(2,3)
F
(2,3)1

2
3
1
4.2.4. Regla de simetra
Si las supercies 2 y 3 son simetricas respecto a una supercie 1, entonces F
12
= F
13
y usando reciprocidad
tambien se cumple que F
21
= F
31
.
4 The Symmetry Rule
The determination of the view factors in a problem can be simplified further
if the geometry involved possesses some sort of symmetry. Therefore, it is
good practice to check for the presence of any symmetry in a problem before
attempting to determine the view factors directly. The presence of symmetry
can be determined by inspection, keeping the definition of the view factor in
mind. Identical surfaces that are oriented in an identical manner with respect
to another surface will intercept identical amounts of radiation leaving that
surface. Therefore, the symmetry rule can be expressed as two (or more) sur-
faces that possess symmetry about a third surface will have identical view fac-
tors from that surface (Fig. 1213).
The symmetry rule can also be expressed as if the surfaces j and k are sym-
metric about the surface i then F
i j
F
i k
. Using the reciprocity rule, we
can show that the relation F
j i
F
k i
is also true in this case.
616
HEAT TRANSFER
SOLUTION The fraction of radiation leaving the base of a cylindrical enclosure
through a coaxial ring opening at its top surface is to be determined.
Assumptions The base surface is a diffuse emitter and reflector.
Analysis We are asked to determine the fraction of the radiation leaving the
base of the enclosure that escapes through an opening at the top surface.
Actually, what we are asked to determine is simply the view factor F
1 ring
from
the base of the enclosure to the ring-shaped surface at the top.
We do not have an analytical expression or chart for view factors between a
circular area and a coaxial ring, and so we cannot determine F
1 ring
directly.
However, we do have a chart for view factors between two coaxial parallel disks,
and we can always express a ring in terms of disks.
Let the base surface of radius r
1
10 cm be surface 1, the circular area of
r
2
5 cm at the top be surface 2, and the circular area of r
3
8 cm be sur-
face 3. Using the superposition rule, the view factor from surface 1 to surface 3
can be expressed as
F
1 3
F
1 2
F
1 ring
since surface 3 is the sum of surface 2 and the ring area. The view factors F
1 2
and F
1 3
are determined from the chart in Figure 127.
1 and 0.5 F
1 2
0.11
(Fig. 127)
1 and 0.8 F
1 3
0.28
(Fig. 127)
Therefore,
F
1 ring
F
1 3
F
1 2
0.28 0.11 0.17
which is the desired result. Note that F
1 2
and F
1 3
represent the fractions of
radiation leaving the base that strike the circular surfaces 2 and 3, respectively,
and their difference gives the fraction that strikes the ring area.
r
3
L

8 cm
10 cm
L
r
1

10 cm
10 cm
r
2
L

5 cm
10 cm
L
r
1

10 cm
10 cm
1
2
3
F
1 2
= F
1 3

F
2 1
= F
3 1
) (Also,
FIGURE 1213
Two surfaces that are symmetric about
a third surface will have the same
view factor from the third surface.
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 616
4
4.3. Metodo de Hottel o de los hilos para determinar factores de forma entre
supercies 2D
Si las supercies tienen una dimension W (en direccion perpendicular al plano de la gura) mucho mayor
que las otras dos, se puede utilizar el metodo de Hottel, que se basa en enhebrar y tensar hilos desde los puntos
extremos de ambas supercies. La combinacion de dos extremos y dos supercies da lugar a poder situar cuatro
hilos, de los cuales dos de ellos se cruzan entre s en el espacio de vision, (en la gura siguiente hilos cruzados
representados en color rojo) mientras que los otros dos no lo hacen (hilos no cruzados representados en color
azul).
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
= W

(Longitud de hilos cruzados)

(Longitud de hilos sin cruzar)

2
Nota:Los hilos no pueden cortar ninguna supercie, pero pueden discurrir tangenciales (pegados) a una
supercie, como sucede en el primer caso de la gura.
Caso de supercies cerradas sobre s mismas: Por ejemplo, el caso de dos discos. El punto extremo se
elige arbitrariamente y se trazan hilos que cruzan o no el espacio de vision.
Caso de supercies con esquina com un (p.e. triangulo): La esquina com un se tratara como un hilo
imaginario de longitud nula. Los hilos cruzados transcurren tangencialmente a supercies.
Caso de espacio de vision parcialmente bloqueado: Cuando el espacio de vision entre dos supercies
esta parcialmente bloqueado y dividido por alg un obstaculo, el factor de forma entre ellas es la suma de tantos
factores de forma como espacios de vision distintos se pudiera considerar entre las dos supercies. A la hora de
plantear el metodo de Hottel para cada uno de esos factores de forma parciales, es preciso que los hilos que se
tracen afecten solo a un unico espacio de vision. Una forma de visualizarlo es la siguiente: se trazan los hilos
como si no hubiese obstaculos y luego, para cada espacio de vision, se introducen los obstaculos empujando
y deformando los hilos:
1. espacio de vision izquierdo (A): se introducen los obstaculos de derecha a izquierda.
2. espacio de vision central (B): se introducen el obstaculo izquierdo desde la izquierda y el derecho desde la
derecha.
3. espacio de vision derecho (C): se introducen los obstaculos de izquierda a derecha.
5
Ejemplo Hottel 1:
F
ABCD
=
(L
5
+L
6
) (L
3
+L
4
)
2 AB
F
ABCD
=
(

5
2
+ 6
2
+

12
2
+ 6
2
) (6 +

7
2
+ 6
2
)
2 12
F
ABCD
= 0,25
to the other directions. Such geometries can conveniently be considered to be
two-dimensional, since any radiation interaction through their end surfaces
will be negligible. These geometries can subsequently be modeled as being
infinitely long, and the view factor between their surfaces can be determined
by the amazingly simple crossed-strings method developed by H. C. Hottel in
the 1950s. The surfaces of the geometry do not need to be flat; they can be
convex, concave, or any irregular shape.
To demonstrate this method, consider the geometry shown in Figure 1216,
and let us try to find the view factor F
1 2
between surfaces 1 and 2. The first
thing we do is identify the endpoints of the surfaces (the points A, B, C, and D)
and connect them to each other with tightly stretched strings, which are
indicated by dashed lines. Hottel has shown that the view factor F
1 2
can be
expressed in terms of the lengths of these stretched strings, which are straight
lines, as
F
1 2
(12-16)
Note that L
5
L
6
is the sum of the lengths of the crossed strings, and L
3
L
4
is the sum of the lengths of the uncrossed strings attached to the endpoints.
Therefore, Hottels crossed-strings method can be expressed verbally as
F
i j
(12-17)
The crossed-strings method is applicable even when the two surfaces consid-
ered share a common edge, as in a triangle. In such cases, the common edge
can be treated as an imaginary string of zero length. The method can also be
applied to surfaces that are partially blocked by other surfaces by allowing the
strings to bend around the blocking surfaces.

(Crossed strings) (Uncrossed strings)
2 (String on surface i)
(L
5
L
6
) (L
3
L
4
)
2L
1
CHAPTER 12
619
L
2
L
1
L
5
L
3
A
B
D
C
L
4
L
6
1
2
FIGURE 1216
Determination of the view factor
F
1 2
by the application of
the crossed-strings method.
EXAMPLE 125 The Crossed-Strings Method for View Factors
Two infinitely long parallel plates of widths a 12 cm and b 5 cm are lo-
cated a distance c 6 cm apart, as shown in Figure 1217. (a) Determine the
view factor F
1 2
from surface 1 to surface 2 by using the crossed-strings
method. (b) Derive the crossed-strings formula by forming triangles on the given
geometry and using Eq. 1215 for view factors between the sides of triangles.
SOLUTION The view factors between two infinitely long parallel plates are to
be determined using the crossed-strings method, and the formula for the view
factor is to be derived.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis (a) First we label the endpoints of both surfaces and draw straight
dashed lines between the endpoints, as shown in Figure 1217. Then we iden-
tify the crossed and uncrossed strings and apply the crossed-strings method
(Eq. 1217) to determine the view factor F
1 2
:
F
1 2

(Crossed strings) (Uncrossed strings)

2 (String on surface 1)

(L
5
L
6
) (L
3
L
4
)
2L
1
C D
b = L
2
= 5 cm
c = 6 cm
a = L
1
= 12 cm
A B
L
3
L
5
L
6
L
4
1
2
FIGURE 1217
The two infinitely long parallel
plates considered in Example 125.
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 619
Ejemplo Hottel 2 y aplicacion de reglas:
Notaci on: AB y CD son curvas, L
1
y L
2
son rectas.
F
ABCD
=
(L
5
+L
6
) (L
3
+L
4
)
2 AB(siguiendo la curva)
Nota 1: hay que tener en cuenta que toda la radiaci on
que llega a la supercie curva CD debe pasar antes por
la recta L
2
as que se tiene la siguiente relaci on:
F
ABCD
= F
ABL
2
sin embargo, como la supercie AB se ve a s misma:
F
ABCD
= F
L
1
CD
to the other directions. Such geometries can conveniently be considered to be
two-dimensional, since any radiation interaction through their end surfaces
will be negligible. These geometries can subsequently be modeled as being
infinitely long, and the view factor between their surfaces can be determined
by the amazingly simple crossed-strings method developed by H. C. Hottel in
the 1950s. The surfaces of the geometry do not need to be flat; they can be
convex, concave, or any irregular shape.
To demonstrate this method, consider the geometry shown in Figure 1216,
and let us try to find the view factor F
1 2
between surfaces 1 and 2. The first
thing we do is identify the endpoints of the surfaces (the points A, B, C, and D)
and connect them to each other with tightly stretched strings, which are
indicated by dashed lines. Hottel has shown that the view factor F
1 2
can be
expressed in terms of the lengths of these stretched strings, which are straight
lines, as
F
1 2
(12-16)
Note that L
5
L
6
is the sum of the lengths of the crossed strings, and L
3
L
4
is the sum of the lengths of the uncrossed strings attached to the endpoints.
Therefore, Hottels crossed-strings method can be expressed verbally as
F
i j
(12-17)
The crossed-strings method is applicable even when the two surfaces consid-
ered share a common edge, as in a triangle. In such cases, the common edge
can be treated as an imaginary string of zero length. The method can also be
applied to surfaces that are partially blocked by other surfaces by allowing the
strings to bend around the blocking surfaces.

(Crossed strings) (Uncrossed strings)
2 (String on surface i)
(L
5
L
6
) (L
3
L
4
)
2L
1
CHAPTER 12
619
L
2
L
1
L
5
L
3
A
B
D
C
L
4
L
6
1
2
FIGURE 1216
Determination of the view factor
F
1 2
by the application of
the crossed-strings method.
EXAMPLE 125 The Crossed-Strings Method for View Factors
Two infinitely long parallel plates of widths a 12 cm and b 5 cm are lo-
cated a distance c 6 cm apart, as shown in Figure 1217. (a) Determine the
view factor F
1 2
from surface 1 to surface 2 by using the crossed-strings
method. (b) Derive the crossed-strings formula by forming triangles on the given
geometry and using Eq. 1215 for view factors between the sides of triangles.
SOLUTION The view factors between two infinitely long parallel plates are to
be determined using the crossed-strings method, and the formula for the view
factor is to be derived.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis (a) First we label the endpoints of both surfaces and draw straight
dashed lines between the endpoints, as shown in Figure 1217. Then we iden-
tify the crossed and uncrossed strings and apply the crossed-strings method
(Eq. 1217) to determine the view factor F
1 2
:
F
1 2

(Crossed strings) (Uncrossed strings)

2 (String on surface 1)

(L
5
L
6
) (L
3
L
4
)
2L
1
C D
b = L
2
= 5 cm
c = 6 cm
a = L
1
= 12 cm
A B
L
3
L
5
L
6
L
4
1
2
FIGURE 1217
The two infinitely long parallel
plates considered in Example 125.
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 619
Nota 2:El factor de forma de AB con s misma se puede calcular ya que:
F
L
1
AB
= 1
por reciprocidad:
F
ABL
1
=
L
1
AB
F
L
1
AB
=
L
1
AB
y por adicion:
F
ABAB
= 1 F
ABL
1
6
5. Intercambio de radiacion entre supercies: analoga electrica
5.1. Supercies negras
MORAN: Thermal Systems Engineering
Fig. 18.23a-c W-631-633
n
i
n
j
J
i
= E
bi
J
j
= E
bj
q
ij
A
i
, T
i
A
j
, T
j
(a) (b) (c)
E
bj
E
bi
q
ij
(A
i
F
ij
)
1
E
b3
E
b1
E
b2
q
1
q
13
q
12
(A
1
F
13
)
1
(A
1
F
12
)
1
Figura ItoTSE 18.23. Intercambio de radiaci on entre supercies negras. (a) Intercambio neto de calor entre dos supercies
q
ij
. (b) Intercambio neto entre dos supercies q
ij
=

T
4
1
T
4
2

A
i
F
1
ij

en terminos de la resistencia espacial o

geometrica R
12
=
1
A
i
F
ij
y la emitancia de cuerpo negro Eb = T
4
, (c) Intercambio entre tres supercies: ujo neto
saliente q
1
= q
12
+q
13
de la supercie A
1
debido al intercambio con las supercies restantes A
2
y A
3
.
5.2. Recinto de dos supercies grises
El intercambio neto radiante desde la supercie 1 hacia 2 es:
q
12
=

T
4
1
T
4
2

1
1
A
1

1
+
1
A
1
F
12
+
1
2
A
2

2
donde R
1
=
1
1
A
1

1
y R
2
=
1
2
A
2

2
son las resistencias de supercie.
Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures
Consider an enclosure consisting of two opaque surfaces at specified temper-
atures T
1
and T
2
, as shown in Fig. 1224, and try to determine the net rate of
radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces with the network method.
Surfaces 1 and 2 have emissivities
1
and
2
and surface areas A
1
and A
2
and
are maintained at uniform temperatures T
1
and T
2
, respectively. There are only
two surfaces in the enclosure, and thus we can write
Q

12
Q

1
Q

2
That is, the net rate of radiation heat transfer from surface 1 to surface 2 must
equal the net rate of radiation heat transfer from surface 1 and the net rate of
radiation heat transfer to surface 2.
The radiation network of this two-surface enclosure consists of two surface
resistances and one space resistance, as shown in Figure 1224. In an electri-
cal network, the electric current flowing through these resistances connected
in series would be determined by dividing the potential difference between
points A and B by the total resistance between the same two points. The net
rate of radiation transfer is determined in the same manner and is expressed as
Q

12
Q

1
Q

2
or
Q

12
(W) (12-36)
This important result is applicable to any two gray, diffuse, opaque surfaces
that form an enclosure. The view factor F
12
depends on the geometry
and must be determined first. Simplified forms of Eq. 1236 for some famil-
iar arrangements that form a two-surface enclosure are given in Table 123.
Note that F
12
1 for all of these special cases.
(T
4
1
T
4
2
)
1
1
A
1

1

1
A
1
F
12

1
2
A
2

2
E
b1
E
b2
R
1
R
12
R
2
CHAPTER 12
627
.
Q
12
1

A
1
1
1
A
1

1
R
1
=
1
A
1
F
12
R
12
=
1
2
A
2

2
R
2
=
J
1
J
2
T
1

2

A
2
T
2
.
Q
1
.
Q
12
.
Q
2 E
b1
E
b2
2 1
FIGURE 1224
Schematic of a two-surface
enclosure and the radiation
network associated with it.
EXAMPLE 127 Radiation Heat Transfer between Parallel Plates
Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures T
1

800 K and T
2
500 K and have emissivities
1
0.2 and
2
0.7, respec-
tively, as shown in Figure 1225. Determine the net rate of radiation heat trans-
fer between the two surfaces per unit surface area of the plates.
SOLUTION Two large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures.
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates is to be determined.
Assumptions Both surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates per unit
area is readily determined from Eq. 1238 to be
.
Q
12

1
= 0.2
T
1
= 800 K

2
= 0.7
T
2
= 500 K
1
2
FIGURE 1225
The two parallel plates
considered in Example 127.
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 627
Figura Cengel 12-24. Intercambio de radiacion en recinto de dos supercies grises.
5.2.1. Caso especial: una supercie mucho mayor que la otra A
2
A
1
Si una supercie de area nita A
1
intercambia radiacion con una supercie mucho mayor que ella A
2
A
1
el comportamiento de esta ultima es simular al de una supercie negra. Teniendo en cuenta que F
12
= 1 la
ecuacion del ujo de calor neto entre dos supercies grises se simplica y queda:
q
12
= A
1

1

T
4
1
T
4
2

7
5.3. Caso especial: pantallas de radiaci on
En este caso, teniendo en cuenta que F
13
= F
32
= 1 el intercambio neto radiante desde la supercie 1 hacia
2 queda:
q
12
=
A
1

T
4
1
T
4
2

1
+
1
3,1

3,1
+
1
3,2

3,2
+
1

2
donde la emisividad de una cara de la pantalla puede ser diferente a la de la otra cara. En realidad se trata de
dos recintos de dos supercies cada uno.
MORAN: Thermal Systems Engineering
Fig. 18.27 W-637
q
1
q
13
q
32
q
2
(a)
Radiation
shield

3,1

3,2
A
1
,

T
1
,

1
A
2
,

T
2
,

2
A
3
,

T
3
q
1
E
b1
J
1
J
3,1
E
b3
J
3,2
J
2
E
b2
1
2 _____

2
A
2
1
3,2 ______

3,2
A
3
1
3,1 ______

3,1
A
3
1
1 _____

1
A
1
1
_____
A
1
F
13
1
_____
A
3
F
32
(b)
Figura ItoTSE 18-27. Intercambio de radiacion entre planos paralelos con una pantalla de radiacion interpuesta.
5.4. Recinto de dos supercies grises: casos comunes
Table ItoTSE 18-4. Intercambio neto radiante para recintos de dos supercies grises: casos comunes.
498 Chapter 18. Heat Transfer by Radiation
Radiation Shields. Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflectivity)
materials, can be used to reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces. Consider plac-
ing a shield, surface 3, between the two, large parallel planes of Fig. 18.27a. Without the radi-
ation shield, the net rate of radiation transfer between surfaces 1 and 2 is given by Eq. 18.57.
However, with the radiation shield, additional resistances are present, as shown in Fig. 18.27b,
and hence, the heat rate is reduced. Note that the emissivity associated with one side of the
shield (
3,1
) may differ from that associated with the opposite side (
3,2
) and the radiosities will
Table 18.4 Net Radiative Exchange Equations for Common Diffuse-Gray, Two-Surface Enclosures
from Application of Eq. 18.57
Large (Infinite) Parallel Planes
Long (Infinite) Concentric Cylinders
Concentric Spheres
Small Convex Object in Large Surroundings
F
12
1
A
1
A
2
0
F
12
1
A
1
A
2

r
2
1
r
2
2
F
12
1
A
1
A
2

r
1
r
2
F
12
1
A
1
A
2
A
q
12
A
1

1
1T
1
4
T
4
2
2
q
12

A
1
1T
1
4
T
2
4
2
1

1
2

2
a
r
1
r
2
b
2
q
12

A
1
1T
1
4
T
2
4
2
1

1
2

2
a
r
1
r
2
b
q
12

A1T
1
4
T
2
4
2
1

2
1
(18.58)
(18.59)
(18.60)
(18.61)
Figure 18.27 Radiation exchange between large parallel planes with a radiation shield.
(a) Schematic. (b) Network representation with four surface- and two space-radiative resistances.
q
1
q
13
q
32
q
2
(a)
Radiation
shield

3,1

3,2
A
1
,

T
1
,

1
A
2
,

T
2
,

2
A
3
,

T
3
q
1
E
b1
J
1
J
3,1
E
b3
J
3,2
J
2
E
b2
1
2 _____

2
A
2
1
3,2 ______

3,2
A
3
1
3,1 ______

3,1
A
3
1
1 _____

1
A
1
1
_____
A
1
F
13
1
_____
A
3
F
32
(b)
A
1
, T
1
,
1
A
2
, T
2
,
2
r
1
r
2
r
1
r
2
A
1
, T
1
,
1
A
2
, T
2
,
2
radiation shields
c18.qxd 6/12/02 20:34 Page 498
8
5.5. Recinto de tres supercies grises, caso general
Radiation Heat Transfer
in Three-Surface Enclosures
We now consider an enclosure consisting of three opaque, diffuse, gray sur-
faces, as shown in Figure 1226. Surfaces 1, 2, and 3 have surface areas
A
1
, A
2
, and A
3
; emissivities
1
,
2
, and
3
; and uniform temperatures T
1
, T
2
, and
T
3
, respectively. The radiation network of this geometry is constructed by fol-
lowing the standard procedure: draw a surface resistance associated with each
of the three surfaces and connect these surface resistances with space resis-
tances, as shown in the figure. Relations for the surface and space resistances
are given by Eqs. 1226 and 1231. The three endpoint potentials E
b1
, E
b2
,
and E
b3
are considered known, since the surface temperatures are specified.
Then all we need to find are the radiosities J
1
, J
2
, and J
3
. The three equations
for the determination of these three unknowns are obtained from the require-
ment that the algebraic sum of the currents (net radiation heat transfer) at
each node must equal zero. That is,
0
0
0 (12-41)
Once the radiosities J
1
, J
2
, and J
3
are available, the net rate of radiation heat
transfers at each surface can be determined from Eq. 1232.
The set of equations above simplify further if one or more surfaces are spe-
cial in some way. For example, J
i
E
bi
T
i
4
for a black or reradiating sur-
face. Also, Q

i
0 for a reradiating surface. Finally, when the net rate of
radiation heat transfer Q

i
is specified at surface i instead of the temperature,
the term (E
bi
J
i
)/R
i
should be replaced by the specified Q

i
.
J
1
J
3
R
13

J
2
J
3
R
23

E
b3
J
3
R
3
J
1
J
2
R
12

E
b2
J
2
R
2

J
3
J
2
R
23
E
b1
J
1
R
1

J
2
J
1
R
12

J
3
J
1
R
13
CHAPTER 12
629
FIGURE 1226
Schematic of a three-surface enclosure and the radiation network associated with it.
1
2
3

1
, A
1
, T
1

2
, A
2
, T
2

3
, A
3
, T
3

1
1
A
1

1
R
1
=
1
A
1
F
12
R
12
=
1
A
2
F
23
R
23
=
1
A
1
F
13
R
13
=
1
2
A
2

2
R
2
=
1
3
A
3

3
R
3
=
J
1
J
3
J
2
.
Q
1
.
Q
12
.
Q
23 .
Q
13
.
Q
2
.
Q
3
E
b1
E
b2
E
b3
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:49 AM Page 629
Figura Cengel 12-26. Intercambio de radiacion en recinto de tres supercies grises.
Flujo de calor radiante que cede la supercie 1: se tienen dos ecuaciones, la primera planteada a traves de la resistencia
de supercie:
q
1
=
T
4
1
J
1
1
1
A
1

1
y la segunda planteada a traves de las resistencias espaciales con el resto de supercies del recinto:
q
1
=
J
1
J
2
(A
1
F
12
)
1
+
J
1
J
3
(A
1
F
13
)
1
lo mismo se puede plantear para las otras supercies.
5.6. Recinto de tres supercies grises, con una rerradiante
Un supercie rerradiante est a perfectamente aislada por detras y se supone que no cede calor por convecci on por
delante, as que el ujo radiante neto debe ser nulo.
q
R
=
T
4
R
J
R
1
R
A
1

R
= 0
Solo cabe la posibilidad de que J
R
= T
4
R
, es decir, su radiosidad debe ser igual a la emitancia de cuerpo negro E
bR
(aunque la supercie rerradiante no tiene porque ser negra). Este resultado es independiente de la emisividad de la
supercie rerradiante
R
. La temperatura que alcanza la supercie rerradiante es tal que re-emite todo la la energa
radiante que haya podido absorber, y viene determinada por la radiaci on procedente de las otras supercies del recinto.
Para las supercies rerradiantes siempre se cumple que su radiosidad es igual a la irradiaci on que incide sobre ella
J
R
= G
R
=
N

j=1
F
Rj
J
j
. La emisividad de la supercie rerradiante no afecta al valor global de su radiosidad pero
determina que parte de la radiosidad es emisi on y que parte es reejo de la radiaci on incidente.
MORAN: Thermal Systems Engineering
Fig. 18.28 W-638
A
R
, T
R
,
R
A
2
, T
2
,
2
A
1
, T
1
,
1
(a)
Reradiating surface
q
1
q
1
q
2
q
R
q
2 E
b2
E
b1
J
1
J
2
E
bR
J
R
= E
bR
q
1R
q
R2
1
2 ______

2
A
2
1
1 ______

1
A
1
1
R ______

R
A
R
1
____
A
1
F
1R
1
____
A
2
F
2R
1
____
A
1
F
12
q
R
= 0
(b)
Figura ItoTSE18-28. Intercambio de radiaci on en recinto de tres supercies grises donde una es rerradiante.
9
5.7. Recinto de N supercies, una de ellas mucho menor que las demas
El resultado obtenido en recintos de dos supercies con una de ellas de mucho mayor area que la otra, secci on 5.2.1,
se puede generalizar de manera aproximada a un recinto de N supercies, en el que una supercie de area nita A
1
intercambia radiaci on con otras supercies A
2
, A
3
, A
4
,...,A
N
, todas ellas de mucha mayor area que A
1
. En este caso
intervienen los factores de forma entre la supercie peque na y las grandes. El ujo de calor radiante neto cedido por la
supercie A
1
queda:
q
1
= A
1
F
12

1

T
4
1
T
4
2

+A
1
F
13

1

T
4
1
T
4
3

+... +A
1
F
1N

1

T
4
1
T
4
N

=
N

j=2
A
1
F
1j

1

T
4
1
T
4
N

5.8. Tratamiento simplicado por bandas: corta (solar) y larga (infrarroja)

No siempre es posible formular los intercambios radiantes considerando que las supercies son grises (es decir que
sus propiedades radiantes no dependen de la longitud de onda). Esa imposibilidad es especialmente frecuente cuando el
intercambio radiante considerado involucra radiaciones emitidas por cuerpos a muy diferente temperatura. Ejemplos de
estas situaciones son la transferencia de calor radiante en edicios y en sistemas de captaci on solar. En ambos aparecen
radiaciones solares que proceden de una fuente (Sol) a aproximadamente 5800K (radiaciones denominadas de corta
longitud de onda) y radiaciones infrarrojas que son emitidas por supercies a temperaturas del orden de la temperatura
ambiental (radiaciones denominadas de larga longitud de onda). Dado que los cuerpos involucrados en estos intercambios
suelen tener propiedades radiantes muy diferentes para ambos tipos de radiaci on, es imprescindible realizar un balance
radiante desglosando en ambas bandas del espectro.
La simplicaci on que supone considerar estas bandas deriva del hecho del bajo solapamiento existente entre dichas
bandas para cuerpos de temperatura muy dispar y por tanto se supone que cada supercie s olo emite en una de las dos
bandas (aquella en la cual se ubica la mayor parte de su emisi on radiante).
Generalmente, la analoga electrica se plantea para los intercambios en onda larga unicamente. La radiaci on solar no
aparece en el circuito equivalente, sino que se tratara como un ujo impuesto sobre la supercie. Por ejemplo, en el caso
de una supercie horizontal a temperatura T
sup
expuesta a la b oveda celeste, caracterizada como una supercie negra a
T
cielo
y a una irradiaci on solar G
solar
(W/m
2
) se tendra un ujo radiante neto saliente de la supercie de:
q
rad,sup
= A
s

sup,larga

T
4
sup
T
4
cielo

sup,corta
G
solar

La banda de larga se trata como un recinto de dos supercies con una de mucho mayor area que la otra. En la banda de
corta se desprecia la emisi on de la supercie y unicamente hay absorci on, porque a temperatura ambiente no se emite
pr acticamente nada en corta. La emisividad de la supercie (igual a la absortividad si la supercie es gris) pueden ser
diferentes en cada una de las bandas.

Tsup
Tcielo
Gsolar
Figura: Ejemplo de recinto de dos supercies con ujo solar impuesto
10
5.9. Presencia de una fuente puntual de radiacion en un recinto
A veces la radiaci on es generada por fuentes de radiacion que, debido a su alta temperatura y a su peque no tama no,
maniestan su efecto radiante mediante potencias termicas constantes e independientes del estado termico de las super-
cies del recinto a las que afecta. Para caracterizar estas fuentes puntuales se necesitan dos datos:
a) la potencia radiante P en unidades de W. Por ejemplo, se tendra una fuente puntual de 1000 W o una fuente
puntual de 500 W. Nota que no se conoce ni su tama no ni su temperatura.
b) el factor de forma desde la fuente puntual hacia las supercies del recinto. Las fuentes puntuales se con-
sideran elementos esfericos innitamente peque nos, para el c alculo del factor de forma desde estas fuentes a elementos
planos o esfericos de tama no nito se incluyen dos tablas especiales al nal de este documento.
1
2
3

1
, A
1
, T
1

2
, A
2
, T
2

3
, A
3
, T
3

1
1
A
1

1
R
1
=
1
A
1
F
12
R
12
=
1
A
2
F
23
R
23
=
1
A
1
F
13
R
13
=
1
2
A
2

2
R
2
=
1
3
A
3

3
R
3
=
J
1
J
3
J
2
.
Q
1
.
Q
12
.
Q
23 .
Q
13
.
Q
2
.
Q
3
E
b1
E
b2
E
b3
p
PFp1 PFp2
PFp3
Figura: Ejemplo de recinto de tres supercies grises con fuente puntual p
La inclusi on de las fuentes en la analoga electrica se realizara introduciendo en los nodos de radiosidades de cada
supercie unas intensidades impuestas entrantes equivalentes a las radiaciones incidentes procedentes de cada fuente
puntual. Por ejemplo, para un recinto de 3 supercies grises donde hay una fuente puntual de potencia P (W), el ujo
neto radiante que cede la supercie 1 se obtiene de un balance de energa en el nodo J
1
:
q
1
= q
12
+q
13
F
p1
P
desarrollando:
q
1
=
J
1
J
2
(A
1
F
12
)
1
+
J
1
J
3
(A
1
F
13
)
1
F
p1
P
y an alogamente se podra escribir para las supercies 2 y 3 en caso necesario.
Caso de que la fuente puntual emita radiaci on en una banda diferente a las supercies del recinto: Lo
descrito anteriorment es v alido si la energa emitida por la fuente puntual est a dentro de la misma banda de longitudes
de onda en la que se produce la emisi on del resto de supercies del recinto (la banda en la que se asume como valida la
hip otesis de supercies grises, = ). Sin embargo, en algunos casos, la fuente puntual emite su radiaci on en una banda
muy diferente a la del resto de supercies. En estos casos, hay que tratar por separado las dos bandas. Si llamamos banda
A a aquella en la que se produce la emisi on de las supercies del recinto y banda B a aquella en la que se produce la
emisi on de la fuente puntual, la potencia total radiante que abandona la supercie 1 sera q
1
= q
1,A
+q
1,B
. La banda A
se resuelve con las ecuaciones convencionales del circuito equivalente, teniendo en cuenta las fracciones de emisi on:
q
1,A
=
J
1,A
J
2,A
(A
1
F
12
)
1
+
J
1,A
J
3,A
(A
1
F
13
)
1
=
T
4
1
F
A
J
1,A
1
1,A
A
1

1,A
mientras que en la banda B interviene la fuente puntual:
q
1,B
=
J
1,B
J
2,B
(A
1
F
12
)
1
+
J
1,B
J
3,B
(A
1
F
13
)
1
F
p1
P =
T
4
1
F
B
J
1,B
1
1,B
A
1

1,B
si las supercies est an a una temperatura tal que no emiten casi nada en la banda B entonces las bandas no se solapan
y F
A
= 1, F
B
= 0 y las ecuaciones se simplican.
11
5.10. Planteamiento matricial
En un recinto de N supercies opacas, la radiosidad de una supercie i se puede escribir como:
J
i
=
i
E
b,i
+ (1
i
)
N

j=1
F
i,j
Fj
si las temperaturas de las supercies son conocidas, tambien se conoce la emisi on de cuerpo negro E
b,i
y se puede plantear
un sistema lineal de N ecuaciones para resolver las radiosidades. Por ejemplo, en un recinto de 3 supercies quedara:

1 (1
1
)F
11
(1
1
)F
12
(1
1
)F
13
(1
2
)F
21
1 (1
2
)F
22
(1
2
)F
23
(1
3
)F
31
(1
3
)F
32
1 (1
3
)F
33

J
1
J
2
J
3

1
E
b,1

2
E
b,2

3
E
b,3

una vez resuelto el sistema y conocidas las radiosidades, los ujos de calor (W) que abandonan cada supercie i se
obtendran de un balance de energa sobre la supercie:
q
i
= A
i

i
E
b,i

i
N

j=1
F
ij
J
j

o, alternativamente, tambien se puede usar la analoga electrica:

q
i
=
E
b,i
J
i
1
i
A
i

i
Nota 1: En el caso de tener supercies rerradiantes, de temperatura desconocida, hay que sustituir la ecuaci on corres-
pondiente por el balance radiante exterior J
i

N

j=1
F
ij
J
j
= 0. Por ejemplo, si la supercie rerradiante fuese la 1, la
primera lnea de la matriz quedara :

(1 F
11
) F
12
F
13
... ... ...

J
1
...

0
...

En general, si se desconoce la temperatura de alguna de las supercies, su ecuaci on debe ser sustituida por alguna otra
relaci on que se conozca, como un ujo de calor impuesto o un balance de energa.
Nota 2: Aunque la ecuaci on para el c alculo de q
i
que procede de la analoga electrica es mucho m as simple que la
ecuaci on que procede de un balance de energa directo, esta ultima puede ser muy pr actica en casos en los que tengamos
un recinto con una supercie gris i que no se ve a s misma F
ii
= 0 mientras que el resto de supercies son negras y por
tanto J = T
4
. Si todas las temperaturas son conocidas, no necesitamos resolver el recinto y calcular la radiosidad J
i
de la supercie gris para calcular el ujo de calor que la abandona, sino que el c alculo sera directo.
6. Conversi on Estrella Triangulo
En la teora de circuitos electricos se hace uso de esta conversi on con el prop osito de poder simplicar el an alisis de
un circuito sin que el funcionamiento general de este cambie. En la analoga electrica del intercambio de radiaci on se
puede aplicar si se desea.
Pgina 1 de 1
20/01/2013 file:///F:/TAREAS/2013_ASIGNATURAS/2013_TMT/T07_Radiacion/TablasRadiaci...
Para pasar de la conguraci on tri angulo (o delta) a estrella:
R
1
=
R
b
R
c
R
a
+R
b
+R
c
R
2
=
R
a
R
c
R
a
+R
b
+R
c
R
3
=
R
a
R
b
R
a
+R
b
+R
c
Para pasar de la conguraci on estrella a tri angulo:
R
a
=
R
1
R
2
+R
2
R
3
+R
3
R
1
R
1
R
b
=
R
1
R
2
+R
2
R
3
+R
3
R
1
R
2
R
b
=
R
1
R
2
+R
2
R
3
+R
3
R
1
R
3
12
7. Referencias
[Cengel] Y.A. C ENGEL, Heat Transfer: A practical Approach,2ed., McGraw Hill, 2002.
[ItoTSE] M.J. MORAN, H.N. SHAPIRO, B.R. MUNSON, D.P. DEWITT, Introduction to Thermal System Engineering,
John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
[Siegel] R. SIEGEL, J.R. HOWELL, Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer,3ed. Taylor & Francis, 1992.
8. Historial de cambios
17-ene-2013 primera version
20-ene-2013 correcciones y mejoras importantes en la seccion de fuentes puntuales de radiacion
a nadidas las tablas de factores de forma de fuentes puntuales esfericas
a nadida la seccion de planteamiento matricial
12-ene-2014 peque na ampliacion de la regla de superposici on
28-ene-2014 retoque en la regla de superposicion
ampliacion en el metodo matricial para incluir supercies rerradiantes
ampliacion en las explicaciones de supercies rerradiantes
13
14
Tabla Cengel 12.1. Factores de forma para geometras 3D.
factors in Table 121 are for three-dimensional geometries. The view factors
in Table 122, on the other hand, are for geometries that are infinitely long
in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper and are therefore
two-dimensional.
122 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS
Radiation analysis on an enclosure consisting of N surfaces requires the eval-
uation of N
2
view factors, and this evaluation process is probably the most
time-consuming part of a radiation analysis. However, it is neither practical
nor necessary to evaluate all of the view factors directly. Once a sufficient
number of view factors are available, the rest of them can be determined by
utilizing some fundamental relations for view factors, as discussed next.
I
CHAPTER 12
609
TABLE 121
View factor expressions for some common geometries of finite size (3D)
L
Y
X
i
j
j
i
r
j
r
i
L
Z
Y
X
i
j
2

XY
(1 + X
2
)(1 + Y
2
)

1 + X
2
+ Y
2
X = X/L and Y = Y/L Aligned parallel rectangles
Geometry Relation

F
i j
=
F
i j
= S
( )
ln

(1 + Y
2
)
1/2
+ X(1 + Y
2
)
1/ 2
tan
1

(1 + X
2
)
1/2
+ Y(1 + X
2
)
1/ 2
tan
1

X tan
1
X Y tan
1
Y

W
1

W
1

H
H = Z/X and W = Y/X Perpendicular rectangles
with a common edge
F
i j
= W tan
1
+ H tan
1
1

(H
2
+ W
2
)
1/2
(H
2
+ W
2
)
1/ 2
tan
1
(1 + W
2
)(1 + H
2
)

1 + W
2
+ H
2
1

4
+ ln
1 + R
j
2

R
i
2
r
j

r
i
R
i
= r
i
/L and R
j
= r
j
/L
Coaxial parallel disks
S = 1 +
S
2
4
(
)
2 1/ 2
W
2
W
2
(1 + W
2
+ H
2
)

(1 + W
2
)(W
2
+ H
2
)

H
2
H
2
(1 + H
2
+ W
2
)

(1 + H
2
)(H
2
+ W
2
)

2
1/2
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 609
15
CHAPTER 12
611
FIGURE 125
View factor between two
aligned parallel rectangles of
equal size.
10
0.9
1.5
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
1
0

0.14
0.16
0.12
5
3
1
A
2
A
1
L
2
L
1
R
a
t
i
o
L 1
/
D
Ratio L
2
/ D
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
4
2
0.18
F
1 2
D
FIGURE 126
View factor between two
perpendicular rectangles with
a common edge.
R
a
t
i
o
L
1
/
W
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.5
0.5
2
Ratio L
2
/W
0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20
1
4
5
8
10
5
0.9
1.8
2.0
20
6
3
A
2
A
1
L
2
L
1
W
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
A
s
y
m
p
t
o
t
e
10
F
1 2
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 611
Figura Cengel 12.5. Factor de forma para dos rectangulos paralelos alineados.
16
MORAN: Thermal Systems Engineering
Fig. 18.22a W-627
L
D
A
i
A
j
(a)
F
ij
=
D
2
D
2
+ 4L
2
(A
i
<< A
j
) (18.35)
Figura ItoTSE 18.22a. Factor de forma para una peque na supercie coaxial y paralela a un disco.
MORAN: Thermal Systems Engineering
Fig. 18.22c W-629
j
i
X
Y
Z
Y/X =
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.0
4
10
20
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(c)
2 4 6 8 10
Z/X
F
i
j
Figura ItoTSE 18.22c. Factor de forma para dos rectangulos perpendiculares con borde com un.
17
612
HEAT TRANSFER
FIGURE 127
View factor between two
coaxial parallel disks.
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.25
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
r
2
/L = 0.3
r
2
/L = 8
6
r
2
r
1
L/r
1
2
1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
F
1 2
L
FIGURE 128
View factors for two concentric cylinders of finite length: (a) outer cylinder to inner cylinder; (b) outer cylinder to itself.
r
1
/r
2
L
/
r
2
=

L
/
r 2

=

4
2
1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
0.25
0
.
2
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
r
1
/r
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
.
5
0
.
1
1
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
A
1
L
r
1
r
2
A
2
F
2 1
F
2 2
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 612
Figura Cengel 12.7. Factor de forma para dos discos coaxiales paralelos.
612
HEAT TRANSFER
FIGURE 127
View factor between two
coaxial parallel disks.
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.25
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
r
2
/L = 0.3
r
2
/L = 8
6
r
2
r
1
L/r
1
2
1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
F
1 2
L
FIGURE 128
View factors for two concentric cylinders of finite length: (a) outer cylinder to inner cylinder; (b) outer cylinder to itself.
r
1
/r
2
L
/
r
2
=

L
/
r 2

=

4
2
1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
0.25
0
.
2
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
r
1
/r
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
.
5
0
.
1
1
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
A
1
L
r
1
r
2
A
2
F
2 1
F
2 2
cen58933_ch12.qxd 9/9/2002 9:48 AM Page 612
Figura Cengel 12.8. Factor de forma para dos cilindros coaxiales.
18
Tabla Cengel 12.2. Factores de forma para geometras 2D.
1 The Reciprocity Relation
The view factors F
i j
and F
j i
are not equal to each other unless the areas of
the two surfaces are. That is,
F
j i
F
i j
when A
i
A
j
F
j i
F
i j
when A
i
A
j
610
HEAT TRANSFER
TABLE 122
View factor expressions for some infinitely long (2D) geometries
Parallel plates with midlines
connected by perpendicular line
Geometry Relation
F
i j
= 1 sin
Perpendicular plates with a common edge
Three-sided enclosure
Infinite plane and row of cylinders
Inclined plates of equal width
and with a common edge
1

2
F
i j
=
W
i
= w
i
/L and W
j
= w
j
/L
[(W
i
+ W
j
)
2
+ 4]
1/ 2
(W
j
W
i
)
2
+ 4]
1/ 2

2W
i
F
i j
=
w
i
+ w
j
w
k

2w
i
j
i
w
i
w
j
L
i
j
w
i
j
i

w
w
k
j
i
i
j
D
w
j
w
j
w
i
w
k
s
F
i j
=
( )
w
j

w
i
1 +
w
j

w
i
1 +
2 1/ 2
1

2
F
i j
= 1 1
( )
( )
D

s
D

s
+ tan
1
2 1/ 2
1/ 2
s
2
D
2

D
2
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B-106: SPHERICAL POINT SOURCE TO PLANE RECTANGLE. POINT SOURCE LIES ON
CORNER OF ADJACENT RECTANGLE WITH COMMON SIDE AND INTERSECTING
A
2
AT ANGLE . (CORRECTED FROM ORIGINAL TEXT.)
REFERENCE: HAMILTON AND MORGAN, 1956

Definitions:
A=a/c; B=b/c
Governing equation:


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166


B-107: SPHERICAL POINT SOURCE TO SPHERE.
REFERENCE: CHUNG AND SUMITRA, 1972

Definitions:
R = r/h
Governing equation:


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890
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Solar Emissivity, e, Ratio, Solar
Description/composition Absorptivity, a
s
at 300 K a
s
/e Transmissivity, t
s
Aluminum
Polished 0.09 0.03 3.0
Anodized 0.14 0.84 0.17
Quartz-overcoated 0.11 0.37 0.30
Foil 0.15 0.05 3.0
Brick, red (Purdue) 0.63 0.93 0.68
Concrete 0.60 0.88 0.68
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new 0.65 0.13 5.0
Oxidized, weathered 0.80 0.28 2.9
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered 0.79
Low iron oxide type 0.88
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective) 0.40 0.88 0.45
Metal, plated
Black sulfide 0.92 0.10 9.2
Black cobalt oxide 0.93 0.30 3.1
Black nickel oxide 0.92 0.08 11
Black chrome 0.87 0.09 9.7
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness 0.87
Paints
Black (Parsons) 0.98 0.98 1.0
White, acrylic 0.26 0.90 0.29
White, zinc oxide 0.16 0.93 0.17
Paper, white 0.27 0.83 0.32
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness 0.90
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface) 0.26 0.85 0.30
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface 0.65 0.85 0.76
Wet surface 0.88 0.91 0.96
Sand, dry
Off-white 0.52 0.82 0.63
Dull red 0.73 0.86 0.82
Snow
Fine particles, fresh 0.13 0.82 0.16
Ice granules 0.33 0.89 0.37
Steel
Mirror-finish 0.41 0.05 8.2
Heavily rusted 0.89 0.92 0.96
Stone (light pink) 0.65 0.87 0.74
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness 0.92
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness 0.92
Wood 0.59 0.90 0.66
Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, Solar Properties of Some Building Elements, Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805810, and other sources.
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