Lecture 3: Displacement, time, average and

instantaneous velocity
1
A cheetah is the fastest
land animal over
distances less than
500 meters and can
achieve peak speeds
of 100 km/h.
Galileo is credited as being the first to
measure speed by considering the
distance covered and the time it takes.
Speed is how fast an object is moving.
http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/02144/basics/planetary.htm
Motion along a straight line
Mechanics is the study of relationships among
force, matter, and motion
Kinematics describes motion.
Physical quantities involved:
Displacement,
Velocity,
Acceleration,
2
Lecture Objectives
Describe motion in one dimension (1D) in
terms of distance, displacement, speed,
average and instantaneous velocities
Analyse 1D motion using verbal, graphical
and algebraic representations
3
Motion along a straight line
Motion along the -axis
(unit vector )

Every moving body is
treated as a point
particle

Right (+-direction):
POSITIVE

Left (-direction):
NEGATIVE
4
+
+
Distance and displacement describe
an objects position.
Distance,
Scalar (no direction)
No need for chosen
origin and positive
direction
Needs actual path
traversed
Cannot be negative

=

5
Displacement,
Vector (with direction)
Need to chose an origin
and a positive direction

No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative

=

Speed and velocity describe the change
of an objects position with time.
Speed,
Scalar (no direction)

Average speed,

6
Velocity,
Vector (with direction)

Average velocity,

Units of
position/distance/displacement:
m, km, mile
Units of speed/velocity:
m/s, mph, kph
Average speed and average velocity
Average speed,

Scalar (no direction)
Net distance per unit
time
No need for chosen
origin and positive
direction
Needs actual path
traversed
Cannot be negative
7
Average velocity,

Vector (with direction)
Net displacement per
unit time
Need to chose an origin
and a positive direction

No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative
Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to
be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled
b) Your net displacement
c) The time it took for your eastward trip
d) The time it took for your westward trip
e) The total time of your entire trip
f) Average speed of your entire trip
g) Average velocity of entire trip
8
Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to
be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
Total distance = 315m + 285m = 600m

b) Your net displacement: 30 m
Net displacement = 315m - 285m = m
9
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to
be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s

=

. /
= .


=

. /
= .
10
Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to
be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s
e) The total time of your entire trip: 130.9 s

Total time = 63.0s + 67.9s = 130.9s
11
Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to
be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s
e) The total time of your entire trip: 130.9 s
f) Average speed of your entire trip: 5 m/s
g) Average velocity of entire trip: 0.2 m/s
12
=

.
= / =

.
= . /
Sample problem:
Positive and negative average
velocities
13

>
Move in the chosen
positive direction
+-direction

<
Move opposite of the
chosen positive
direction
-direction

Graphical analysis of position as a
function of time
Position,

Time,

graph

position at time

position at time

14

Graphical analysis of average and
instantaneous velocity
Average velocity,

Slope of the line
connecting (

) and
(

)
15

Graphical analysis of average and
instantaneous velocity
Instantaneous velocity,

Velocity at any specific
instant of time or specific
point along a path

= lim
0

Slope of the line tangent
to a point in the plot
16

Graphical analysis of velocity as
a function of time
17




plot
plot
Graphical analysis of velocity as
a function of time
18


plot
Speed
Steepness
Very steep, very fast
Positive slope: always
the case
Negative slope: not
possible
Velocity
Steepness & orientation
Very steep, very fast
Positive slope: motion
in the positive direction
Negative slope: motion
in the negative
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Given the following plots below, answer the
following questions:
a) Which pertains to an object with constant
speed?
b) Which pertains to an object that reverses
direction?
c) Which pertains to an object that starts slowly
and then speeds up?








A B
C D
19
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Given the following plots below, answer the
following questions:
a) Which pertains to an object with constant
speed? B
b) Which pertains to an object that reverses
direction?
c) Which pertains to an object that starts slowly
and then speeds up?








A B
C D
20
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Given the following plots below, answer the
following questions:
a) Which pertains to an object with constant
speed? B
b) Which pertains to an object that reverses
direction? A
c) Which pertains to an object that starts slowly
and then speeds up?








A B
C D
21
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Given the following plots below, answer the
following questions:
a) Which pertains to an object with constant
speed? B
b) Which pertains to an object that reverses
direction? A
c) Which pertains to an object that starts slowly
and then speeds up? D








A B
C D
22
Sample problem:
23
Average and instantaneous velocity.

a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity?
b) Can you have zero average velocity and nonzero
instantaneous velocity?
c) Can you have negative net displacement and zero
average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?

Sample problem:
24
Average and instantaneous velocity.

a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES (momentarily stopped)
b) Can you have zero average velocity and nonzero
instantaneous velocity?
c) Can you have negative net displacement and zero
average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
Sample problem:
25
Average and instantaneous velocity.

a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and nonzero
instantaneous velocity? YES (0 displacement)
c) Can you have negative net displacement and zero
average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
Sample problem:
26
Average and instantaneous velocity.

a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and nonzero
instantaneous velocity? YES
c) Can you have negative net displacement and zero
average velocity? NO (negative number/any number cannot be zero)
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
Sample problem:
27
Average and instantaneous velocity.

a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and nonzero
instantaneous velocity? YES
c) Can you have negative net displacement and zero
average velocity? NO
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity? YES(momentarily + velocity)
Seatwork
- solve problems in your
notebooks
- write the answers only in
your bluebook
- indicate the date

August 13, 2014
1. Blah?

2. Blah blah!

3. Blah blah blah!

4. Blah blah blah blah!
28
29
Seatwork
1. Under what conditions is the average velocity
equal to the instantaneous velocity?
30
At which of the labeled points (I, II, III, IV and V) is the
velocity of an object:
2. Zero?
3. Constant and positive?
4. Constant and negative?
5. Increasing in magnitude?
6. Decreasing in magnitude?
31
You normally drive between UP and Bulacan at an
average speed of 105km/h and the trip takes 2h and
20min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic
slows you down and you drive the same distance at
an average speed of only 70km/h.

7. Calculate the distance between UP to Bulacan.

8. How much longer does your trip take on during
Fridays compared to other days of the week?
(express your answers in minutes)
Seatwork
- seatwork will be checked at
the end of the class
- if wrong, write the correct
answer
- in checking: place the score
above the checkers name
- the checker must sign under
his/her name & student
number
August 13, 2014
1. Blah?

2. Blah blah!

3. Blah blah blah!

4. Blah blah blah blah!
Score: 3/4
Checked by:
(signed)
Albert Einstein Jr.
(2013-24601)

X Bleh!!!
32
Seatworks
Aug 12, 2014
33
34
2. v
B/E
~ 7.5 to 9.5 km/h
(rough estimate only)
Direction: north west
1. Drawing should look like this:
3.
/
= (
/
)
2
+(
/
)
2

/
= (5.0/)
2
+(7.0/)
2
= 8.6/
4. =
1

/
= 36 ; 36
o
north of west or
144
o
west of north
Note:
v
B/W
= (boat wrt water) x-component
v
W/E
= (water wrt eagle) y-component
v
B/E
= (boat wrt eagle) resultant vector
36
o
144
o
5. + = +

6. =

7. =
9. =

10. =

8. =
Seatwork 5 to 11: Perform the following vector operations:
11. ( ) = 35
=
=

Today
36
37
Seatwork
1. Under what conditions that the average
velocity equal to the instantaneous velocity?
The object is moving with constant velocity.

At which of the labeled points is the velocity of an
object:
2. Zero? IV
3. Constant and positive? I
4. Constant and negative? V
5. Increasing in magnitude? II
6. Decreasing in magnitude? III
38
Problem from Univ. Physics
You normally drive between UP and Bulacan at an
average speed of 105km/h and the trip takes 2h and
20min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic
slows you down and you drive the same distance at
an average speed of only 70km/h.

7. Calculate the distance between UP to Bulacan.
km h h km t v x
av
245 min) 60 / 1 min)( 140 )( / 105 (
min 70 min 140 min 210
min 210 5 . 3
/ 70
245

t t t
h
h km
km
v
x
t
f
av
f
8. How much longer does your trip take on during
Fridays compared to other days of the week?