Term Romanian

Translation
Definition on English Synonyms Antonyms
UNHCR naltul Comisariat al
Naiunilor Unite
pentru Refugiai
The Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),
also known as the UN Refugee
Agency, is a United Nations agency
mandated to protect and
support refugees at the request of a
government or the UN itself and
assists in their voluntary repatriation,
local integration or resettlement to a
third country. Its headquarters are
in Geneva, Switzerland and is a
member of the United Nations
Development Group.
[1]
The UNHCR
has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once
in 1954 and again in 1981

resettlement relocare to (be helped or forced to) move to
another place to live:
His family originally came from
Ireland, but resettled in the US in the
19th century.
The US government forcibly resettled
the Native Americans in reservations.

broaden(ed) extins 1 to become wider, or
to cause something
to become wider:The track broadens
and becomes a road at this point.They
are broadening the bridge to speed up
the flow of traffic.
2 broaden (something)to affect or
make something affect more people
or things
3 broaden something to increase
your experience, knowledge, etc
= widen, spread,
extend, stretch,
expand, enlarge,
dilate, open out
or up, become
wider
= expand,
increase,
develop, spread,
extend, stretch,
open up, swell,
supplement,
widen,
enlarge,augment
reduce,
narrow,
restrict,
diminish,
tighten,
simplify,
constrain,
circumscribe
provider furnizor a group or company that provides a
specified service
a person (such as a mother or father)
who earns the money that is needed
to support a family
= supplier, giver,
source, donor,
benefactor
= breadwinner,
supporter,
earner,
mainstay, wage
earner








expansion mrire, expansiune,
extindere,
dezvoltare
an act of increasing or making
something increase in size, amount or
importance
a period of rapid economic expansion



increase,
development,
growth, spread,
diffusion,
magnification,
multiplication,
amplification,
augmentation,
enlargement,
inflation,
increase,
growth,
swelling,
unfolding,
expanse,
unfurling,
opening out,
distension

adoption adoptare, acceptare,
aprobare
the act of legally taking a child to be
taken care of as your own:She
was homeless and had
to put her child up
for adoption (= ask for the child to be
taken by
someone else as their own).The last
ten years have seen a dramatic fall in
the number of adoptions.

2 [UNCOUNTABLE]the decision to start
using something such as an idea, a
plan or a namethe adoption of new
technology3 [UNCOUNTABLE, COUNTABLE
] (BRITISH ENGLISH, POLITICS)the act of
choosing somebody as a candidate for
an electionhis adoption as the Labour
candidate
fostering,
adopting, taking
in, fosterage,
embracing,
choice, taking
on, taking up,
support, taking
over, selection,
approval,
following,
assumption,
maintenance,
acceptance,
endorsement,
appropriation,
ratification,
approbation,

outpace a depi to move or develop faster than
someone or
something else:Bolt managed to
outpace every
other runner.The company has comple
tely outpaced its rivals in the market.

to go, rise, improve, etc. faster than
somebody/something
He easily outpaced the other
runners.Demand is outpacing
production.





OUTSTRIP,
outdistance,
leave behind,
outstrip, lose,
shake off,
outrun, leave
standing

slot fant, teritoriu 1 a long narrow opening, into which
you put or fit somethingto put some
coins in the slot2 a position, a time or
an opportunity for
somebody/something, for example in
a list, a programme of events or a
series of broadcastsHe has a regular
slot on the late-night
programme.Their album has occupied
the Number One slot for the past six
weeks.
opening, hole,
groove, vent, slit,
aperture,
channel, place,
time, space, spot,
opening,
position,
window,
vacancy, niche

implement a implementa, a
pune n aplicaie
implement something (formal) to
make something that has been
officially decided start to happen or
be used
to implement
changes/decisions/policies/reforms
A new work programme for young
people will be implemented.

put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.)
into effect:the scheme to implement
student loans
carry out, carry
out, effect, carry
through,
complete, apply,
perform, realize,
fulfil, enforce,
execute,
discharge, bring
about, enact, put
into action or
effect

delay, hamper,
hinder, impede
ad hoc ad hoc, numai
pentru un anumit
scop
made or happening only for
a particular purpose or need,
not planned before ithappens:an ad
hoc committee/ meetingWe deal with
problems on an ad hoc basis (= as
they happen).

arranged or happening when
necessary and not planned in
advance
an ad hoc meeting to deal with the
problem
The meetings will be held on an ad
hoc basis.
makeshift,
emergency,
improvised,
impromptu,
expedient,
stopgap
lasting,
standing of a
committee,
fixed, regular,
permanent
persecution persecutare,
hruire, prigonire
1 persecute somebody (for
something)
to treat somebody in a cruel and
unfair way, especially because of
their race, religion or political beliefs
Throughout history, people have been
persecuted for their religious beliefs.
persecuted minorities
2 persecute somebody
to deliberately annoy somebody all
the time and make their life
unpleasant
Why are the media persecuting him
like this?


Harass,
victimization,
abuse, torture,
torment,
oppression,
tyranny,
discrimination
against,
mistreatment,
ill-treatment,
maltreatment,
tyrannization

asylum azil 1 [mass noun] (also political
asylum) the protection granted by
a state to someone who has left
their home country as a political
refugee:she applied for asylum and
was granted refugee status
protection or safety, especially that
given by a government to people who
have
been forced to leave their own countr
ies for their safety or because
of war:to seek/
apply for political asylum
refuge, security,
haven, safety,
protection,
preserve,
shelter, retreat,
harbour,
sanctuary,
mental hospital,
hospital,
institution,
psychiatric
hospital,
madhouse
(informal)

take in A da azil, a include
take somebody in
1 to allow somebody to stay in your
hometo take in lodgersHe was
homeless, so we took him in. 2 [OFTEN
PASSIVE] to make somebody believe
something that is not true

She took me in completely with her
story.Don't be taken in by his charm
he's ruthless.

take something in
1 to absorb something into the body,
for example by breathing or
swallowingFish take in oxygen
through their gills.related
noun INTAKE2 to make a piece of
clothing narrower or tighterThis
dress needs to be taken in at the waist.
participate in, be
involved in, join
in, play a part in,
be instrumental
in, have a hand
in, partake in,
take a hand in,
associate
yourself with,
put your
twopence-worth
in

bulk Cantitate mare, en
gros
1 [SINGULAR] the bulk (of
something) the main part of
something; most of somethingThe
bulk of the population lives in
cities.2 [UNCOUNTABLE] the (large) size
or quantity of somethingDespite its
bulk and weight, the car is extremely
fast.a bulk order(= one for a large
number of similar items)bulk
buying(= buying in large amounts,
often at a reduced price)

[C usually singular] something or
someone that is
very large:She eased her large bulk
out of the chair
large size or mass:It was
a document of surprising bulk.in bulk
in large amounts:
size, volume,
dimensions,
magnitude,
substance,
vastness,
amplitude,
immensity,
bigness,
largeness,
massiveness,
weight, size,
mass, heaviness,
poundage,
portliness,

lions share partea leului, partea
cea mai mare
the lion's share (of something)
(BRITISH ENGLISH)the largest or best
part of something when it is divided

the lion's share
British the largest part of something

majority, mass,
most, body,
quantity, best
part, major part,
lion's share,
better part,
generality,
preponderance,
main part,
plurality, nearly
all, greater
number

voluntary benevol, voluntar
1 done willingly, not because you are
forceda voluntary
agreementAttendance on the course is
purely voluntary.to pay voluntary
contributions into a pension
fund(BRITISH ENGLISH) He
took voluntary redundancy.
2 [USUALLY BEFORE NOUN] (OF
WORK) done by people who choose to
do it without being paidI do
some voluntary work at the local
hospital.




COMPULSORY,
intentional,
intended,
deliberate,
planned,
studied,
purposed,
calculated,
wilful, done on
purpose,
optional,
discretionary, up
to the individual,
open, unforced,
unconstrained,
unenforced, at
your discretion,
discretional,
open to choice,
uncompelled,
unpaid,
volunteer, free,
willing,
honorary,
gratuitous
involuntary,
unintentional,
instinctive,
automatic
forced,
obligatory,
enforced,
mandatory,
conscripted
bilateral bilateral 1involving two groups of people or
two countriesbilateral
relations/agreements/trade/talks
2 (MEDICAL)involving both of two
parts or sides of the body or
brainbilateral hearing impairment

tripartite tripartid 1shared by or involving three
parties:a tripartite coalition
government
2consisting of three parts:a tripartite
classification






NGO Organizatie non-
guvernamentala
Non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) are legally
constituted corporations created
by natural or legal people that
operate independently from any form
of government. The term originated
from the United Nations, and
normally refers to organizations that
are not a part of a government and
are not conventional for-profit
businesses.

quota cota, cota-parte a fixed, limited amount or number
that is officially allowed:
The country now has a
quota on immigration.FIGURATIVE The
class contains the usual quota (= numb
er) of troublemakers.
share,
allowance,
ration,
allocation, part,
cut (informal),
limit,
proportion, slice,
quantity,
portion,
assignment,
whack
(informal),
dispensation

drastically drastic, in mod
drastic
( especially of actions) severe and s
udden or having
very noticeable effects:drastic meas
uresMany employees have had to take
drastic cuts in pay.
extreme, strong,
radical,
desperate,
severe, harsh,
dire, forceful

to conduct a gestiona to organize and perform a particul
ar activity:We are conducting
a survey to find out
what our customers think of their local
busservice.

carry out, run,
control, manage,
direct, handle,
organize,
govern, regulate,
administer,
supervise,
preside over
transmit, carry,
spread, pass on,
convey, diffuse,
impart
accompany, lead,
escort, guide,
attend, steer,
convey, usher,
pilot








transitional De tranzitie, de
trecere, cu
character
intermediar
belonging or relating to a change,
or the process of change, from
one form ortype to another:a
transitional government
changing,
passing, fluid,
intermediate,
unsettled,
developmental,
transitionary
temporary,
working, acting,
short-term,
interim, fill-in,
caretaker,
provisional,
makeshift,
make-do,
stopgap, pro tem

retain A aduna, a angaja, a
pastra
FORMAL to keep or continue to have
something:She has lost her battle to
retain control of the company.

FORMAL If a substance retains
something, such as heat or water,
it continues tohold or contain it:Th
e sea retains the
sun's warmth longer than the

maintain, keep,
reserve,
preserve, keep
up, uphold,
nurture,
continue to
have, hang or
hold onto
keep, keep
possession of,
hang or hold
onto, save,
preserve, cling
to, conserve,
hold fast to
lose, release,
let go, use up
scrutinize(ed) A cerceta, a
examina, a privi cu
atentie
to examine something
very carefully in order to discover i
nformation:He scrutinized the
men's faces carefully/ closely, trying to
work out who was lying.
examine, study,
inspect,
research, search,
investigate,
explore, probe,
analyse, scan,
sift, dissect,
work over, pore
over, peruse,
inquire into, go
over with a fine-
tooth comb












inherent Inerent, inseparabil
inherent (in
somebody/something)that is a
basic or permanent part of
somebody/something and that
cannot be removed

the difficulties inherent in a study of
this typeViolence is inherent in our
society.
INTRINSIC,
intrinsic,
natural, basic,
central,
essential, native,
fundamental,
underlying,
hereditary,
instinctive,
innate,
ingrained,
elemental,
congenital,
inborn, inbred,
inbuilt,
immanent, hard-
wired, connate,
inherited, in
your blood

repatriate A repatria 1 repatriate somebody (FORMAL)to
send or bring somebody back to their
own countryThe refugees were
forcibly repatriated.The insurance
will cover the costs of repatriating
you and your family in the case of
an accident.2 repatriate
something (BUSINESS)to send money
or profits back to your own
countryAn agreement between the
countries enables companies to
repatriate their profits freely.
expatriate- go
into detail
about, develop
on, elaborate
on, enlarge on,
dwell on,
amplify on,
embellish,
expound on,
dilate on,
descant on
narrow Ingust, restrins having a small distance from
one side to the
other, especially in comparisonwit
h the length:a
narrow bridge/ passage/ gapa
narrow face
thin, fine, lean,
slight, slim,
pinched, slender,
tapered,
tapering,
attenuated
limited,
restricted,
confined, tight,
close, near,
squeezed,
confining,
cramped,
meagre,
constricted,
circumscribed,
scanty,
straitened,
incapacious



wide, broad
big, open, wide,
broad,
generous,
ample,
spacious
disabled Dezactivat, invalid,
infirm
not having one or more of
the physical or mental
abilities that
most peoplehave:The accident left hi
m severely disabled
[before noun] specially relating to
or intended for
disabled people:The library does not
have disabled access.
differently abled,
physically
challenged,
handicapped,
challenged,
weakened,
crippled,
paralysed,
impaired, lame,
mutilated,
maimed,
incapacitated,
infirm,
bedridden
strong, sound,
fit, healthy,
robust, sturdy,
hale, hearty,
able-bodied
























Miercuri
SURVEY: ARCTIC ICE THINNER THAN THOUGHT, MELTING FAST
The results of a new Arctic survey shows that North Pole ice is melting faster than previously
projected and scientists at Cambridge University predict the Arctic ocean will be largely ice-free
during the summer within the next ten years. The findings are expected to add to the debate at the
Copenhagen climate conference in December. Earlier this year, British explorer Pen Hadow and his
team trekked for three months across the frozen Arctic Ocean, taking measurements and recording
observations about the ice. "We'd been led to believe that we would encounter a good proportion, of
this older, thicker, technically multi-year ice that's been around for a few years and just gets thicker
and thicker," he said. "We actually found there wasn't any multi-year ice at all. "Satellite observation
and submarine surveys over the past few years had shown less ice in the polar region, but the recent
measurements show the loss is more pronounced than previously thought. "We're looking at 80 percent
roughly loss of ice cover on the Arctic Ocean in 10 years, and 100 percent loss in nearer 20 years,"
said Hadow. Cambridge scientist Peter Wadhams, who's been measuring and monitoring the Arctic
since 1971 says the decline is irreversible.
"The more you lose, the more open water is created, the more warming goes on in that open
water during the summer, the less ice forms in the winter, the more melt there is the following
summer," he said. "It becomes a breakdown process where everything ends up accelerating until it's all
gone." Martin Sommerkorn runs the Arctic program for the environmental charity the World Wildlife
Fund. "The Arctic sea ice holds a central position in the Earth's climate system and it's deteriorating
faster than expected," he said. "Actually directly has to translate into more urgency to deal with the
climate change problem and reduce emissions." Summerkorn says a plan to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions blamed for global warming needs to come out of the Copenhagen Climate change summit in
December. "We have to basically achieve there the commitment to deal with the problem now," he
said. "That's the minimum. We have to do that equitably and we have to find a commitment that is
quick." Wadhams echoes the need for urgency.
"The carbon that we've put into the atmosphere keeps having a warming effect for 100 years,
so we have to cut back rapidly now, because it will take a long time, there's a flywheel effect, it will
take a long time to work its way through into a response by the atmosphere. We can't switch off global
warming by being good in the future, we have to start being good now," he said. Wadhams says there
is no easy techno-fix to climate change. He and other scientists say there are basically two options to
replacing fossil fuels, generate energy with renewables, or embrace nuclear power.
UN Study Calls for More Debate on Biofuels
A new report by the United Nations Environment Program says developing biofuels as a green
energy option is beneficial only when countries adopt a sophisticated approach. The report has
warnings for African countries, which are already struggling to cope with the loss of productive
farmlands through drought and land degradation. The study, conducted by UNEP's International Panel
for Sustainable Resource Management, concludes that while biofuel production and use may appear to
be a solution for cutting greenhouse gas emissions caused by burning of fossil fuels, some biofuels are
much more climate-friendly than others.
The report says biofuels can lead to reduced emissions or worsen the problem. For example, the
study says using ethanol fuel made from sugar cane, as practiced in some countries like Brazil, can
lead to emissions reductions of up to 100 percent when substituted for fossil fuel. But making and
using bio-diesel from palm oil on deforested land can lead to a significant increase in emissions when
compared to using gasoline. Given that most biofuels today are made from food crops such as maize,
wheat, sugar cane, vegetable and palm oils, the authors of the study say it is also important that the
growth of the biofuel industry does not encourage unsustainable habits, such as using productive
farmlands to grow energy crops.
UNEP's spokesman Nick Nuttall says far more research and debate is needed to determine which
energy crops can grow where and how best to use limited land resources to combat climate change. He
says other considerations include the impact of energy crops on such things as local water quality,
quantity and biodiversity. "Too much of a good thing can become a problem and that has to do with
the fact that there is only a certain amount of land available on our planet," said Nick Nuttall. "Water
supplies and some of the impacts on soil fertility, N20 [carbon] emissions - these are factors that need
to be assessed."
David Newman, who runs the Nairobi-based biofuels consultancy Endelevu Energy, research
and debate are especially critical for Africa, where sustainable land management and agricultural
production efforts are often at odds with the need for development.One of the most controversial local
issues is the production of bio-diesel, which Newman says could be a disaster for some African
countries trying to enter the market."Bio-diesel is, of course, based on virtually any vegetable oil, feed
stock, and there are edible feed stocks and there are inedible feed stocks," said David Newman. "And
that is very relevant in a place like Kenya, which is a net-importing country when it comes to edible
vegetable oil. So, it would be potentially dangerous to base a bio-diesel industry on large-scale
production of those feed stocks because it would be in direct competition with the deficit demand for
food."
This week, Kenya's neighbor, Tanzania, announced that it was halting further land allocations
for biofuel development until a framework to regulate the industry is in place.
The government move follows reports that arable land that could be used to grow food is being
increasingly used for biofuel production.









SAMBATA
Analiza macroeconomic are drept obiect de cercetare economia naional n ntregul ei.
Macroeconomia studiaz structura, funcionalitatea i comportamentul de ansamblu al sistemului
economiei naionale, n strns legtur cu sistemul economiei mondiale i cu mediul nconjurtor, n
scopul determinrii volumului total de bunuri i servicii i a tuturor factorilor care-l influeneaz.
Totodat, macroeconomia studiaz ansamblul de mijloace i instrumente prin care autoritile publice
pot influena performanele sistemului economic. n acest scop, sunt analizate implicaiile politicii
bugetare i fiscale, monetare, comerciale etc. asupra produciei i ocuprii, precum i asupra
echilibrului macroeconomic.
Macroeconomia este parte a economiei care const n procesele i fenomenele care rezult din
corelarea activitilor economice la nivelul economiei naionale. Macroeconomia se ocup de studiul
unor mrimi agregate cum ar fi consumul final al populaiei, formarea naional de capital,
economisirea naional, cererea agregat, oferta agregat etc.
Termenul de macroeconomie a fost propus de Ragnar Frisch n 1933, dar ntemeietorul
incontestabil al noului domeniu de studiu al tiinei economice este economistul John Maynard
Keynes. Acesta face abstracie de bazele microeconomice ale macroeconomiei, considernd c
sistemul macroeconomic are proprieti independente de cele ale elementelor componente.
Macroeconomia o putem interpreta ca o realitate a economiei naionale a fiecrei ri, i n acelai
timp, ca o parte a tiinei economice care studiaz aceast realitate.
Ca realitate, macroeconomia surprinde ansamblul forelor principale care acioneaz i interacioneaz
n interiorul unei economii naionale, n virtutea crora economia cunoate perioade de expansiune i
nflorire a afacerilor, dar i ani de recesiune.
Ca parte a tiinei economice care studiaz ntreaga economie, dintr-un unghi de vedere naional,
macroeconomia este chemat s explice cum poate fi mrit venitul naional i cum poate fi el mprit
mai bine, astfel nct, prin creterea produciei, s putem spori i bunstarea individual, general, s
asigurm echilibrul necesar naintrii prin controlul ciclului de afaceri. tiina economic despre
macroeconomie arat c ntreaga economie naional a unei ri se poate consolida i dezvolta sau se
poate nrui prin ceea ce a realizat sau nu a realizat pentru individ.
Obiectivele fundamentale relevate de teoria macroeconomic decurg din problemele eseniale cu
care se confrunt economiile contemporane: evoluia ciclic a activitii economice, nivelul ridicat al
omajului, rata ridicat a inflaiei, dezechilibre economice externe sau alte forme de dezechilibre.
Aceste probleme cauzeaz pierderi de venit i de locuri de munc ce afecteaz n mod direct, uneori
brutal, nivelul de via al oamenilor. De aceea, responsabilitatea unui guvern este conceput n strns
legtur cu prentmpinarea sau controlul omajului i a inflaiei.

Answer the questions, revising the last text sent at the end of the cemester.
1. What is implied under macroeconomics? How did it come into being?
2. What problems does macroeconomics study?
3. What links exist between macroeconomics and economic structure?
4. Does financial integration make it more difficult to achieve macroeconomic stability?
5. How can globalisation ease policies incompatible with medium-term financial stability?