A

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
MA102 Mathematics II
Second Semester of Academic Year 2013-2014
Quiz 1 - Code A: Model Solutions and Marking Scheme
Total Time: 45 Minutes Total Marks: 20 marks
Instructions
This question paper has six questions.
Answer all questions.
1. Match the sets given in Column I to the appropriate descriptions given in Column-II.
Column I Column II
A = {(x, y, z) R
3
: x
2
+ y
2
+ 2z
2
= 0} (1) Empty set
B = {(x, y, z) R
3
: y
2
= 0} (2) A single point
C = {(x, y, z) R
3
: x
2
+ z
2
= 0} (3) One plane
D = {(x, y, z) R
3
: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
4
+ 5 = 0} (4) Two planes
E = {(x, y, z) R
3
: x
2
y
2
= 0} (5) One line
(6) Two lines
(7) None of these
Answer:
A 2
B 3
C 5
D 1
E 4
(5 1 = 5 marks)
The following reasons are given only for better understanding (not for marks).
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2z
2
= 0 gives that x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0. (0, 0, 0) is the only point satisfying the given
equation. So, it is a single point.
y
2
= 0 gives that y = 0. {(x, 0, z) R
3
: x R, z R} is the xz-plane. So, it is one plane.
x
2
+ z
2
= 0 gives that x = 0 and z = 0. {(0, y, 0) R
3
: y R} is the y-axis. So, it is one line.
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
4
+ 5 = 0 gives that x
2
+ y
2
+ z
4
= 5. The LHS x
2
+ y
2
+ z
4
0 for all (x, y, z) R
3
and
hence no point in R
3
satises x
2
+ y
2
+ z
4
= 5. So, it is an empty set.
x
2
y
2
= (x y)(x + y) = 0 gives that x y = 0 or x + y = 0. {(x, x, z) R
3
: x R, z R} is the
plane passing through the line x = y and {(x, x, z) R
3
: x R, z R} is the plane passing through
the line y = x. So, it represents two planes.
2. Draw/ Sketch the level curves for c = 0 and c = 4 of the function f(x, y) = x
2
y
2
.
Answer:
Step 1: c = 0
If c = 0 then x
2
y
2
= 0 represents a pair of lines x + y = 0 and x y = 0.
1
(1 mark)
Step 2: c = 4
If c = 4 then x
2
y
2
= 4 represents hyperbola.
(1 mark)
3. Find the position, velocity and speed of an object having acceleration a(t) = sint i + cos t j + e
t
k, initial
velocity v(0) = k and initial position r(0) = i + k.
Answer:
Step 1: Finding Velocity
v(t) =
_
a(t) dt
=
_
_
sint i + cos t j + e
t
k
_
dt
=
_
cos t i + sint j + e
t
k
_
+P
where P is an integration constant (vector constant). (0.5 marks)
Substituting v(0) = k in the expression of v(t), we get
i +k +P = k = P = i .
Therefore,
v(t) = (1 cos t) i + sint j + e
t
k .
(0.5 marks)
Step 2: Finding Speed
2
Speed = v(t)
=
_
(1 cos t)
2
+ sin
2
t + e
2t
=
_
2 2 cos t + e
2t
(1 mark)
Step 3: Finding Position Vector
r(t) =
_
v(t) dt
=
_
_
(1 cos t) i + sint j + e
t
k
_
dt
=
_
(t sint) i cos t j + e
t
k
_
+Q
where Q is an integration constant (vector constant). (0.5 marks)
Substituting r(0) = i +k in the expression of r(t), we get
j +k +Q = i +k = Q = i +j .
Therefore,
r(t) = (t sint 1) i + (1 cos t) j + e
t
k .
(0.5 marks)
4. Let f : R
3
R be dened by f(x, y, z) =
_
x

x
2
+y
2
+z
2
|x|
if x = 0
0 if x = 0
.
(a) Examine the continuity of f at 0 = (0, 0, 0).
(b) If u = (a, b, c) denotes the unit vector in R
3
then examine the existence of the directional derivative of
f at 0 = (0, 0, 0) in the direction of u.
(c) Examine the dierentiability of f at 0 = (0, 0, 0).
Answer:
Step 1 Examining the continuity of f at 0
Let > 0 be given.
Observe that
f(X) f(0) = f(X)
_
_
_
_
_
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
|x|
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
(1 mark)
Choose = .
Then
X 0 =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
< = implies that
f(X) f(0)
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
< .
3
Therefore f is continuous at 0. (1 mark)
Step 2: Examining the existence of D
u
f(0)
Case I: u = (a, b, c) with a = 0
D
u
f(0) = lim
t0
f(0 + tu) f(0)
t
= lim
t0
f(ta, tb, tc) f(0, 0, 0)
t
= lim
t0
ta

(ta)
2
+(tb)
2
+(tc)
2
|ta|
0
t
= lim
t0
ta|t|

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
t |t| |a|
= lim
t0
a
|a|
=
a
|a|
since
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1
(2 marks)
Case II: u = (a, b, c) with a = 0
D
u
f(0) = lim
t0
f(0 + tu) f(0)
t
= lim
t0
f(0, tb, tc) f(0, 0, 0)
t
= lim
t0
0 0
t
= lim
t0
0 = 0
(1 mark)
Therefore, D
u
f(0) exists in the direction of each unit vector u in R
3
.
Step 3 Examining the dierentiability of f at 0
Observe that
f
x
(0) = 1,
f
y
(0) = 0 and
f
z
(0) = 0. Therefore, f(0) = (1, 0, 0).
Consider the unit vector u

=
_
1

2
,
1

2
, 0
_
.
Observe that
D
u
f(0) =
1/

2
|1/

2|
= 1 .
But
f(0), u

=
_
(1, 0, 0),
_
1

2
,
1

2
, 0
__
=
1

2
.
Since
D
u
f(0) = 1 =
1

2
= f(0), u

,
we conclude that f is NOT dierentiable at 0. (1 mark)
Alternate Method for Step 3:
Set H = (h, k, ).
lim
H0
f(0 + H) f(0) f(0), H
H
= lim
H0

h
2
+k
2
+
2
|h|
h

h
2
+ k
2
+
2
4
Consider the path = (h, 2h, 0) with h = 0 and h 0.
As H 0 along this path , we have

h
2
+4h
2
|h|
h

h
2
+ 4h
2
=

h|h|

5
|h|
h
|h|

5
=
(

5 1)h
|h|

5
=
(

5 1)|h|
|h|

5
=
(

5 1)

5

(

5 1)

5
= 0
Since
f(0+H)f(0)f(0), H
H
does not tend to 0 as H 0 along the path , we conclude that f is not
dierentiable at 0.
5. Let f : R
3
R be dened by f(x, y, z) = |x|
3
+|y|
3
+|z|
3
for all (x, y, z) R
3
.
At each point (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) R
3
, compute
f
y
if it exists.
Answer:
Step 1:
Case I: y
0
> 0
Let y
0
> 0. Then y
0
h > 0 and y
0
+ h > 0 for any small enough h R.
lim
h0
f(x
0
, y
0
+ h, z
0
) f(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
h
= lim
h0
_
|x
0
|
3
+|y
0
+ h|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_

_
|x
0
|
3
+|y
0
|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_
h
= lim
h0
|y
0
+ h|
3
|y
0
|
3
h
= lim
h0
(y
0
+ h)
3
y
3
0
h
= 3y
2
0
(0.5 marks)
Step 2:
Case II: y
0
< 0
Let y
0
< 0. Then y
0
+ h < 0 and y
0
h < 0 for any small enough h R.
lim
h0
f(x
0
, y
0
+ h, z
0
) f(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
)
h
= lim
h0
_
|x
0
|
3
+|y
0
+ h|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_

_
|x
0
|
3
+|y
0
|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_
h
= lim
h0
|y
0
+ h|
3
|y
0
|
3
h
= lim
h0
(y
0
+ h)
3
+ y
3
0
h
= 3y
2
0
(0.5 marks)
Step 3:
Case III: y
0
= 0
lim
h0
f(x
0
, 0 + h, z
0
) f(x
0
, 0, z
0
)
h
= lim
h0
_
|x
0
|
3
+|h|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_

_
|x
0
|
3
+|0|
3
+|z
0
|
3
_
h
= lim
h0
|h|
3
h
= lim
h0
h|h|
2
h
= lim
h0
|h|
2
= 0
(1 mark)
f
y
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) =
_
_
_
3y
2
0
if y
0
> 0
0 if y
0
= 0
3y
2
0
if y
0
< 0
5
6. Find all the critical points of f(x, y) = x
2
y + y
2
x in R
2
and examine their nature (Local Maximum / Local
Minimum / Saddle Point/ Not possible to determine).
Answer:
Step 1: Finding critical points of f
f
x
(x, y) = 2xy + y
2
and f
y
(x, y) = x
2
+ 2xy for (x, y) R
2
.
Solving f
x
(x, y) = y(2x + y) = 0 and f
y
(x, y) = x(x + 2y) = 0, we get (0, 0) is the only critical point of f.
(0.5 marks)
Step 2: Nature of (0, 0)
Consider a neighborhood N
r
(0, 0) = {(x, y) R
2
:
_
x
2
+ y
2
< r} of arbitrary radius r > 0.
Then, for any point (x, x) N
r
(0, 0), f(x, x) < 0 = f(0, 0) if x < 0 and f(x, x) > 0 = f(0, 0) if x > 0.
Therefore, we can conclude that (0, 0) is a saddle point of f. (1.5 marks)
Note: If a student writes (0, 0) is a saddle point without giving proper reasons/arguments, then only 0.5
marks will be awarded for this step.
Step 3: Second Derivative Test (If a student did not write Step 2)
f
xx
= 2y, f
yy
= 2x, f
xy
= 2x + 2y = f
yx
.
At (0, 0), we have f
xx
= f
yy
= f
xy
= f
yx
= 0. Therefore, f
xx
f
yy
(f
xy
)
2
= 0 and hence the second order test
is inconclusive. (0.5 marks)
Note: If a student skips the Step 2: Nature of (0, 0) and tries only Step 3 and concludes that the second
derivative test is inconclusive then a total of 1 mark (= 0.5 for Step 1 + 0.5 for Step 3) will be awarded for
this question.
******** Paper Ends ********
6