SAT Subject Test - Chemistry - Diagnostic Test - Learningpod

Practice Questions
POD
SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Diagnostic Test

1.
Takes into account various isotopes of an atom

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)
A
B
C
D
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
Ionization potential
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2.
Determines how electron density is shared w hen an atom forms a bond

A
B
C
D
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
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3.
Average distance betw een the nucleus and the outermost electron
A
B
C
D
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
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4.
Number of protons in an element

A
B
C
D
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
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5.
Energy required to remove an electron

A
B
C
D
Atomic mass
Atomic number
Atomic radius
Electronegativity
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6.
Has a filled 4 p orbital

A
B
Na
Fe
C Cl
D
Rb
E Ca
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7.
All of its electrons are paired in this ion

A
B
Na
Fe
C Cl
D
Rb
E Ca
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8.
Electron configuration is,

2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
A
B
Na
Fe
C Cl
D
Rb
E Ca
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9.
Cannot be further broken dow n by chemical means

A
B
C
D
Cation
Inert Gas
Crystal
Anion
Element
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10. Ionic species w ith a positive charge
A
B
C
D
Cation
Inert Gas
Crystal
Anion
Element
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11. Has an octet of valence electrons

A
B
C
D
Cation
Inert Gas
Crystal
Anion
Element
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12. Defined by the number of protons

A
B
C
D
Cation
Inert Gas
Crystal
Anion
Element
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13. Apparatus used to measure the heat absorbed or released by a reaction

A
B
C
D
Centrifuge
Barometer
Balance
Calorimeter
Battery
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14. Apparatus used to measure atmospheric pressure

A
B
C
D
Centrifuge
Barometer
Balance
Calorimeter
Battery
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15. Apparatus used to measure w eight
A
B
C
D
Centrifuge
Barometer
Balance
Calorimeter
Battery
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16. Apparatus used to sediment particles in suspension

A
B
C
D
Centrifuge
Barometer
Balance
Calorimeter
Battery
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17. The energy of a system available to do w ork

A
B
C
D
Gibbs free energy

Heat of formation
Specific heat
Heinsenberg uncertainty principle
Heat of vaporization
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18. Heat required to raise one unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
A
B
C
D
Gibbs free energy

Heat of formation
Specific heat
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19. Heat absorbed or released during production of a substance from elements in their standard states
A
B
C
D
Gibbs free energy

Heat of formation
Specific heat
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20. Which one of the follow ing Forms a strong base w hen dissolved in w ater?
A
B
NaOH
CsCl
HBr
D CH 3
COOH
E O2
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21. Which one of the follow ing Forms a w eak acid w hen dissolved in w ater?
A
B
NaOH
CsCl
HBr
D CH 3
COOH
E O2
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22. Which one of the follow ing Forms a strong acid w hen dissolved in w ater?
A
B
NaOH
CsCl
HBr
D CH 3
COOH
E O2
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23. Which one of the follow ing Forms an ionic solution w ith a neutral pH w hen dissolved in w ater?
A
B
NaOH
CsCl
HBr
D CH 3
COOH
E O2
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24. What is the formal charge on the nitrogen atom in H N O 3 ?

A
B
C
D
-1
+1
0
+2
+3
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25. What volume of a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid is required to neutralize 80 mL of a 0.5 M NaOH solution?
A
B
C
D
320 mL
160 mL
80 mL
40 mL
20 mL
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26. Which of the follow ing w ould be classified as a strong electrolyte?

A
B
C
D
Benzoic acid
Water
Hydrofluoric acid
Potassium chloride
Glucose
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27. Which atom has an ionic radius that is larger than its atomic radius?
A
B
C
D
Na
K
Mg
Ca
Cl
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28. The basic structure of crystalline substances is called

A
B
C
D
unit cell
molecule
lattice
geode
matrix
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29. The oxidation state of nitrogen is most negative in w hich of the follow ing compounds?
A N2
B N2 O
C N H3
D N O2
E N O3
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30. An insulated tube w ith a movable piston at one end had 500 J of heat added to it. If, during the experiment, the piston moves
and does 75 J of w ork on the atmosphere, w hat is the change in energy of the tube system?
A
B
C
D
575 J
500 J
425 J
75 J
425 J
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31. The reaction of NaOH and H 2 S O 4 in w ater goes to completion because

A
B
C
D
it is a neutralization reaction
w ater is a strong electrolyte
sodium sulfate quickly precipitates
a volatile product is formed
sulfuric acid is a very strong acid
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32. Which of the follow ing w ould be different in a ground state and an excited state neon atom?
A
B
C
D
The number of neutrons

The number of electrons
The atomic w eight
The electronic configuration
Everything w ould remain the same.
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33. The K sp of Mg (OH) in w ater is 1.2 x

2
the pH at w hich Mg (OH )2
11
. If the M g
just begins to precipitate?
10
2+
concentration in an acid solution is 1.2 x
10
mol/L, w hat is
A
B
C
D
3
4
5
11
12
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34. Which of the follow ing states has the highest average translational kinetic energy?
A
B
C
D
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Colloid
None of the above
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35. Which of the follow ing w ill favor the melting of ice in a closed container if all other parameters are kept constant?
A
B
C
D
Adding w ater w ith a temperature of 0 C

Low ering the temperature below 0 C
Low ering the pressure
Raising the pressure
Decreasing the amount of ice
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36. Which of the follow ing has the most polar bond?
A
B
C
D
N-O
CH
CC
HF
None of the bonds are polar.
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37. The rate law expression for the reaction

N2
+ 3 H2
2N H 3
can be represented by rate =
[N 2 ][H 2 ]
can be represented by rate = k [N H 3 ]
k[N H 3 ]
[N 2 ][H 2 ]
[N H 3 ]
k[N H 3 ]
[N 2 ]
cannot be determined from the information given

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38. 100 mL of 10 N H 2 S O 4 is diluted to 800 mL. What is the molarity of the dilute acid solution?
A
B
C
D
16/10 M
8/10 M
10/8 M
10/12 M
5/8 M
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39. Which of the follow ing molecules contains both ionic and covalent bonds?
A C 6 H 14
B
Mg Cl2
C (N H 4 ) S O 4
2
D H2 O
E C2 H 4
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40. Gas A is at 30 C and gas B is at 20 C. Both gases are at 1 atmosphere. What is the ratio of the volume of 1 mole of gas A to
1 mole of gas B?
A
B
C
D
1:1
2:3
3:2
303:293
606:293
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41. How w ill the equilibrium of the follow ing reaction be affected if more chlorine is added?
PCl5
( g ) PCl3 ( g ) + Cl2 ( g )
A
B
C
D
It w ill be shifted to the right.

It w ill be shifted to the left.
It w ill be unaffected.
The effect on the equilibrium cannot be determined w ithout more information.
More PCl3 w ill be produced.
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42. After balancing the equation
... Br O 3 ( aq ) + ... Br ( aq ) + ... H + ( aq )

the ratio of
Br O
... Br2 ( l ) + ... H 2 O
to Br is
A
B
C
D
1:5
1:3
1:2
1:1
2:3
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2 C O3
43. What mass of sodium carbonate, N a2 C O 3 (formula w eight = 106 amu), is needed to make 120 mL of a 1.5 M solution?
A
B
C
D
295 g
9.5 g
19 g
589 g
19,000 g
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44. Equimolar amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gas, at the same temperature, are released into a large container. The ratio of the
rate of diffusion of the hydrogen molecules to that of the molecules of oxygen w ould be
A
B
C
D
256:1
16:1
1:16
4:1
1:4
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45. What does X represent in the follow ing nuclear reaction?

27
13
Al
+ 2 He
30
15
+X
particle
Positron
particle
Neutron
ray
A
B
C
D
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46. When chromium metal is used to form K 2 C r2 O 7 , the oxidation state of chromium changes from
A
B
C
D
0 to 4
3 to 6
2 to 6
0 to 6
2 to 4
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47. Electron density studies have revealed that X and Y have an equal number of electrons. Which of the follow ing could X and Y
be?
B H
C
D
and K
and He
Cl and F
+
O
and S
None of the above
A Ca
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48. All halogens have similar reactivity because

A
B
C
D
they
they
they
they
they
have the same number of protons

have the same number of electrons
have similar outer shell electron configurations
have valence electrons w ith the same quantum numbers
have the same number of neutrons
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49.
and Cl
have the same
A
B
C
D
atomic w eight
electronic configuration
ionization potential
number of protons and neutrons
atomic radius
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50. Which of the follow ing has the largest ionic radius?
A Na
B K
C Mg
D Al
E Cl
++
3+
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51. When the follow ing reaction is balanced, w hat is the net ionic charge on the right side of the equation?
... H
2+
+ ... Mn O 4 + ... Fe
... Mn
2+
3+
+ ... Fe
+ ... H 2 O
A
B
C
D
+5
+7
+10
+17
The net ionic charge on either side must be zero.
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52. Question below refer to the follow ing equation.

+
...Ag (N H 3 )2
Ag
+ ... NH 3
What is the sum of the coefficients once the equation is balanced?

A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
5
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+
...Ag (N H 3 )2
Ag
+ ... NH 3
2
How many moles of Ag (N H 3 ) + are required to produce 11 moles of ammonia?

A
B
C
D
1
2
5.5
11
22
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+
...Ag (N H 3 )2
Ag
+ ... NH 3
+
What is the percent composition by w eight of Ag in Ag (N H 3 )2 ?

A
B
C
D
4.2
19.7
76.1
80.3
95.8
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55. If 88 g of
C3 H 8
and 160 g of
O2
are allow ed to react maximally to form CO2 and H 2 O , how many grams of
CO 2
w ill be
formed?
A
B
C
D
33
66
132
264
None of the above
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56. A 200 mL flask contains oxygen at 200 mm Hg, and a 300 mL flask contains neon at 100 mm Hg. The tw o flasks are connected
so that each gas fills their combined volumes. Assuming no change in temperature, w hat is the partial pressure of neon in the
final mixture?
A
B
C
D
60 mm Hg
80 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
150 mm Hg
200 mm Hg
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57. What is the value of Z in the beta decay reaction below ?

60
27
Co
60
Z
+ e
A
B
C
D
25
26
27
28
29
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58. Question below refer to the follow ing experimental setups.
Which of the follow ing experimental setups w ill complete the circuit?
A
B
C
D
II only
III only
III and IV
II, III, and IV
I, II, III, and IV
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What types of bonds are found in solid NaCl?

A
B
C
D
Van der Waals

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
Hydrophobic
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What w ould happen if the electrodes w ere put in a saturated solution of glucose dissolved in w ater?
A
B
C
D
Light bulb w ould glow .

Light bulb w ould remain dark.
Apparatus w ould combust.
Glucose molecules w ould dissociate.
None of the above
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61. Which of the follow ing statements correctly characterizes a galvanic cell?
I. Oxidation occurs at the anode, w hich is negative.

II. Oxidation occurs at the anode, w hich is positive.
III. Reduction occurs at the cathode, w hich is positive.
A
B
C
D
II only
III only
I and III
I, II, and III
II and III
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62. The heat of combustion of gaseous ammonia is 81 kcal/mole. How much heat is evolved in the reaction of 34 grams of ammonia
w ith excess oxygen?

A
B
C
D
40.5 kcal
60.3 kcal
75.8 kcal
81 kcal
162 kcal
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63. When there are tw o electrons in the 3 s sublevel,

A
B
C
D
they must occupy different orbitals

the Heisenberg uncertainty principle predicts that they must periodically jump to the 3 p sublevel
the oxidation state of the atom must be 2+
they must have opposite spins
they are oppositely charged
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64. In order to make a buffer solution, a w eak monoprotic acid could be added to
A
B
C
D
another acid
another base
its conjugate base
its conjugate acid
a strong base
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65. How w ill the equilibrium of the follow ing reaction be affected if the temperature is increased?
N2
( g ) + 3 H2 ( g ) 2 N H3 ( g )
= -30kJ/mol
A
B
C
D
It w ill be shifted to the right.

It w ill be unaffected.
The effect on the equilibrium cannot be determined w ithout more information.
None of the above
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66. For a sample of an ideal gas of fixed w eight and at a fixed temperature,
I. the volume varies directly w ith the pressure exerted on it

II. the volume varies inversely w ith the pressure exerted on it
III. the pressure varies directly w ith the density of the gas
A
B
C
D
I only
II only
III only
I and II
II and III
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67. When 200 g of Mg Cl2 is added to 1 kg of w ater, w hat is the molality of the solution?
A
B
C
D
200/(24 + 71)
0.200/(24 + 71)
0.2(24 + 71)
0.200
200
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68. How many moles of w ater are formed by a mixture of 100 grams of
H2
and 100 grams of
O2
? (Assume the reaction goes to
completion.)
A
B
C
D
100/32 + 100/64
100 + 2(100/32)
2(100/32)
100(100/32)
200(100/32)
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69. An oxide of arsenic contains 65.2% arsenic by w eight. What is its simplest formula?
A
B
AsO
As2 O 3
As O 2
D As 2 O 5
E As2 O
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Answers & Explanations

POD

1.
Answ er (A) is correct.

Atom ic m ass
Atomic mass is the averaged mass of the atoms of an element, taking into account the relative abundance of the various
isotopes in a naturally occurring substance.
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2.
Answ er (D) is correct.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a bond. A common scale is the Pauling scale.
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3.
Answ er (C) is correct.

Atom ic radius
The atomic radius is defined as the average distance betw een a nucleus and the outermost electrons. It is usually measured as
half of the distance betw een tw o nuclei of an element in its elemental form.
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4.
Answ er (B) is correct.

Atom ic num ber
The atomic number is defined as the number of protons in a given element. It defines an element.
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5.
Answ er (E) is correct.

The ionization potential, or ionization energy, is the energy required to remove an electron from the valence shell of a gaseous
atom.
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6.
Answ er (D) is correct.

Rb
Krypton is the first element w ith a filled 4 p orbital, so the element must fall after it in the periodic table. Rb is the only element
w ith enough electrons to have a filled 4 p subshell.
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7.
Answ er (C) is correct.

Cl
Of the tw o ions
electrons.
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Cl
and Ca
, Cl
has the same electron configuration as argon, a noble gas, and therefore has all paired
8.
Answ er (B) is correct.

Fe
Fe has 26 electrons, configured as listed.
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9.
Answ er (E) is correct.

Elem ent
An element is a substance that cannot be further broken dow n by chemical means.
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10. Answ er (A) is correct.
Cation
A cation is an ionic species w ith a positive charge. An anion is an ionic species w ith a negative charge.
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11. Answ er (B) is correct.
Inert Gas
Inert gases, elements in Group 0 (or VIII) of the periodic table, contain a full octet of valence electrons in their outermost shells;
this makes these elements the least reactive.
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12. Answ er (E) is correct.
Elem ent
All atoms of a given element have the same numbers of protons.
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13. Answ er (D) is correct.
Calorim eter
A calorimeter is an apparatus used to measure the heat released or absorbed by a reaction.
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Barom eter
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
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15. Answ er (C) is correct.
Balance
A balance is used to measure w eight.
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Centrifuge
Centrifuges can spin at very high rotor speeds (e.g., 60,000 rpm) to sediment out particles in suspension.
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Gibbs free energy

The Gibbs free energy is the energy of a system available to do w ork. The change in Gibbs free energy, G , can be
determined for a given reaction w ith the equation G = H T S . Reactions w ith a negative change in Gibbs free
energy are spontaneous.
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Specific heat
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance one degree Celsius.
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Heat of form ation

The heat of formation is the heat absorbed or released during the formation of a pure substance from its elements at constant
pressure.
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NaOH
+
NaOH completely dissociates in w ater to form N a

a solution w ith a very high pH ( > 7).
and OH
ions, the latter of w hich is a very strong base. This results in
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CH 3
COOH
CH 3
COOH does not completely dissociate in w ater. There w ould be some undissociated CH 3 COOH and some
+
+ H ; therefore, it w ould be a w eak acid w ith a pH slightly less than 7.
C H 3 CO O
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HBr
HBr completely dissociates into Br
and H
in w ater; this solution w ould have a very low pH (
<
7).
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CsCl
CsCl is a salt; it completely dissociates in w ater into Cs
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and Cl
. This w ill form an ionic solution w ith a neutral pH.
+1
To answ er this question, you need to w rite the Lew is dot diagrams and then use any one of several formulas to find the formal
charge. One such formula is formal charge = valence electrons [number of bonds + number of nonbonding electrons]. The
Lew is dot structure of H N O 3 show s that nitrogen is double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to another oxygen, and
single bonded to another oxygen that is single bonded to a hydrogen-there are no lone electron pairs on the nitrogen. Using the
formula, formal charge is equal to the valence electrons of nitrogen (5) minus the sum of the number of bonds and the number
of nonbonding electrons, w hich in this case is 4. So, the formal charge on the nitrogen is 5 minus 4, or 1.
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40 m L
+
In a solution, HCl contributes 1 mol of H ions per mol of HCl. NaOH also contributes 1 mol of OH ions per mol of NaOH.
Therefore, to neutralize the 80 mL of a 0.5M NaOH solution, you must have the same number of moles of HCl. The number of
moles of NaOH you have is:
(0.80 L)(0.5 mol/L) = 0.04 mol of NaOH
and therefore 0.04 mol of
OH
ions.
To calculate the volume of a 1M solution of HCl, you w ill need to get 0.04 mol, perform the follow ing calculation:
(1 mol/L)(X L) = 0.04 mol
X L = 0.04 L
X mL = 40 mL
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Potassium chloride
An electrolyte is a substance that ionizes to yield an electrically conducting solution. A strong electrolyte is one that ionizes
completely or nearly completely, and a w eak electrolyte doesn't ionize very much at all. Examples of strong electrolytes are
NaCl, KCl, HCl, HBr, and HI. Examples of w eak electrolytes are w ater, HF, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and ammonia.
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Cl
If an element loses an electron, it w ill have more protons than electrons and w ith this stronger positive charge can pull the
electrons in closer. Therefore, its ionic radius w ould be less than its atomic radius. Thus, Na, K, Mg, and Ca w ill all lose
electrons and become smaller. Cl, on the other hand, w ill gain an electron; its positive nucleus cannot hold on to that extra
electron as tightly, and its ionic radius is larger than its atomic radius.
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unit cell
A crystal is a solid w hose atom, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular 3D lattice structure. The basic repeating structure
is know n as the unit cell.
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N H3
The oxidation state of nitrogen in N 2 is 0. In N 2 O it is +1, in N H 3 it is 3, in N O 2 it is +4, and in N O 3 it is +6. Oxygen is

typically 2 and H is usually +1. Therefore, N H 3 is the correct answ er.
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425 J
In order to answ er this question correctly, you need to know the first law of thermodynamics: The change in internal energy,
E , equals the amount of heat transferred, q, minus the amount of w ork transferred, w . If heat is added to the system, q is
positive; if it is transferred to the surrounding, it is negative. If w ork is done by the system, w is positive; if w ork is done on the
system, w is negative. In this example, 500 joules of heat is added to the system, so q is equal to 500 joules. The system does
75 joules of w ork on the surrounding, so w is equal to 75 joules. Plugging these into our equation, the change in internal is
equal to 500 minus 75, or 425 joules.
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it is a neutralization reaction
+
NaOH and H 2 S O 4 (a strong base and a strong acid) both dissociate completely in H 2 O into their ionic components N a ,
+
2
OH
, 2 H , and S O 4 , w hich then form a salt and w ater. The driving force of this double displacement reaction is the
+
formation of w ater by the OH and H ions.
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The electronic configuration

To answ er this question, you simply need to know the definition of ground state and excited state. The ground state of an atom
is the state in w hich all the electrons in the atom are in their low est energy state. If any electron has absorbed energy and
been promoted to a higher energy orbital in the atom w ithout actually leaving the atom, the atom is said to be in an excited state.
An atom can have any number of excited states depending on how many electrons have been promoted and w hat orbitals
they end up in. Usually, excited states are unstable and the atom w ill release energy and return to the ground state. So w hich
of these choices explains the difference betw een these tw o definitions? Choice D: When electrons gain energy and change
w hich atomic orbital they're in, they change their quantum numbers, w hich in turn changes the electronic configuration around
the nucleus.
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11
This question deals w ith solubility constant and the common ion effect. The first step to solving this problem is to express the
2+
solubility product constant, w hich is the ion product of the saturated solution, as the product of the concentration of M g
ion
and the concentration of the hydroxide ion squared. Second, you must determine the minimum concentration of hydroxide
necessary to precipitate the Mg (OH )2 . From the equation given, you can solve for the concentration of hydroxide, w hich is
the square root of the K sp divided by the concentration of
should find that the concentration is equal to 10
must be 11.
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Mg
2+
. Substituting in the values provided in the question, you
mol/L. That means that the pOH of the solution w ill be 3; therefore, the pH
Gas
The random motion of a gas holds the most translational kinetic energy.
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Raising the pressure

This question asks you w hich of the choices w ill increase the rate at w hich ice melts in a closed container. If you low er the
temperature, you are tipping the equilibrium tow ard the ice, so B is w rong. To deal w ith pressure changes, w e must apply Le
Chtelier's principle, w hich says that a system in equilibrium that is subject to stress w ill shift its equilibrium so as to relieve the
stress. If the pressure is low ered, as in choice C, the system w ill counteract the change in pressure by shifting its equilibrium
tow ard the phase that is less dense. In the case of w ater, that is the ice. Remember that w ater has a strange property in that
the solid form, ice, at zero degrees Celsius is less dense than the liquid phase, w ater, at that temperature. Since the reduction
of pressure drives the systems to produce ice, choice C is incorrect. How ever, choice D, an increase in pressure, w ill have
the opposite effect and the w ater w ill be produced preferentially, meaning that the ice is melting faster. Choices A and E both
favor ice formation.
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HF
The most polar bond is the one that has the greatest difference in the electronegativities of the tw o elements. Of the choices,
HF is the most polar since hydrogen and fluorine are the farthest apart in the periodic table.
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cannot be determ ined from the inform ation given

This question asks you to determine the rate law of the reaction for the formation of ammonia, N H 3 . A rate law is an
equation that gives the relationship betw een the rate of the reaction and the concentration of the reactants, each raised to an
appropriate pow er that depends on the exact reaction. For example, the rate of this reaction is equal to k [N 2 ] x [H 2 ] y ,
w here k is the rate constant and x and y are real numbers. k, x , and y can only be determined experimentally by systematically
varying the initial concentration of one reactant. Since there is no experimental data, there w ay for us to know w hat these
values are.
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5/8 M
10 N H 2 S O 4 is equal to 5 M H 2 S O 4 as each molecule has 2 H
M 2 V 2 . (100)(5) = M 2 (800). M 2 = 5/8.
ions associated w ith it. Use the equation M 1 V1 =
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(N H 4 ) S O 4
2
This question asks you w hich molecule contains both ionic and covalent bonds. Choice C is ammonium sulfate. The bonds
betw een nitrogen and hydrogen in the ammonium ion and betw een sulfur and oxygen in the sulfate ion are all covalent.
How ever, the bond betw een the ammonium ion and the sulfate ion is an ionic bond.
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303:293
Charles's law states that V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 , and you must convert Celsius to Kelvin. Rearrange your equation to V1 / V2 =
T1 / T2 . T1 = 303 and T2 = 293, and the ratio is 303/293.
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This question tests your know ledge of Le Chtelier's principle. What w ill happen to this reaction if more chlorine is added?
Adding more chlorine puts a stress on the system, and the system alleviates that stress by using up that added chlorine: The
equilibrium shifts to the left.
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1:5
This is a redox reaction. We can tell this because the oxidation states of the species change during the reaction. The oxidation
state of bromine in the product, molecular bromine, is 0. The oxidation state of bromine in the bromide reactant is 1, and the
oxidation state of the bromine in the bromate is +5. The fact that the bromine of one reactant reduces the bromine of the other
should not bother you, since it is immaterial. The important thing in redox reactions is the number of electrons. Since bromide is
acting as a reducing agent, going from the 1 oxidation state to the 0 oxidation state, it transfers one electron per bromide.
Bromate, how ever, is going from the +5 oxidation state to the 0 oxidation state, requiring 5 electrons. Bromate gets these
electrons from bromide, requiring 5 of them. The ratio of bromate to bromide is therefore 1 to 5.
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19 g
To figure out how many moles of
N a2 C O 3
are in 120 mL of a 1.5 M solution, perform the follow ing calculation:
(1.5 mol/L)(0.12 L) = 0.18 mol

To figure out how many grams are in 0.18 mol, you need to multiply the number of moles by the formula w eight:
(106 g/mol)(0.18 mol) = 19 grams
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4:1
Thomas Graham stated in 1832 that the rates for tw o gases diffusing is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar
mass. Therefore, H 2 : O 2 = [32/2]
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1/2
. Simplify this equation and you have a ratio of diffusion rates of 4:1 for
H2
: O2 .
Neutron
Questions of nuclear chemistry can, as in this case, often be translated into basic arithmetic problems. Based on the law of
conservation of mass, the sum of the mass numbers (superscripted) must be the same on each side of the arrow . Similarly,
conservation of charge mandates that the sum of the nuclear charges (subscripted) be the same on each side of the arrow .
We can thus translate the nuclear question posed into tw o elementary arithmetic questions:
27 + 4 = 30 + ? and 13 + 2 = 15 + ?
Solving these tw o problems results in a mass number of 1 and a nuclear charge of 0; this set of values corresponds to the
neutron 10 n . As for the w rong choices, in choice A, the beta particle is a nuclear electron and thus has mass and charge
numbers of 0 and 1, respectively. The positron, choice B, has the mass of an electron but the opposite charge; the numbers
are thus 0 and +1, respectively. Alpha particles are helium nuclei; choice C corresponds to a mass number of 4 and a nuclear
charge of +2. Choice E, gamma ray, is short-w avelength electromagnetic radiation, i.e., light; as such, it has no mass and no
charge.
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0 to 6
Cr metal in its elemental state has an oxidation number of 0. In K 2 C r2 O 7 , O has an oxidation number of 2 and K has an
oxidation number of +1.
O(-2)(7) = -14
K(+1)(2) = 2
Total -12
Cr must cancel out the 12, so the tw o Cr molecules must have a charge of +12. 12/2 = +6 for each Cr molecule.
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Ca
and K
When a Ca molecule loses an electron to become Ca

electrons.
, it goes from 20 to 19 electrons. K in its elemental state has 19
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they have sim ilar outer shell electron configurations

This question requires you to know something about the periodicity of the elements. Basically, all you are asked is w hy all the
halogens behave so similarly in reactions. You know from studying the periodic table that there must be something that repeats
or the table w ould not be periodic. What is it about the elements in a column that are the same? The number of valence
electrons. Since the identity of the valence electrons is the same in each column, or group, and columns in the s block have
valence s electrons, columns in the p block have valence s and p electrons, and columns in the d block have valence s and d
electrons, the only thing that can make them act similarly is the number of electrons in these shells. Furthermore, the number of
electrons in the valence shell affects the reactivity and stability of the shell. The number of electrons affects the ionization
energy and electron affinity, w hether the atom w ill form cations or anions, and even the number of bonds the atom can
participate in.
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electronic configuration
The atomic w eight of an element depends on the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus; those numbers are alw ays
unique to a particular element, regardless of the number of electrons in the species. The ionization potential depends chiefly on
+
the radius of the parent atoms and the effective charge of the nucleus. Since K and Cl have different numbers of protons
by definition, they w ill have different effective charges, different atomic radii, and therefore different ionization potential. Choice
B, how ever, says that the tw o ions have the same electronic configuration. Chlorine belongs to the third period and potassium
belongs to the fourth, so in their unionized forms, chlorine's third shell contains seven electrons and potassium's fourth shell
contains one electron. If chlorine gains one electron and potassium loses one electron, both w ill have eight electrons in the third
shell, w hich becomes the valence shell. So, the potassium and chlorine ions described in the question both contain the same
number of electrons and the same number of occupied orbitals and thus share the same electronic configuration.
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Cl
has the largest ionic radius. When an atom gains an electron, positive protons in the nucleus cannot hold on to the
electrons as w ell and therefore the electron shells are able to spread farther out.
Cl
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+17
The balanced equation looks like this:
8H
2+
+ Mn O 4 + 5 Fe
One Mn
2+
3+
and five Fe
Mn
2+
4
The balanced equation looks like this:
+
1 Ag
+ 2 NH 3
1 + 1 + 2 = 4
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5.5
1Ag (N H 3 )2 /2 NH 3 = X/11 NH 3
+
X = 11/2
5.5 moles
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+ 4 H2 O .
yield a total charge of +17.
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1Ag (N H 3 )2
3+
+ 5 Fe
76.1
Ag = 108
N = (14)2 = 28
H = (1)6 = 6
Total molecular w eight: 108 + 28 + 6 = 142
Percent Ag: (108/142) 100% = 76.1%
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132
Balanced equation: C 3 H 8 + 5 O 2
160 g O 2 /32 g/mol = 5 moles
3 CO2 + 4 H 2 O
O2
88 g C 3 H 8 /44 g/mol = 2 moles
C3 H 8
Therefore, oxygen is the limiting reagent; 5 moles of
O2
and one mole of
C3 H 8
w ill form 3 moles of
CO 2
3 moles x 44 g/mol = 132 g CO2

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60 m m Hg
P 1 V1
= P 2 V2 is the equation you w ill use.
Oxygen:(200)(200) = P 2 (500)
P2
= 80 mmHg, the new pressure
Neon: (300)(100) = P 2 (500)
P2
= 60 mm Hg
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28
60 is the mass number (the number of protons + the number of neutrons). 27 is the atomic number (the number of protons). In a
beta-decay reaction, the atomic number increases by one as a neutron turns into a proton and an electron that is ejected.
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III and IV
Ionic solutions w ill conduct electricity. The NaCl w ill dissociate to become Na
NaCl. Solid NaCl and pure w ater are not ionic solutions.
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and Cl
. The same occurs w hen you melt the
Ionic
NaCl is an ionic compound w ith ionic bonds because it is formed w hen Na donates an electron to Cl. The bond is formed by the
electrostatic interaction betw een the positive and negative ions.
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Light bulb w ould rem ain dark.

Glucose molecules carry no electrical charge, so there are no electrical charges in the solution to provide conduction.
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I and III
This Roman-numeral question asks w hich of the given statements describe a galvanic cell (remember more than one of the
answ ers may be correct). Galvanic cells are capable of spontaneous reactions. In all electrochemical cells, oxidation occurs at
the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode. In addition, the anode in a galvanic cell is negative, meaning that it is a source
of electrons. Since a species loses electrons w hen it is oxidized, this should make sense. There is a trick to remembering these
facts. In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode, w hich is negative. Alphabetically, anode comes before cathode,
oxidation before reduction, and negative before positive. How ever, this little trick only w orks for galvanic cells.
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162 kcal
34 g of N H 3 at 17 g/mol equals 2 mol combusted. Tw o moles are combusted at 81 kcal/mol. This equation w ould be (2 mol)(81
kcal/mol) = 162 kcal.
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they m ust have opposite spins

The s subshells contain only 2 electrons. Their principal, azimuthal, and magnetic quantum numbers are identical, but due to
Pauli's exclusion principle their spin quantum numbers must be +1/2 and 1/2. Therefore, they have opposite spins.
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its conjugate base

A buffer is a solution made from a mixture of a w eak acid and a salt containing its anion. Buffers resist pH change due to the
addition of acid or base. Thus, to make a buffer solution w ith a w eak monoprotic acid, the addition of the corresponding salt is
required. This salt must contain the anion, or conjugate base, of the acid.
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If the temperature of an exothermic reaction is increased, the reaction shifts to the left. If the temperature of an endothermic
reaction is increased, it shifts to the right. The reaction in question has a negative enthalpy of reaction, meaning that it is an
exothermic reaction. If the temperature of this reaction is increased, the reaction w ill shift to the left.
by Kaplan Test Prep
II and III
Boyle's law states that at constant temperatures the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Statement II is
therefore correct. Statement III is also correct as density, defined as mass divided by volume, w ill increase proportionally to
pressure since the volume is decreasing.
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200/(24 + 71)
Molality equals the number of moles of solute/kg of solvent. 200 g/[24 g/mol Mg + 71 g/mol for 2 Cl] is the number of moles of
solute. This is also the value of molality since it is added to 1 kg of solvent.
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2(100/32)
100 g H 2 = 100 g/2 g/mol = 50 mol H 2
100 g O 2 = 100 g/32 g/mol = 100/32 mol
2 H 2 + O 2
2 H2 O
Therefore, oxygen is the limiting reagent since it is the compound in the least amount. According to the balanced equation, for
every mole of oxygen you w ill get tw o moles of w ater. Therefore, to discover how many moles of w ater w ould be produced,
multiply the number of moles of oxygen you begin w ith by tw o, to account for the fact that tw o moles of w ater are produced
for every mole of oxygen. Thus, the correct equation w ould be (2 mol H 2 O 2 /1 mol of O 2 )(100/32 mol of O 2 ).
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As 2 O 5
Perhaps the easiest w ay to solve such a problem is to imagine a particular sample mass of the compound. For the sake of
convenience, choose 100 grams, though any mass w ill let you arrive at the correct answ er. Because the oxide of arsenic
contains only arsenic and oxygen, a 100-gram sample w ould contain 65.2 grams of arsenic and the remainder, 34.8 grams,
must be oxygen. To find the ratio betw een these tw o elements in the compound, divide the mass of arsenic by the atomic
w eight of arsenic, 74.7 grams/ mol, and the mass of oxygen by the atomic w eight of oxygen, 16 grams/mol. This w ill give the
mole ratio betw een arsenic and oxygen in the compound. To convert to a more easily useful ratio, divide both by the low est
number of the tw o, in this case arsenic. This gives us a ratio of 1 mole of arsenic to 2.5 moles oxygen, w hich is better stated
by doubling both numbers and getting 2 moles of arsenic to 5 moles of oxygen. This w ould correspond to the formula in choice
D, As 2 O 5 .
by Kaplan Test Prep
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Practice Questions

SAT Subject Test: Chemistry: Diagnostic Test

Takes into account various isotopes of an atom

Determines how electron density is shared w hen an atom forms a bond

Number of protons in an element

Energy required to remove an electron

Has a filled 4 p orbital

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All of its electrons are paired in this ion

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Electron configuration is,

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

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Cannot be further broken dow n by chemical means

10. Ionic species w ith a positive charge

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

11. Has an octet of valence electrons

12. Defined by the number of protons

13. Apparatus used to measure the heat absorbed or released by a reaction

14. Apparatus used to measure atmospheric pressure

15. Apparatus used to measure w eight

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

16. Apparatus used to sediment particles in suspension

17. The energy of a system available to do w ork

Gibbs free energy

Gibbs free energy

Gibbs free energy

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

24. What is the formal charge on the nitrogen atom in H N O 3 ?

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

26. Which of the follow ing w ould be classified as a strong electrolyte?

28. The basic structure of crystalline substances is called

31. The reaction of NaOH and H 2 S O 4 in w ater goes to completion because

The number of neutrons

33. The K sp of Mg (OH) in w ater is 1.2 x

the pH at w hich Mg (OH )2

concentration in an acid solution is 1.2 x

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

Adding w ater w ith a temperature of 0 C

37. The rate law expression for the reaction

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

can be represented by rate =

can be represented by rate = k [N H 3 ]

can be represented by rate =

can be represented by rate =

cannot be determined from the information given

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

It w ill be shifted to the right.

42. After balancing the equation

... Br O 3 ( aq ) + ... Br ( aq ) + ... H + ( aq )

... Br2 ( l ) + ... H 2 O

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

45. What does X represent in the follow ing nuclear reaction?

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)

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48. All halogens have similar reactivity because

have the same number of protons

have the same

ANSW ER (Choose the correct answer)