History Reading Notes Week 1 10/10/2011 10:51:00 AM

N. Piers Ludlow, European integration and the Cold War

-Cold War and Euro integration often studied separately because
studies of euro integration often focus on economic/social aspect
rather than military/political cause the former are more successful
o ex: EEC, Euro Coal & Steel Community
deliberations within these early orgs were rarely focused on the
Cold War or its concerns
-Claim: European Integration was profoundly influenced by and in turn
shaped the outcome of the Cold War
-How the cold war shaped integration
American priority
o Cold war influences U.S. to substantially back (and fund) euro
integration not because of a desire for Europe to become
financially successful but out of a desire to build a stronger
security in the West
o this help is invaluable
Rehabilitating Germany
o Westbindung: using institutional links such as the ECSC or
EEC to tie West Germany to the Western bloc
o West Germany joins in euro integration because this allows it
to rehabilitate and grow while not provoking countries like
France and Britain
o Euro integration also meant for W. Germany further
protection from the U.S. should the Cold War go sour
o loyalty in EEC by W. Germany also made it possible to pursue
Ostpolitik in the east without alarming Europe
Restoring French Power
o If not for Cold War tensions, euro integration with the
inclusion of W. Germany would have been killed by
France/Russian alliance to keep Germany down but Cold War
means France must accept Germany and euro integration in
the face of American/British pressure
o Desire to become a nuclear power also inspires France to join
Europe in Eurotom
British ambivalence
o We would usually expect Britain to be highly suspect of
something like the Schuman Plan
o However, these suspicions were held in check by the
realization that integration helped France to accept German
rehab and eased tensions in the West, both valuable to
Britains security
o Britain pursues benevolent detachment
o When Britain does become involved in the EEC, it is largely
out of concerns that it could be left out of an org that could
be used to coordinate foreign policy
o UK had to remain close in orgs like EEC to keep West
together and going in the right direction (American not
French)
o Separation of East bloc from West means there are less states
starting out in euro integration, making it easier to
consolidate and grow
o Cold War partition of Germany also makes it roughly equal in
size to France/Britain, making it less threatening
Protective Atlantic Cocoon
o U.S.s dominant role in early euro orgs helps stop squabbling
o U.S. led institutions like NATO and IMF deal with hard issues
while euro orgs can manage their own stuff
o Once U.S. starts to decline, euro orgs have trouble, proving
that the Cold War conditions made life easier
-Shaping the Cold War
1. Impact of EECs early success on Western Europes economic
prosperity and political self-confidence
o Western Europe starts developing its own policies and
becomes more independent, not looking to U.S. for
everything
2. West Germany uses the Community framework to begin the
process of regaining the will to act autonomously in the foreign-
policy field
o Germany is vital in calming EEC crisis of 1963, giving it more
credit in the community and the confidence to extend its
diplomatic role into the wider world
3. Importance of Western Europes success in eroding the Eastern
Bloc
o Euro integration leads to great prosperity, a prosperity that
attracts Eastern citizens, making them question their govs

Messenger, D. Dividing Europe: The Cold War and Integration
-Claim: Integration was not the only way in which states could affiliate
themselves in the Western Alliance nor was the Cold War the most
significant motivation behind the creation of the EEC
-Marshall Plan goals
need to rebuild W. Europes economy
need to diffuse nationalism esp. in Germany
need to contain Soviet expansion
-Schuman Plan
supranational oversight of France and Germans coal and steel
industries
represented the end of Frances unyielding stance against German
economic revival
creates in 1952 the ECSC
-European Defence Community
U.S. pushes for German Rearmament in 1950
France has 2 concerns
o 1. fear of a revitalized and militarized Germany
o 2. fear that new Germany would become leader of W. Europe
and Frances influence over German recovery (the intent of
Schuman Plan) would be weakened
France proposes EDC with Pleven Plan to retain control over
Germany
o attempt to integrate W. Europe military forces into single
institution
European army
euro parliament and defence ministry
every country (exc. W Germany) would maintain their
own army as well
Everyone is skeptical of this plan, see it for what it isattempt to
dodge rearmament
China intervenes in Korean war and German rearmament becomes
necessary to maintain a strong West but EDC fails in 1954

Mueller, W. The Soviet Union and Early West European Integration,
1947-1957: From the Brussels Treaty to the ECSC and the EEC
-Ideological Principles and Strategic Conditions
Lenin says that toward the end of capitalism countries will band
together to create international capitalist associations so this is
what Soviets condemn Euro integration as
Expected U.S. to withdraw from Europe
Fierce propaganda campaign against Marshall Plan and creation of
own Molotov Plan
-From Brussels Treaty to Pleven Plan, 1948-1950
denounce Brussels pact as mark of aggression pointing at U.S. and
W. Germany to stir up fears
NATO is seen as start of WWIII
See Schuman Plan as attempt to use resources of W. Germany to
make war against Russiafail to see double containment
-Soviet Struggle Against ECSC and EDC, 1950-1952
Call this integration Hitler-like
Soviets fear rearmed Germany on the side of the West so attempt
to scare French and other allies
Paint German recovery as a return to Nazism and an undoing of the
victories hard won in WWII
Battle of Notes are furious series of notes back and forth from
USSR to France warning French not to integrate
o French remind USSR that their side of Germany is militarized
o later extend to Germany
-The Thaw, All-European Overtures, and the Failure of the EDC, 1953-1956
Soviets try to appeal to all-european cooperation, breaking down
east/west barriers but leaving out U.S.
o meant to stop ECSC and EDC
-The Relance Europene and the Soviet Struggle against the EEC, 1956-
1958
overestimate internal conflicts between EEC states
send out various warnings to EEC states, warning them of what
might happen if they join
o to France: Germany will be nuclear armed
o to Germany: France will stop you from ever getting weapons
o to small states: Germany/France will exploit you
Week 3 Readings: NATO 10/10/2011 10:51:00 AM
Baylis, John. Conclusions and achievements from The Diplomacy of
Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO
-Britain needed to secure some kind of collective security agreement but
were they to be the head of it or did they need American assistance?
-As Czechoslovakia fell and the Berlin Blockade was formed, Britain begins to
see that theyll need American assistance
the idea of being a third power was abandoned
couldnt keep Germany under control on their own
-Signing of North Atlantic pact shifts defense focus away from Middle Eastern
colonies and toward the continent and homeland
-Initially it was thought that U.S. assistance would be temporary until Britain
could gain back its position of preeminence in Europe, but this simply never
happened
some criticize Bevin for tricking Britain into continuing to believe it
was a great world power, resulting in:
o overstretching of resources during the Cold War
o Britains aloofness for the integration process on the continent
-We shouldnt underestimate Ernest Bevins key role in bringing together
Britain and the U.S. for this alliance
10/10/2011 10:51:00 AM