1

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

















































2

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Injury is the common consequence of an industry. It doesnt always deadly but sometimes
makes a person unable to work properly for few times, days or sometimes for whole life. For
an industry it doesnt seem so severe but if we calculate the total amount of labor hour loss,
production loss we could find a massive amount of profit loss. Bangladesh is a developing
country. Most of the labor here is illiterate & doesnt know about the causes of injury, thats
why the problem become severe. Labor doesnt always have the knowledge of safety if he is
not supplied with.
Industries are the main driving force of a country, but labors are the driving force of the
industry. Economic condition cannot be improved without the improvement of the condition
of the labor. If we can think about the labor as an individual wealth then we will realize the
importance of safety for them. We also know that labor here is mainly poor & one family has
only one earning person so if he becomes unable to go to the work for some days their
condition of the family become worse. That doesnt seem so massive if we consider only that
family but if we take into account the total labor condition after their injury which cause them
to leave the work for several days or for whole life then we would realize the total economic
impact on the country. If this country has to prosper we need to focus on this matter
seriously. Because when proper earning of a family is lost then crime become inevitable.
They tried to find other illegal sources. We are not saying that injury has to be totally
diminished & it is not possible also, but reducing has to be the main purpose. At present
Bangladesh is in a condition of industrial revolution, many companies of other countries want
to invest in our industrial sector, but to have the proper development, safety aspects for the
labor has to be considered seriously. Perhaps enough attention has not given on this regard
because laborer is cheap here. But that should not be the case. Safety has to be one of the
major considerations of an industry for proper economic growth of a country.
This thesis tried to show the impact of injury on the industrial economy. Like when one gets
injured other also stops working for some time, thats why total system is stopped, huge
amount of production is lost, and labor hour is lost. Compensation for injured person is
another factor for consideration which has a negative effect on industries economy. So our
main goal is to show the management the importance of safety & its positive effect on the
economy.
1.2 INDUSTRIAL INJURY
An industrial injury is any disease or bodily damage resulting from working. The most usual
organs are the spine, hands, the head, the lungs, eyes, skeleton, & skin [1].
An industrial injury is one which results from the nature of persons working task most
commonly, when the demand of that task exceeds the persons working capacities.




3

1.2.1 TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL INJURY
Industrial injuries can be classified as follows,
a) Occupational injuries: It is a disease caused by the exposes to environmental factors
associated with employment.
b) Disabling injuries: Is one which results in death or permanent impairment or which
renders the injured person unable to work for a full day or any day after the day of
injury.
Disabling injuries are four classes, as follows [2]
1) Death: Is any facility resulting from a work injury, regardless of the time intervening
between injury & death.
2) Permanent total disability: Is an injury other than death which permanently or
totally incapacitates an employees for following any gainful occupation or which
results in loss of any one of the following in one accident: (a) both eye (b) one eye or
one hand or arm or foot or leg (c) Any two of the following limb, hand, arm, foot and
leg.
3) Permanent partial disability: Is an injury other than death or permanent total
disability which result in the complete loss or loss of use of any part of the body, or
any permanent impairment of functions at the body or past thereof, regardless of any
persisting disability of the injured member of impaired body function.
4) Temporary total disability: Is any injury which does not result in death or
permanent impairment but which results in one or more days of disability.
Besides there are other minor injuries which are not included in the above mentioned groups
because they do not hamper a full day work.
1.2.2 CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL INJURY
Injuries results from deficiencies in people, in tools and in environment. But more
importantly, injuries results from interaction like an over tired young machine operator,
focusing his mind at home while operating a machine. His hand may get in contact with a
moving part of the machine and he is injured. Causes of industrial injuries are classified in
the following manner [3]:
1) Mechanical failure
2) Defective failure
3) Electrical failure
4) Faulty design of equipments
5) Environmental condition
6) Human failure
7) Working conditions
8) Accident

4

Mechanical failure: It is the failure cause by breakdown of machine parts and tools which
causes injuries to workers or to operator.
Defective material: This includes improper size of raw material, which can cause injuries to
the workers.
Electrical failure: This includes electric short circuit, electrical sparkling, and leakage or
burning of electric coil, unstable power supply etc., which causes injuries to workers or to
machine operators.
Faulty design of equipments: This covers sharp edges equipments. Equipment/device
designed without safety to workers while working. Environmental condition: This covers
poor lighting, floor condition, temperature, workplace, ventilation, humidity, color, noise,
etc., which can cause a great deal of injuries to the workers.
Human factor: This includes age, curiosity, fatigue, indolence, worry, and anger, lack of
skill, poor physical condition, and poor dressing.
Working condition: Working condition also affects the work, when a worker is allowed to
work in good working conditions then his efficiency increases a lot and reduces the frequency
of injuries.
Accident: An accident is another major cause of industrial injuries. An accident has been
defined as an unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events that occurs through a
combination of causes. It results in physical harm to an individual, damage to property, a loss
or any combination of these effects.
1.2.3 ENERGY CAUSING AN INJURY
There is some energy which can cause injury. The energy causing injury may be [4]
1) Mechanical (e.g. an impact with an moving stationary object, such as a surface, knife
or vehicle )
2) Radiant (e.g. a blinding light or a shock wave from an explosion)
3) Thermal (e.g. air or water that is too hot or too cold )
4) Electrical
5) Chemical (e.g. a poison or an intoxicating or mind altering substances such as alcohol
or a drug).

1.2.4 EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology is a specialized field of medical research with its own vocabulary. Generally
speaking however the terms refer to the study all the factors that interact with each other to
account for the presence or absence of disease or injury. In the epidemiology of injury, as in
the epidemiology of the disease, these factors can be categorized as [4]:

5

1) The host (i.e. is the person injured)
2) The agent (i.e. is the force or energy)
3) The vector (i.e. the person or thing that applies the force, transfer the energy or
prohibits the transfer )
4) The environment (i.e. the situation or condition under which the injury happens).

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY
Every year throughout the world millions of industrial accidents occur and the world is
paying heavily for accidents or injuries in terms of both human suffering economic losses.
Despite some progress, the question of safety at work is still a serious problem.
Every year in the United Kingdom about 1000 people are died at their work, half a million
workers suffer various injuries, and 23 million working days are lost annually because of
industrial injury and disease. In the united States, according to the national Safety council, the
frequency rate for disabling injuries rose from a law of 5.99 for 1961 to 10.87for 1976,
representing a huge increase of 81 percent. The council also estimated that injuries cost the
nation US$51,100 million in lost medical expenses, and administration cost. In 1976 alone, a
million productive work-years were lost through injuries at work. Today some countries
(Japan, United States) regularly report over 2 million occupational accidents a year and others
(France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy) over a million. Many countries, including some
of the largest and most highly industrialized, still do not publish any figures, but it is fairly
safe to assume that over fifteen million occupational injuries occur throughout the world
every year-a staggering number when considered in terms of suffering, sorrow and waste they
cause [5].
Under the above discussion it is clear that in a developing country like BANGLADESH,
occupational injury is major problem which causes the economic losses in addition to the
suffering of the victims.
Therefore, we have paid our interest in this field of study and have chosen INDUSTRIAL
INJURY AND ITS IMPACT ON INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY as the topic of our thesis.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the thesis were as follows:
To find out the loss of labor hour during an injury happens.
To show how much production and profit is lost during the injury.






6

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW





























7

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we studied some literature about injury and safety condition of industries.
Literatures are read attentively for best result.

2.2 LITERATURE RELATED TO INJURIES AND SAFETIES
Several literatures have been reviewed. The literature on Work environment risk factors for
injuries in wood processing by Christina A. Holcroft & Laura Punnett has found out what
causes the injuries in the wood manufacturing industry [6]. The journal on Nonfatal
occupational injuries among African American women by industrial group by Ghuang-xiang
chen & kitty j. Hendricks discussed about the nonfatal injury rates of the women aged over
16 in many kind of work place & its impact on the industry & a possible solution [7].
Findings in this journal also demonstrate that occupational injuries are, often concentrated in
high risk industries & suggested the need for targeted research & prevention reports. In the
journal Which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rates
by Alison G. Vredenburgh [8], it suggested the best management system to reduce the injury
rates. This literature also found out the degree to which six management practices frequently
included in safety programs contributed to a safe work environment for employees. The most
important findings of this study is that when an organizations take proactive measures to
protect their employees , the company derives a financial benefit in reduced lost time &
workers compensation expense. This study also demonstrates that training is not adequate.
The result of this study can be used determine which factors to emphasize when performing
an organizational development change in safety culture. In the journal Occupational injury
in America: An analysis of risk factors using data from the general social survey by Todd d.
Smith & David M. Dejoy, they analyses the risk factor in terms of socio demographic factors,
employment characteristics & organizational factors [9]. There results gave guidance for
targeting interventions & protective measure to curtail occupational injury. The results in this
study points to the importance of good management practice & safety climate to injury
reduction in a variety of different work settings Another journal on Predisposing factors to
industrial hand injuries in Saudi Arabia by S Al.Zahrani, M.A. Ikram & M.M.Al Qattan
showed that majority hand injuries takes place due to not following the safety measure at the
time of injury [10]. Another important finding in this study was that the injuries take place
mostly among the people with less age & experience. This study also says that most injuries
are preventable by imposing strict law. Another journal Industrial burns in Jamshedpur
Epidemiology, prevention & first aid by S. Sunder, R.Bharat shows us the causes of burn &
also how the injury rate is decreased by implementing audio visual program and the first aid
awareness amongst the worker & officers [11]. Epidemiology discussed in this study also
shows that it forms an integral part of planning an effective prevention programme
&*assessing the impact of these measures through continuous monitoring. The gradual
decreasing of burning issue is appositive side for this kind of study & implementation of
various awareness programs. Another journal on Occupational injuries in Tehran by
Bahman Sayyad Roudsari & Mohammad Ghodsi have showed many kinds of aspects of
injury like injuries related with time, age, location of the injury, injury related with different
organization etc.[12]. This journal also shows the insurance condition of the employee. If
those things are evaluated properly in any country the designing & implementing of the

8

proper injury prevention activities will be easy. In the journal on Development of electronic
emergency department based geo information injury surveillance system in Hong Kong By
C.B. Chow, M. Leung, Adela Lai, Y.H. Chow, Joanne Chung, K.M. Tong, Albert Lit., it has
shown a system to prevent injuries not only in an industry but in a total community using
Information Technology [13].
The journal on occupational safety & Health inspection scores predict rates of workers lost-
time injuries by Michael k.Lindell focused on the statistical relationship between safety
inspection scores & occupational injuries among civilian employees [14]. This study also
shows that even a 1% improvement in these facilities safety inspection scores would yield an
expected 1% decrease in rate of severe injuries. The journal on The outlines of a sensitizing
model for industrial safety assessment by Jean Christophe Le Coze has introduces the
sensitizing model [15]. The purpose of this journal is to assist current & future practices of
industrial safety assessment. The journal on Curtin industrial safety trial: Managerial
behavior & program effectiveness by Andrew C. Harper, John L. Cordery, Nick H. de
Klerk, Peter Sevastos, Elizabeth Geelhoed, Christine Gunson, Lesley Robinson, Michael
Sutherland, Derek Osborn, John Colquhoun, has focused on behavioral based safety [16].
Behavioral based safety program have received continuing attention by researchers since
1978. The capabilities of these programs are the reducing of injury risks & accidents rates.
This journal also suggest that the involvement of whole organization for safety of the
industry. The journal on Types & source of fatal & severe non-fatal accidents in industrial
maintenance by Salla Lind has focused on occupational risks due to close contacts with the
machinery [17]. This journal indicates that he most typical accidents type in both fatal &
severe non-fatal accidents crushing, falling, & accidents involving falling objects. This
journal also suggests that within both types of accidents the most typical causes are defects in
work instructions & machinery safety instructions & machinery safety equipments. Based on
finding the most essential roles in accidents prevention are played by organizational factors,
such as safety management & operational planning. The journal on Investigation of guess
ability of industrial safety signs: Effects of prospective user factors & cognitive sign features
by Alan H.S. Chan, Annie W.Y. Ng, investigated the effects of prospective user factors &
five cognitive sign features on guess ability of safety signs [18]. According to this journal
posting of safety sign is possible safety precaution measure that can be taken to attempt to
reduce accidents & injuries in industrial undertakings. The finding of this study provide
useful information for designing more user friendly safety signs which could act as a
reference for interface designers to develop more user friendly safety signs in future. The
journal on Safety distance assessment industrial toxic releases based on frequency &
consequence: A case study in Shanghai, China by Q. Yu, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, W.C. Ma,
L.M. Chen, has tried to find out distance from the industry to avoid injury [19]. Since the
safety distance may decrease with the frequency of occurrence applying the safety criterion
will encourage the developers improve risk prevention system & reduce the frequency of
high impact accidents. The journal on Smoke venting & fire safety in an industrial
warehouse by Yaping He, Jian Wang, Zhenkum Wu, Lu Hu, Yi Xiong, Weicheng Fan
focused on the feasibility of a performance based solution for providing adequate life safety
levels for the occupants of an industrial warehouse [20]. Focus was given to the evaluation of
the performance of a smoke venting system & the exit distribution in an industrial warehouse.

9

The study includes a sensitivity analysis to investigate multiple fire scenarios involving
variation in design fires, ventilation condition & number of exits. The result of this study
demonstrates the acceptability of the alternative design solution against the established
criterion. The journal on Industrial safety: The neglected issue in industrial ecology by
Nicholas A. Ashford has focused on effects of by products on the environment [21]. It is right
that these by product are not causing injuries for the worker but if we think more carefully it
have an effect later on. Another journal on Basic characteristics of Work Safety in china by
Xueqiu He, Li Song, focused on the present situation of safety status in china [22]. Rapid
economic speed has certain negative effect on work safety. Work safety is essential for a
country to keep social ability & top develop national economy in a healthy way. Work safety
is changed with different countries & regions. So work safety has to be designed according to
the industrial condition.





















10

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY




































11

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The research process was done in a renowned cement industry and a renowned steel industry.
It was studied with management and the workers based on injuries among the worker. This
chapter represents the methodology that includes the questionnaire formation, data collection
and data processing.

3.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN THIS STUDY
This case study was conducted in various steps that are described below

Step 1: Primary survey
The first step was taken to get a clear concept of the industrial area and to prepare the
questionnaire.
Step 2: Preparing primary questionnaire
Our questions were based on the literature review and impact on industrial economy related
economy related, which can be categorized into (a) injury data collection (b) data collection
on existing safety condition (c) impacts on industries profit making.
Step 3: Verifying and finalizing of the Questionnaire
Based on our objectives of the study our questions were verified and finalized.
Step 4: Collection of the data
Based on our questionnaires data were collected. Our main focus was on the data related to
what kind of injury happened and did their any stoppage of work. We also tried to find out
how much production, profit lost, and labor hour lost during that injury
Step 5: Processing and analysis of the data
At this stage the collected data were processed in tabulated form. Charts are also given to
have clear concept









12

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS































13

4.1 DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS
As we see from the figure below There is a chart indicating how much hour of production
was lost in a year during last six years. We can see in 2006 the production stopped for 9 hour
due to the severe injury of six workers. Total 13 people were injured in 2006 but we have
counted the most severe six cases due to which total production was stopped. Same in the
2007 where three severe injuries caused seven hour of production stop. The data of 2008,
2009, 2010, and 2011 are also given in the chart.

Loss of production in hour Year
9 2006
7 2007
8 2008
8 2009
5 2010
4 2011

Table 01: Yearly Production Stop in hour



Fig 01: Yearly Production Stop
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

S
t
o
p

i
n

H
o
u
r

Years
Yearly Production Stop
Production stop 6
Production stop 5
Production stop 4
Production stop 3
Production stop 2
Production stop 1

14


In the chart shown below we see the loss of production in taka during a year in the. The
industry produces product costing 5 lakh takas in one hour, so in case of 2006 if 9 production
hours were lost then there will be forty five lakh takas production will be lost. Similarly in
2008 four lakh takas of production were lost, other years data are also given in the chart.
Production loss (in tk.) Year
4,500,000 2006
3,500,000 2007
4,000,000 2008
4,0000,00 2009
2,500,000 2010
2,000,000 2011

Table 02: Yearly Production Loss in TK


Fig 02: Yearly Production Loss in TK




0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

L
o
s
s

i
n

T
K

Years
Yearly Production Loss
Production loss6
Production loss5
Production loss4
Production loss3
Production loss 2
Production loss 1

15

The next chart represents the profit loss in taka in one year due to stopping of work. As we
see in 2009 there are ten lakh takas of profit loss. So that is huge in number. Similarly other
years reports are given.
Profit loss (in tk.) Year
1125000 2006
875000 2007
1000000 2008
1000000 2009
625000 2010
500000 2011

Table 03: Yearly Profit Loss in TK


Fig 03: Yearly Profit Loss in TK







0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
P
r
o
f
i
t

L
o
s
s

I
n

T
K

Years
Yearly Profit Loss
Profit loss 6
Profit loss 5
Profit loss 4
Profit loss 3
Profit loss 2
Profit loss 1

16

This chart shows us the result of the injury. We can see if a death of a worker happens almost
85% of the workers are affected emotionally and cannot do the work with full concentration
and stop working. If permanent total disabilities happen about 10% of workers are affected. If
permanent partial disabilities happen about 3% of the workers are affected. Similarly when
temporary total disabilities happen about 2% of workers are affected.
Injury condition Percentage of worker affected
Death 85
Permanent total disabilities 10
Permanent partial disabilities 3
Temporary total disabilities 2

Table 04: Psychological Effect of Injury


Fig 04: Psychological Effect of Injury







85%
10%
3%
2%
Psychological Effect Injury
Death
Permanent Total
Disabilities
Permanent Partial
Disabilities
Temporary Total
Disabilities

17

CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS AND RESULTS





























18

5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the findings and the result based on the data analysis of the previous
chapter.

5.2 FINDINGS FROM THE PRODUCTION HOUR LOSS FOR THE INJURY
Production hour loss is normal in industries. When there are major types of injuries then there
is loss of production hour in industries.

5.3 FINDINGS FROM THE PRODUCTION LOSS IN (TK) FOR THE INJURY
Production loss is also normal in industries. But sometimes due to injury it is very vital for
economic condition.

5.4 FINDINGS FROM THE PROFIT LOSS IN (TK) FOR THE INJURY
Profit loss is also very normal, when production loss is happen then definitely profit will be
lost.

5.5 FINDINGS FROM THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT FOR THE INJURY
Psychologically injury is very affected among the worker; the workers are emotionally
affected due to the injury.
















19

CHAPTER SIX
RECOMMENDATION



























20

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Injury is a serious problem in any industry. Because it can result many things like production
lost as well as profit loss. Compensation given to the injured worker is another problem, as
well as the medical expenses. So to reduce injury some planned measures is to be taken. This
chapter represents the recommendation and action to be taken for the best implementation of
the recommendation for injury reduction as well as reduction of the expenses related to
injured worker.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION
After analyzing the cause of the injury some recommendation have been evaluated this will
definitely cause less injury. Those recommendations are
Regular medical checkup on hearing, sights, and strength of workers.
Leisure during working period for workers to reduce fatigue and bareness.
Sufficient training for the workers.
Proper safe guards to the agents of accidents.
Adequate supply and regular cleaning of personal protective equipment.
Ensuring proper use of personal protective equipment for all workers.

6.3 ACTION PLANS
The proper and efficient functioning of the recommendation depends upon some sequential
action which is called her action plans. The actions planning for the recommendation of this
thesis are pointed below.
1) The adequate supply of personal protective equipment with proper condition
would not be sufficient for eliminating the causes of not using personal
protective equipment unless the organization take the following action

a) Adequate training on safety.
b) Motivating the workers for using personal protective equipment.
c) Growing awareness among the workers by using safety signs, tags
and periodic group discussion on safety.
d) Regular supervision regarding safety.

2) Ensuring the use of proper personal protective equipment for working.
Implementation of the above stated recommendation and action planning can reduce the
injuries in the industry also helps to save the money which could have been spend on the
injured worker.




21

CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION



























22

7.1 CONCLUSION
In this study we have tried to show the impact of injury on the economy. As we previously
mentioned this small injuries can result a big loss if we do not consider them totally. So our
suggestion will be to the management is to take this matter seriously. An injury can be caused
due to a small negligence which can result a total system loss, production lost, as well as
labor hour loss. In Bangladesh industrial revolution is yet to be revealed. We are in a primary
stage of industrial revolution, so this is the best time to implement the safety condition for the
future industrial sector as well as reducing economic loss. For this at first managerial support
is the main factor. Managements good will can bring a significant change. Another condition
is that the condition of our countries worker are not very sound because they are illiterate, so
when they injured permanently or even partially it has become even harder for them to
survive with no work, That has a great impact on the countrys economy as the unemployed
people increases. So to keep workers safe and sound physically as well as economically and
to prevent loss of production time causing loss of employers, preventive actions
recommended should be implemented and maintained carefully and sincerely.


































23

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24

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