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Variable speed DFIG wind energy syst
em for power generation and harmonic
current mitigation

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Var ia bl e s p e e d D F IG wi nd e ne rg y s ys te m f or p owe r g e ne rati on and h arm o

Variable speed DFIG wind energy system for power generation and harmonic
current mitigation
A. Gaillard
a
, P. Poure
b,
*
, S. Saadate
a
, M. Machmoum
c
a
Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nancy, Nancy Universite Universite Henri Poincare Nancy 1, BP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre le`s Nancy Cedex, France
b
Laboratoire dInstrumentation Electronique de Nancy, Nancy Universite Universite Henri Poincare Nancy 1, BP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre le`s Nancy Cedex, France
c
IREENA, 37 Boulevard de lUniversite, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 April 2008
Accepted 5 November 2008
Available online 18 January 2009
Keywords:
Active lter
Harmonics
Doubly fed induction generator
Wind energy conversion system
Wind power generation
Power quality
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a novel approach for simultaneous power generation and harmonic current miti-
gation using variable speed WECS with DFIG. A new control strategy is proposed to upgrade the DFIG
control to achieve simultaneously a green active and reactive power source with active ltering capa-
bility. To ensure high ltering performance, we studied an improved harmonic isolator in the time-
domain, based on a new high selectivity lter developed in our laboratory. We examined two solutions
for harmonic current mitigation: rst, by compensating the whole harmonic component of the grid
currents or second, by selective isolation of the predominant harmonic currents to ensure active ltering
of the 5th and 7th harmonics. Simulation results for a 3 MW WECS with DFIG conrm the effectiveness
and the performance of the two proposed approaches.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Wind energy is becoming one of the most important renewable
energy sources. Recently, power converter control has mostly been
studied and developed for WECS integration in the electrical grid.
The use of power electronic converters allows variable speed
operation of the wind turbine where the WECS extracts maximum
power from the turbine.
Although WECS uses an electric generator that could be coupled
directly to the electrical grid, the power electronics interface is
commonly used nowadays. One can take advantage of the power
electronic interface to provide some of the ancillary services such as
harmonic current mitigation, simultaneously with power genera-
tion [1]. These services are provided in addition to active power
generation, reactive absorption and injection to achieve voltage
control, regulation and correction to meet load variations [24].
Electric utility grid systems cannot accept further connection of
newgeneration plants without strict conditions of power quality. In
fact, IEEE Standard 1547-2003 (Standard for Interconnecting
Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems) is under nal
construction [5]. Power quality becomes a major aspect in inte-
grating WECS to grids. Furthermore, grids are now dealing with
a continuous increase of directly connected non-linear loads such
as power electronics converters and large AC drives. As far as the
authors know, only a few groups of researchers have addressed the
issue of making use of the built-in WECS converters to improve grid
power quality and achieve harmonic current mitigation. However,
active power ltering function can also be achieved thanks to the
WECS power electronics interface. Barbosa et al. proposed a control
strategy for grid connected DCAC converters with load power
factor correction [6]. Macken et al. studied the compensation of
distorted currents through multiple converter-interfaced renew-
able generation units [7]. Recently, Abolhassani et al. presented
a sensorless eld oriented control of an integrated electric alter-
nator capable of controlling the amount of harmonic compensation
[8]. More recently, Jain and Ranganathan studied a wound rotor
induction generator with sensorless control and integrated active
lter for feeding non-linear loads in a stand-alone grid [9]. In the
DFIG case, one can also think of using a suited rotor side control to
cancel the most signicant and troublesome harmonic currents of
the utility grid.
Abbreviations: AC, alternating current; DC, direct current; DFIG, doubly fed
induction generator; FFT, fast Fourier transform; GSC, grid side converter; HSF, high
selectivity lter; IGBT, insulated gate bipolar transistor; MPPT, maximum power
point tracking; PCC, point common of coupling; PLL, phase locked loop; PWM, pulse
width modulation; RSC, rotor side converter; THD, total harmonic distortion; WECS,
wind energy conversion system.
* Corresponding author. Laboratoire dInstrumentation Electronique de Nancy,
LIEN, EA 3440, Nancy-University, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, BP 239, 54506
Vandoeuvre le` s Nancy Cedex, France. Tel.: 33 383 684 160; fax: 33 383 684 153.
E-mail addresses: arnaud.gaillard@green.uhp-nancy.fr (A. Gaillard), philip-
pe.poure@lien.uhp-nancy.fr (P. Poure), shahrokh.saadate@green.uhp-nancy.fr
(S. Saadate), mohamed.machmoum@univ-nantes.fr (M. Machmoum).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable Energy
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ r enene
0960-1481/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.002
Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553

sueject
2010-08-28

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9/9/2014 Variable speed DFIG wind energy system for power generation and harmonic current mitigation_
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3.2. Vector control
We choose to set the stator ux vector aligned with the d axis.
The grid is assumed to be stable and consequently 4
ds
is constant.
The DFIG stator resistance Rs is neglected.
Consequently:
(
4
ds

4
sz
Vqs
u
s
4
qs

0
(4)
and
The RSC control diagram presented in Fig. 2 is directly estab-
lished from the equations of the DFIG model. For speed control,
a proportional integral (PI) corrector with anti wind-up loop has
been designed. The three-phase reference rotor currents are
generated by the RSC controller implementing a modulated
hysteresis current controller [13].
Now, we will discuss the choice of the current controller
strategy. In our study, dynamic is critical for further active lter
operation carried out by the RSC and developed in the next section.
When linear controllers using PWM techniques are used, a constant
switching frequency can be achieved and a well dened harmonic
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1547

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V
ds

0
Vqs

Vs

3
p
(5)
Then, the rotor voltages are expressed by:
(
V
dr

RrI
dr

sLr
dIdr
dt

u
r
4
qr
Vqr

RrIqr

sLr
dIqr
dt

u
r
4
dr
(6)
with:
(
4
dr

sLrI
dr
M4
s
Ls
4
qr

sLrIqr
(7)
s is the dispersion coefcient, dened by:
s

1
M
2
LrLs
(8)
With the previous choice of q
s, the electromagnetic torque is
expressed by:
Tem

p
M
L
s
4
s
Iqr (9)
And the active and reactive stator powers of the DFIG are expressed
by:
8<
:
Ps

VqsIqs
M
Ls
4
s
u
sIqr
Qs

VqsI
ds

u
s
4
2
s
Ls

M
Ls
4
s
u
sI
dr
(10)
According to Eq. (10), the rotor reference currents are linked to
the electromagnetic torque and stator reactive power references
by: 8
<:
T*em

p
M
Ls
4
s
I*qr-active
Q*s

us 4
2
s
L
s

M
L
s
4susI*dr-reactive (11)
Then,
8
<
:I*qr-active
Ls
pM4
s
T*em
I*dr-reactive

Q*s

u
s
4
2
s
Ls

Ls
Mu
s
4
s
(12)
spectrum obtained, but with limited dynamic performances.
Compared with linear controllers, non-linear ones based on
hysteresis strategies allow faster dynamic response and better
robustness according to load parameter variations. Nevertheless,
with these current controllers, the switching frequency is not
constant and this technique generates large side band harmonics
around the switching frequency. To impose the switching
frequency, one solution consists of using a variable hysteresis band
controller. This solution that implies a precise knowledge of the
system model and its parameters is difcult to implement. In this
paper, we chose a three-phase non-linear current controller, so
called modulated hysteresis current controller. This current
control technique results from hybridization between the struc-
tures of the PWM current controller and the xed hysteresis band
current controller. This choice performs high ltering perfor-
mances, thanks to the large bandwidth of the RSC current
controller [13].
4. Harmonic Isolator
4.1. Time-domain classical harmonic detection methods
The most classical method (Fig. 3a), used in active power lter
applications and so called instantaneous power pq theory,
consists of extracting harmonics from the load currents by the
computation of instantaneous power pq [14]. By using high pass
lter (HPF) and/or low pass lter (LPF), reference harmonic
currents can be generated [15]. This method is complex because it
requires voltage and current measurements. Moreover, the intan-
taneous power pq theory, in its standard form, does not allow
selective detection of a particular harmonic.
The second gure is the classical synchronous fundamental dq
frame method [16], described in Fig. 3b. In this scheme, only the
currents are measured and the harmonic component is extracted in
the dq frame by using LPFs. To achieve selective detection, this
synchronous fundamental dq frame method is not suited but the
synchronous harmonic dq frame method can be used [16].
In this paper, we propose a new time-domain harmonic detec-
tion method, based on a (HSF) and only requiring current
measurements (Fig. 3c). By using this method, one can either
isolate a particular harmonic or separate the harmonic components
6
Iqr-active
*
I
dr-reactive
*
Tem*
dq
abc
PI
Q
s
*
Current
RSC
DC bus
DFIG
i
r1
i
r2
i
r3
i
r1
*
i
r2
*
i
r3
*
pMs
Mss
-L
s
-L
s
L
s
s
2
s
r
Controller
Fig. 2. Control of the RSC.
from the fundamental component of the currents, so the current
references can be calculated. In the following, the principle of the
HSF is detailed. This new method will be used in the harmonic
isolator of the RSC controller instead of classical methods (pq
theory or synchronous dq frame).
The block diagram of the HSF tuned at the u
c pulsation is depicted
in Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 presents the Bode diagram of HSF tuned to fundamental
frequency (u
c

100p rad/s) for different values of the parameter k.

We can see at u
c

2pfc (fc

50 Hz), the phase angle is zero and the

gain is equal to 1 (or 0 dB).
In the proposed harmonic detection method (Fig. 3c), the
Concordia transformation is used to transform the measured three-
phase load currents (i
c1
, i
c2
and i
c3
) into the two-phase load currents
(i
ca and i
cb) in the (ab) reference frame as follows:

i
ca
i
cb

2
3
r
,
"
1
1
2
1
2
0

3
p
2

3
p
2
#
,
2
4
i
c1
i
c2
i
c3
3
5
(18)
The major advantage of the studied HSF is that it extracts the
fundamental component or a particular harmonic component from
a current directly from the (ab) axes, as given by the following
equations:
b
ica

s

k
s
h
ica

s

b
ica

u
c
s
b
i
cb

(19)
b
i
cb

s

k
s
h
i
cb

s

b
i
cb

u
c
s
b
ica

(20)
Notice that in the Eqs. (19) and (20),
b
ica and
b
i
b
could either be
the fundamental component or a particular harmonic component
of the current.
Finally the Park transformation is used to express the two-phase
currents (
b
ica and
b
i
cb
) in the (dq) reference frame as follows:
"
b
i
cd
b
icq
#

cos

q
s

sin

q
s

sin

q
s

cos

q
s

,
"
b
ica
b
i
cb
#
(21)
v
a
v
b
v
c
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
abc
abc
abc
abc
P-Q
calculus calculus
dq
dq
dq
v

~
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
ch
i
ch
i
ch
I
cdh
I
cqh
I
cdh
I
cqh
i
ch
i
ch
i
ch
~
i
c1
i
cd
i
cd
i
cdh
i
cdh
i
cq
i
cq
i
cqh
i
cqh
i
c2
i
c3
i
c1
i
c2
i
c3
i
c1
i
c2
i
c3
a
b
c
LPF
LPF
HSF
~
~
~
~

Fig. 3. Time-domain harmonic detection methods. (a) Instantaneous power pq

theory, (b) synchronous fundamental dq frame method, (c) HSF based detection
method.
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1548

Variable speed DFIG wi...

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[2]Optimization of var...
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Techno-economic analys...
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4.2. High selectivity lter
The HSF is a high selectivity pass-band lter, developed in our
laboratory and tuned to the frequency to be extracted. It extracts in
the (ab) axes the components to be isolated directly from the
measured signal. The general equation of the HSF is:
H

s

b
x
ab

x
ab

k

j,u
c

k
2
j,u
2
c
(13)
Where x
ab

is the (ab) component of the measured signal,

dened by:
x
ab

s

xa

s

j,x
b

(14)
And
b
x
ab

is the (ab) ltered component, dened by:

b
x
ab

s

b
xa

s

j,
b
x
b

(15)
In the Eq. (13), k is a constant value and u
c
represents the
pulsation of the component of the signal to be extracted. One can
notice that for s

j $ u
c, the module of H(s) is equal to zero and no
phase delay is introduced.
From the Eqs. (13), (14) and (15),
b
xa

and
b
x
b

can be
expressed as:
b
xa

s

k
s
h
xa

s

b
xa

u
c
s
b
x
b

(16)
b
x
b

s

k
s
h
x
b

s

b
x
b

u
c
s
b
xa

(17)
4.3. Harmonic isolation of the whole harmonic component
The harmonic components can be expressed by:

i
cah

ica

i
caf
i
cbh

i
cb

i
cbf
(22)
Thus, we use the HSF to extract the fundamental component.
Equations (19) and (20) become:
(
i
caf

s

k
s
h
i
ca

s

i
caf

u
cf
s
i
cbf

icbf s
k
s
hicbs icbf si
u
cf
s
icaf s
(23)
with u
cf
the fundamental pulsation.
c
c
k
k
1/s
1/s x

x
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
Fig. 4. HSF tuned to the uc pulsation.
Finally, the harmonic components in the (ab) reference frame
are obtained after subtracting the HSF outputs at the fundamental
frequency from the input (ab) currents, as depicted in Fig. 6.
4.4. Harmonic isolation of a particular harmonic
The polluting currents contain direct and reverse harmonics of
(6 k 1) order, i.e. 5, 7, 11, 13
.
Thus, the HSF can be used to extract a particular harmonic of
(6 k 3) order with 3 1 depending if we extract a direct or
a reverse harmonic current. Eqs. (19) and (20) become: 8
>
<
>
:
i
ca6k 3
s
k
s
h
icas i
ca6k 3
s
i
3
u
c6k 3
s
i
cb6k 3
s
i
cb6k 3
s
k
s
h
i
cb
s i
cb6k 3
s
i
3
u
c6k 3
s
i
ca6k 3
s
(24)
Then, the HSF outputs are expressed in the (dq) reference frame
(Fig. 7).
5. Modied RSC control
To achieve active ltering operation, harmonic current refer-
ences I*drh and I*qrh are added to (dq) currents I*dr-active and I*qr-
active
. The resulting references I*
dr
and I*
qr
become:
I*qr
I*qr-active
I*qrh
I*
dr
I*dr-reactive
I*drh
(25)
According to Eqs. (10)(12), these new (dq) references can be
calculated from the electromagnetic torque and reactive power
references (T*em and Q*s), and from the current references for
harmonic compensation dened by: (
I*
qrh

Ls
M
I
cq6k 3
I*
drh

Ls
M
I
cd6k 3
(26)
The modied block diagram for the proposed control method
for the RSC is shown in Fig. 8. It depicts the modied version of
Fig. 2 where the new references I*
drh
and I*
qrh
for active ltering are
in bold.
6. Simulation results
For the simulations, Matlab/Simulink and the SimPowerSystem
toolbox were used. We simulated a 3 MW WECS with DFIG whose
parameters are dened in Table 1. For the HSF tuned to the
fundamental frequency (Section 4.3), we choose k equal to 40 to
satisfy lter selectivity and good dynamic (Fig. 5). For the two HSFs
used for the isolation of the fth and seventh harmonic currents
(Section 4.4), we chose k 5 to satisfy lter selectivity. For the
current controllers of the RSC and of the GSC, the switching
frequency is xed at 2 kHz. The non-linear load is a diode rectier
feeding a RL load.
6.1. Power generation
In this section, the main function of the DFIG is observed. The
control is achieved for two values of wind speed (8 and 13 m/s). A
ramp is applied to vary the wind speed from 8 to 13 m/s. Reactive
power of the DFIG is set to 0 VAr in the RSC control to satisfy a unity
power factor for the WECS. Fig. 9a shows the variations of the
reference and measured speeds of the DFIG, both achieved by MPPT
control.
Active and reactive powers of the DFIG are presented in Fig. 9b.
One can notice that active and reactive powers can be controlled
independently. Fig. 9c shows the stator current and voltage at
a constant frequency of 50 Hz. Fig. 9d shows the rotor current
variations and Fig. 9e validates the unity power factor of the WECS
by drawing zoomed stator current and voltage over three periods.
Fig. 9f shows zoomed rotor current to validate the RSC control.
6.2. Active ltering
In this section, the wind speed is considered constant and equal
to 12 m/s. The currents at the PCC are shown in Fig. 10. The THD of
i
c
i
c
HSF
(24)
i
c(6k+)
Icd(6k+)
I
cq(6k+)
i
c(6k+)
Park
(21)
Fig. 7. Harmonic isolation of a particular harmonic.
6
I
qr-active
*
I
dr-reactive
*
dq
abc
Current
Controller
RSC
DC bus
i
r1
*
i
r2
*
i
r3
*
M
Ls
I
cq(6k+)
I
qrh
*
*
I
qr
*
I
dr
*
Fig. 5. Bode diagram of the HSF tuned to fundamental frequency (u
c 100p rad/s).
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1549
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I
cdh
I
cdh
i
c i
cf
i
ch
i
c
i
cf
i
ch -
-
+
+
HSF
(23)
Park
(21)
Fig. 6. Harmonic isolation of the whole harmonic component.
DFIG i
r1
i
r2
i
r3
M
L
s
I
cd(6k+)
I
drh
*

r
Fig. 8. RSC control including harmonic current mitigation.
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