Crude assay Paraffinic Content API_60 Sulfur Content (Wt%)

Bachquero 29.38% 16.8 2.4

Kuwait Export 22.90% 31.5 2.52
Miri Light 42.20% 32.3 6.50E-02
Forties Blend 18.20% 40.5 0.35
Cases Miri Flow Forties Flow Kuwait Flow
1 10000 10000 70000
2 10000 10000 10000
3 10000 70000 10000
4 70000 10000 10000
There are quite a few differences between the four crude assays that have been selected
dependant on the sulfur content of the crude. A higher sulfer content will lower the price of the crude, as more processing
Additionally the crudes have varying API gravities, which is also a major factor in determining the price for crudes. The Bac
would thus be very cheap and yield much more atmospheric residues than the other crudes.

The major factor for determining gas yields is generally the paraffinic content of the crude that is to be processed. As you
are pretty close in terms of the paraffinic content with the exception of Miri Light, which is much higher. Due to this, as w
overall flow I decided that there should be a case where all other crudes were minimized and the Miri Light was maximized (ca
results would be if each of the other crude flows were to be maximized to see if my hypothesis was indeed correct.

Additionally, due to differences in the prices of the possible feedstocks, I wanted to analyze the results from the profit fu
Nitrogen Content (ppmwt)
638.9
137
919.2
Bachquero Flow
10000
70000
10000
10000
There are quite a few differences between the four crude assays that have been selected for this simulation. First, there are two crudes of both the sweet and sour variety which is
dependant on the sulfur content of the crude. A higher sulfer content will lower the price of the crude, as more processing is necessary in order to meet certain standards for products.
Additionally the crudes have varying API gravities, which is also a major factor in determining the price for crudes. The Bachaquero crude is the heaviest crude based on the API gravity, and
would thus be very cheap and yield much more atmospheric residues than the other crudes.
The major factor for determining gas yields is generally the paraffinic content of the crude that is to be processed. As you can see from the data collected from HYSYS the crudes to be used
are pretty close in terms of the paraffinic content with the exception of Miri Light, which is much higher. Due to this, as well as the constraint that each crude must be at least 10% of the
overall flow I decided that there should be a case where all other crudes were minimized and the Miri Light was maximized (case 4). After making this decision, I wanted to see what the
results would be if each of the other crude flows were to be maximized to see if my hypothesis was indeed correct.
Additionally, due to differences in the prices of the possible feedstocks, I wanted to analyze the results from the profit function that is given by HYSYS.
uero crude is the heaviest crude based on the API gravity, and
see from the data collected from HYSYS the crudes to be used
Case 1 RON RVP (kPa) Flow (kbpd) Margin $/day
URG 79.38 49.64 47.43
UPR 79.55 47.92 1.035
LRG 82.33 44.95 5.636
Total 54.101 836400
Case 2 RON RVP Flow Margin $/day
URG 83.39 48.82 46.16
UPR 83.21 47.98 1.084
LRG 85.35 46.88 4.883
Total 52.127 9.41E+05
Case 3 RON RVP Flow Margin $/day
URG 81.89 51.11 46.89
UPR 82.95 47.26 0.9716
LRG 83.61 44.85 6.003
Total 53.8646 6.55E+05
Case 4 RON RVP Flow Margin $/day
URG 85.2 47.8 44.57
UPR 85.28 46.76 0.9935
LRG 85.98 41.31 5.82
Total 51.3835 3.96E+06
As can be seen from the results, the case where the Kuwait crude was at a maximum was the one that produced the most total gas and the case where the Miri Lig
maximized produced the least. This result is contrary to the idea that the most paraffinic crude would produce the most gas.
produced were much higher with maximum Miri Light than with maximum Kuwait.

The conclusion that can be made from these results is that the refinery simulation that was used in the project was more gear
crudes like the Kuwait and Forties Blend, and also more sour crudes. This conclusion can be backed up by examining the PDF fr
that are geared toward processing the heavy ends of the distillation.

Due to the higher quality of the products in case 4, you can see that the profit margin is much higher per day despite the fa
used in the highest quantity.

Additionally I noticed that within the simulation the reformer was not behaving properly. The reformate did not have as high
Cases Miri Flow Forties Flow Kuwait Flow Bachquero Flow
1 10000 10000 70000 10000
2 10000 10000 10000 70000
3 10000 70000 10000 10000
4 70000 10000 10000 10000
the case where the Kuwait crude was at a maximum was the one that produced the most total gas and the case where the Miri Light was
maximized produced the least. This result is contrary to the idea that the most paraffinic crude would produce the most gas. However, the octane numbers for the gas
The conclusion that can be made from these results is that the refinery simulation that was used in the project was more geared toward the processing of more aromatic
crudes like the Kuwait and Forties Blend, and also more sour crudes. This conclusion can be backed up by examining the PDF from HYSYS. There are quite a few unit ops
Due to the higher quality of the products in case 4, you can see that the profit margin is much higher per day despite the fact that the most expensive crude would be
Additionally I noticed that within the simulation the reformer was not behaving properly. The reformate did not have as high of an octane number as would be expected.
Name Object Type Inlet
DLC Coker Standard Sub-Flowsheet VR1 to DLC
CCU Cat Cracker Standard Sub-Flowsheet LV1 LVGO to FCC
DHT Dist Hydrotreater Standard Sub-Flowsheet DS1 to DHT
KHT Kero Hydrotreater Standard Sub-Flowsheet KE1 to KHT
NSP Naphtha Splitter Standard Sub-Flowsheet WN1 Whole Naphtha
NHT Naphtha HydrotreaterStandard Sub-Flowsheet MN1 Medium Naphtha
LPR Reformer Standard Sub-Flowsheet TSN Trtd SR Naphtha
HCD Hydrocracker Standard Sub-Flowsheet LV1 LVGO to HCD
SGP Sat Gas Plant Standard Sub-Flowsheet LPR to SGP
UGP Unsat Gas Plant Standard Sub-Flowsheet CCU to UGP
SFA Sulf Acid Alkylation Standard Sub-Flowsheet C3M to SFA
AMN Amine Standard Sub-Flowsheet NHT H2S
HYD Hydrogen Plant Standard Sub-Flowsheet C1 to HYD
IS4 C4 Isom Standard Sub-Flowsheet nC4 to IS4
PFS Plant Fuel System Standard Sub-Flowsheet C2 to Fuel
SRU Sulfur Recovery Standard Sub-Flowsheet H2S to SRU
Gasoline Blending Product Blender LN1 Light Naphtha
Distillate Blending Product Blender HTK Trtd Kero
Fuel Oil Blending Product Blender VR1 to Fuel Oil
MIX-100 Mixer C3 to LPG
Outlet
DLC H2S
CCU H2S
DHT to SGP
KHT to SGP
MN1 Medium Naphtha
TSN Trtd SR Naphtha
LPR to SGP
HCD H2S
C2 to Fuel
C4M to SFA
ALK Alkylate
H2S to SRU
hyl to DHT
IS4 to SFA
PFS C1 to HYD
Total Sul
URG Regular
JET Kero/Jet
HSF Hi Sulfur Fuel Oil
LPG
Function
The function of this delayed coker is to convert the heavy vacuum resid. into lower boiling point hydrocarbons as well as produce coke
The function of the cat cracker is to convert the heavy oils from distillation as well as a few of the initial processing units into more valuable lighter products, primarily gasoline.
The primary function of the dist hydrotreater is to desulfurize the distillate in order for it to be treated further in order to make the desired gasoline as well as other, heavier products
The primary function of the kerosene hydrotreater is to desulfurize the distilled kerosene in order to have it meet environmental standards.
This unit splits whole naphtha into gas as well as heavier hydrocarbons for further processing.
This hydrotreater serves the same function as the others, which is to desulfurize the produced naphtha for sale or reforming.
This unit converts the relatively low octane streams from treatment into a higher octane stream through cyclization and isomerization of the feedstocks. The amount of aromatics produced is limited by EPA standards however.
Hydrocrackers will crack the feedstock into the desired naphtha, jet fuel, and fuel oils. The naphtha produced is generally for reforming, while the other products are sent to blending units for finishing.
Used to convert the light ends as well as purchased i-butane into LPG as well as produce Hydrogen for the hydrogen gas plant
Used to recover light HCs from wet gas streams from FCC so they can be treated by the sulf acid alkylation to produce gasoline
Reforms the recovered gases from the unsat. Gas plant into gasoline as well as produces C4
Used to remove sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from the gas streams.
Recovers hydrogen from light ends to be used in other refinery processes.
Isomerizes purchased and produced n-C4 to be used in the sulf. Acid alkylation unit.
Utilizes some of the light products from various processes, mostly from FCC, to produce power for the refinery.
Recovers the sulfur from amine treatment SO2
Blends the products that are in the gasoline range from reforming, hydrotreatment, alkylation, etc. into desired gasoline products.
Blends the distilate products to the desired jet fuel and diesel
Blends the heavier products of various processes into both high and low sulfur fuel oils.
Mixes light ends from gasoline blending as well as from the sat. gas plant into LPG for sale.
The function of this delayed coker is to convert the heavy vacuum resid. into lower boiling point hydrocarbons as well as produce coke
The function of the cat cracker is to convert the heavy oils from distillation as well as a few of the initial processing units into more valuable lighter products, primarily gasoline.
The primary function of the dist hydrotreater is to desulfurize the distillate in order for it to be treated further in order to make the desired gasoline as well as other, heavier products
The primary function of the kerosene hydrotreater is to desulfurize the distilled kerosene in order to have it meet environmental standards.
This hydrotreater serves the same function as the others, which is to desulfurize the produced naphtha for sale or reforming.
This unit converts the relatively low octane streams from treatment into a higher octane stream through cyclization and isomerization of the feedstocks. The amount of aromatics produced is limited by EPA standards however.
Hydrocrackers will crack the feedstock into the desired naphtha, jet fuel, and fuel oils. The naphtha produced is generally for reforming, while the other products are sent to blending units for finishing.
Used to convert the light ends as well as purchased i-butane into LPG as well as produce Hydrogen for the hydrogen gas plant
Used to recover light HCs from wet gas streams from FCC so they can be treated by the sulf acid alkylation to produce gasoline
Blends the products that are in the gasoline range from reforming, hydrotreatment, alkylation, etc. into desired gasoline products.
This unit converts the relatively low octane streams from treatment into a higher octane stream through cyclization and isomerization of the feedstocks. The amount of aromatics produced is limited by EPA standards however.
The reason that CD1 and CD2 are distilled separately is due to the fact that it would be more costly to remove the sulfur from the blend if the s
be noted that a separator exists in the distillation of CD 2 that is not present in the distillation of CD1 which has to do w
and CD2 are distilled separately is due to the fact that it would be more costly to remove the sulfur from the blend if the sweet and sour crudes were mixed. It should also
be noted that a separator exists in the distillation of CD 2 that is not present in the distillation of CD1 which has to do with this as well.
Case 1 RON RVP (kPa)
URG 79.38 49.64
UPR 79.55 47.92
LRG 82.33 44.95
Case 2 RON RVP
URG 83.39 48.82
UPR 83.21 47.98
LRG 85.35 46.88
Case 3 RON RVP
URG 81.89 51.11
UPR 82.95 47.26
LRG 83.61 44.85
Total
Case 4 RON RVP
URG 85.2 47.8
UPR 85.28 46.76
LRG 85.98 41.31
RVP is an important characteristic of gasoline blends because along with the boiling range of the gas, have the greatest effects on engine
performance. It governs the ease of starting , engine warm up, rate of acceleration, mileage economy, as well as the tendenc
vapor lock. Having said that, the products of each case are under the maximum allowable RVP up to 90 degrees ambient temperat
according to the book. Additionally, the RVP can be easily modified by addition of n

RON represents the performance of an engine under city conditions, where acceleration is relatively frequent. In these simula
RON numbers were fairly close together, with the exception of the blend with maximum Kuwait Export, which is fairly low. The
the product gasoline is dependant on the crude assay used because differences in the aromatic content of the crude can greatl
lower the octane number of the resultant products, especially due to the amount of hydrotreating that is happening in the pro
of gasoline blends because along with the boiling range of the gas, have the greatest effects on engine
performance. It governs the ease of starting , engine warm up, rate of acceleration, mileage economy, as well as the tendency toward
vapor lock. Having said that, the products of each case are under the maximum allowable RVP up to 90 degrees ambient temperature
according to the book. Additionally, the RVP can be easily modified by addition of n-butane into the gas mix.
RON represents the performance of an engine under city conditions, where acceleration is relatively frequent. In these simulations the
RON numbers were fairly close together, with the exception of the blend with maximum Kuwait Export, which is fairly low. The RON of
the product gasoline is dependant on the crude assay used because differences in the aromatic content of the crude can greatly raise or
lower the octane number of the resultant products, especially due to the amount of hydrotreating that is happening in the process.
The options that this refinery has to increase the overall gasoline yield are somewhat limited. They already have a great amount of proce
gasoline yield. Upgrades to the refinery to decrease the amount of leakage from each operation are a possiblity.

In order to increase the octane number of the product gasoline there are a few options. First, in the US it is required that
on imports but another effect of that is a boost in the octane number. As was noted previously the reformer was not behaving
analyzed, so a correction of that would likely result in higher octane numbers for the products.
that this refinery has to increase the overall gasoline yield are somewhat limited. They already have a great amount of processes that are geared toward maximum
gasoline yield. Upgrades to the refinery to decrease the amount of leakage from each operation are a possiblity.
In order to increase the octane number of the product gasoline there are a few options. First, in the US it is required that some ethanol be added to the gas to reduce the dependance
on imports but another effect of that is a boost in the octane number. As was noted previously the reformer was not behaving as would be expected when the output stream was