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Contents
CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION TO HBL .............................................................................................. 3
1.1 HISTORY ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 PRE-PARTITION PHASE ............................................................................. 3
1.1.2 POST-PARTITION PHASE ........................................................................... 3
1.1.3 GROWTH PHASE .......................................................................................... 4
1.1.4 MODERNIZATION PHASE .......................................................................... 4
1.1.5 NATIONALIZATION PHASE ...................................................................... 4
1.2 HBL TODAY ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF HABIB BANK LIMITED ....................................................... 5
1.4 FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1 BASIC FUNCTIONS ...................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 AGENCY FUNCTIONS ................................................................................. 6
1.4.3 GENERAL UTILITY SERVICES .................................................................. 6
1.5 DEPARTMENTS OF HBL .................................................................................... 6
1.5.1 GENERAL BANKING DEPARTMENT ....................................................... 6
1.6 ACCOUNT OPENING SECTION ...................................................................... 7
1.6.1 HOW TO OPEN AN ACCOUNT .................................................................. 7
1.6.2 WITH-DRAWL. ............................................................................................. 8
1.6.3 INTEREST ...................................................................................................... 8
1.6.4 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT ...................................................................... 8
1.6.5 SECRECY: ...................................................................................................... 9
1.6.6 MONEY DEPOSITED OR DRAWN BY POST ........................................... 9
1.6.7 TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNT ...................................................................... 9
1.7 DEPOSITS SECTION ......................................................................................... 10
1.8 CLEARING SECTION ........................................................................................ 11
1.8.1 TYPE OF CHEQUES COLLECTED BY CLEARING SECTION ............ 12
1.8.2 FUNCTIONS OF CLEARING SECTION IN A BRANCH ........................ 13
1.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR CLEARANCE OF CHEQUES .................................. 13
1.9 REMITTANCE SECTION .................................................................................. 13
1.10 ACCOUNT SECTION. ...................................................................................... 15
1.10.1 ACCOUNTS TERMS. ................................................................................ 15
1.10.2 BOOKS AND STATIONERY .................................................................... 16
1.10.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE ACCOUNT SECTION. ........................................ 16
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Chapter-2 ........................................................................................................................ 18
2.1 What i have WORKED .................................................................................. 18
2.2 DEPOSITS DEPARTMENT ............................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Account Opening Procedure ......................................................................... 18
2.3 Banks Procedure and Internal Working After Opening an Account .................. 19
2.4 ADVANCES DEPARTMENT ............................................................................ 21
2.5 ADVANCE OF HBL ........................................................................................... 22
2.6 JOB RESPONSIBILITY ............................................................................... 24
2.7 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED ........................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Financial Analysis ................................................................................................ 25
3.2 Seven Years Performance of HBL at a Glance (Rs. In million) .......................... 25
3.2 RATIO ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................... 37
CRITICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 37
4.1 MODREN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: .................................................. 37
4.2 EVENING BANKING: ........................................................................................ 37
4.3 STAFF SHORTAGE ............................................................................................ 37
4.4 TRANSFERS ....................................................................................................... 38
4.5 PROMOTION ...................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................... 39
5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 39
5.2 INTERNAL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 39
5.2.1 STRENGTHS ................................................................................................ 39
5.2.2 WEAKNESSES ............................................................................................ 40
5.3 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 40
5.3.1 OPPORTUNITIES .................................................................................... 41
5.3.2 THREATS ................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................... 42
6.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 42
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 42


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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO HBL
1.1 HISTORY
Habib Bank is a commercial bank according to the definition given by Professor Dr.
Harts a bank can be defined as A banker is one who, in the ordinary course of his
business, receives money which he repays by honoring Chequess of persons from
whom or on whose account he received it.
Mr. Ahmad Habib, Dawood Habib, Muhammad Ali Habib and Ghulam Ali Habib the
four big Habibs of Subcontinent history formed Habib Bank Limited in 1941.
In 1941 the bank had only Rs.10.3 million in the form of advances and invested
Rs.12 lacs in government securities. But the revolution of clock and the efforts of
Habib brothers led Habib Bank Limited to grow to the size of Rs.24 million by the end
of 1942.
Due to certain difference between the Governments of India and Pakistan, when
India withheld the transfer of funds in 1945, Habib Bank readily came forward and
subscribed heavily to the Government of Pakistan, to overcome the crisis. The loan to
the Government was made at a very nominal rate of interest. The history of Habib Bank
can be divided into different phases.
1.1.1 PRE-PARTITION PHASE
The first phase in the history of Habib Bank Limited comprises seven years from 1941
to 1947 it was the most crucial time with a humble beginning, the bank mastered a
formidable challenge and overcame depredate prejudices against business talents of the
Muslims of South Asia.
1.1.2 POST-PARTITION PHASE
This was a new beginning when the bank shifted its head quarters in Bombay to
Karachi according to the wishes of founder of the nation in order to meet new
responsibilities and to face great challenges. This also included a supreme
responsibility which Habib bank served with full loyalty. In first year of independence
HBL worked as the State Bank of Pakistan.


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1.1.3 GROWTH PHASE
This phase in the history of the Bank is characterized by setting certain standards of
services such as increasing of facilities, extending banking hours and improving the
physical appearance of the branches. These steps popularized banking among people
from all walks of life. This also includes tremendous achievement of the construction
of banks first head office building at Habib square, Karachi along with continued solid
business and profitability.
1.1.4 MODERNIZATION PHASE
In this phase, the management of HBL worked closely to modernize the banking
facilities and branch lay out. This phase witnessed the consolidation and the beginning
of mechanization and modernization of branches.
This was the year of silver jubilee celebrations. It has a tremendous impact on the
common man that the bank emerged throughout Pakistan and wherever its branches
operated abroad, with a new image of a Best example of better service. On the
occasion of its 30
th
anniversary marked the shifting of head office from Habib Square
to Habib Bank Plaza.
1.1.5 NATIONALIZATION PHASE
This phase was generally characterized by heralded nationalization of Pakistani banks
on 1
st
January 1974. All management as wall as the operations of the banks were
aligned in such a way that the concept of commercial banking in Pakistan changed to
offer all the necessary help to small industrialists, traders and farmers etc. During this
50
th
year of its existence totaled Golden Jubilee year, it is the largest Pakistani bank
operating round the globe with a great futuristic outlook and planning recognized and
acclaimed both nationally and internationally at highest levels.
1.2 HBL TODAY
During the rule of present government the policy of privatization led a step of
denationalizing HBL. In the bid of privatization Aga Khan Fund for Economic
Development got 51% of the HBL shares in 2004. The Denationalization process is still
under way as the government sold 10% more shares in August 2007. Recently the
brand name of Habib bank has made changed to HBL bank. Today the HBL has
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become not only the largest bank in terms of assets, branches and facilities but also
getting its position among the modernized and highly effective bank of the Pakistan.

1.3 OBJ ECTIVES OF HABIB BANK LIMITED
Objectives are the ends towards which organizational and individual activities are
directed. Or it can be defined as the specific short-term target for which measurable
results can be obtained. The goal of every manager is to create a surplus and clear
and verifiable objectives facilitate the measurement of the effectiveness and efficiency
of managerial actions.
Following are some of the main objectives of Habib Bank Limited.
To make Habib Bank the most progressive and dynamic bank of the country.
1 To facilitate the general public to get benefited from efficient banking.
2 To earn profits for the bank itself and for its shareholders.
3 To support small business in Pakistan.
4 To promote and boost business sector inside the country.
5 To provide employment opportunities to people.
6 To help in development and industrialization of the country.
7 To provided loan and advances to help in self-employment schemes.

1.4 FUNCTIONS
1.4.1 BASIC FUNCTIONS
1 Accepting of deposits
2 Current account
3 Saving account
4 Fixed deposit account
5 Advancing of loans:
6 Loans and advances
7 Cash credits
8 Provision of Qarze-e-Hasna


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1.4.2 AGENCY FUNCTIONS
1 Collection of Cheque
2 Transfer of funds from one place to another
3 Handling of Salaries and Pensions of federal/provincial employees and defense
personnel
4 Assisting to Agriculture
5 Act as an agent or representative of his customers
6 Collection of Negotiable Instruments
7 Issuing Guarantees and Indemnities
8 Granting of letter of credit

1.4.3 GENERAL UTILITY SERVICES
1 Utility Bills collection
2 Sale and encashment of Prize Bonds
3 Issue of travelers cheques
4 Supplying of Trade information
5 Act as a referee
6 Financing of Foreign Exchange
7 Preparation of feasibility reports for small industrial units
8 Collection of fees and money for people proceeding on Haj providing
Pilgrimage services
9 Acts as Income Tax adviser

1.5 DEPARTMENTS OF HBL
1.5.1 GENERAL BANKING DEPARTMENT
This department consists of the following sections:-
1. Account opening section.
2. Deposit section.
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3. Clearing section.
4. Remittance section.
5. Accounts section.


1.6 ACCOUNT OPENING SECTION
1.6.1 HOW TO OPEN AN ACCOUNT
There are certain formalities which are to be observed for opening of a current or
saving account with a Bank. These formalities in brief are as under
1. Formal application:
The customer is to fill "Account Opening Form. It is a formal request by a
customer to the bank to allow him to have and operate the current or saving account.
2. Obtaining introduction:-
The bank before opening, and account obtains introduction of the customer
from old customer, responsible person etc.
3. Specimen signature
When the Banker is satisfied about the integrity of the customer, he agrees to
open open the account. The Banker obtains the specimen signatures of the customer
on the signature book or on card.
4. Minimum initial deposit
In Pakistan the current account can be opened with a minimum of Rs. 500/- and
PLS Saving Account with a minimum of Rs 100/- These amounts are also the
minimum balances to be maintained by the account holders with the Bank.
5. Operating the account
When an account is opened in a Bank, the Banker gives to the customer.
1 Pay in slip book.
2 Cheques Book and pass book with a view to operate it.
6. Precautions in preparing the pass book
The Banker should be careful in preparing the pass book However, the
customer himself should.
Send the pass book for making entries and also periodically check up them.
He should also see that the entries are initialed by the accountant.
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The customer should verify the entries with own books of account.
In order to safe guard the secrecy of the account; the customer should receive the pass
book in closed cover.



1.6.2 WITH-DRAWL.
Withdrawal is made on cheques supplied by the Bank. A new cheques book is
issued only on receipts of the requisition slip attached to the cheques book issued
previously and this presented along with the depositor pass book for entire against
cheques book challan. Cheques book is issued on discretion of the branch manager.

1.6.3 INTEREST
The current rate of interest allowed on deposit in saving Bank account is ascertained at
the Bank. This rate is subject to change. The amount of interest is calculated for each
calendar month on the lowest balance at credit of an account between the close of the
sixth day of a month and the end of the month and only on every complete sum of ten
rupees.
Every account is made up half yearly to 30th June 31st December, and the interest
calculated as above is added to the balance of each account as on these dates.
Transfer of an account.
Account can be transferred to any other branches of N.B.P. free of charge. If a
depositor wants to transfer his account, he presents his pass book personally or sends it
to Bank and writes an application for the transfer of an account.

1.6.4 CLOSING OF AN ACCOUNT
A depositor willing to do his account must present his pass book in order that with
drawls and the amount of interest due on the account is entered therein and final
balance stuck. This balance is then paid to the depositor and his receipt is taken, the
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pass book is canceled, unused Cheques forms on hand are also surrendered at the same
time.

1.6.5 SECRECY:
The secrecy of depositors account is the. Responsibility of every official engaged in
the Bank service.




1.6.6 MONEY DEPOSITED OR DRAWN BY POST
When money is sent by post for deposit, the pass book and a letter starting the amount
of the deposit and the number of the account accompany it.When a depositor wishes to
withdraw money by post he must forwards his pass book with a letter starting the
number of his account, the amount to be drawn and either the money is to be remitted
by money-order or in currency notes registered.

1.6.7 TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNT
1.Saving account
Saving Account is that account in which customer puts his surplus money which he
saves from his daily expenditure. The account can be operated by depositing a
minimum cash of Rs.10/-. Small percentage of interest is allowed on the balance of this
account.
2.Current account:
The current account is that one which the customer draws his daily cheques and is
normally operated by the Business-men. It can be operated by minimum amount of
Rs.500/- Any number of cheques amounting undue minimum balance limit can be
issued by the account holder for withdrawal or for payment. No interest is allowed on
this account.
3Joint account
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A joint account occurs when two or more then two customers have one account. The
parties to a joint account are considered in law as they are one person.
4.Profit and loss sharing account
This can be operated by a person, firm or organization by depositing Rs.100/- or above.
The holder of this account will get profit of his amount, or he will bear the loss as the
case may be. So an individual is equally participant in profit and loss.
The holder of account can withdraw up to Rs.15,000/- per month is eight withdrawals,
in case of higher withdrawal, seven day prior notice is necessary. This account is
operated under interest free system.





5. Fixed deposit account
In this account an amount is deposited into the Bank for a fixed period of time. The
fixed period may be three months, six months, one year, two years, five years and
more. The Bank allows a higher rate of interest for larger period.
At the time of operating on account the Bank issues deposit certificates for the period
and amount. The account holder can not withdraw his amount before the specified
period, but the same Bank will allow loan against that certificate. Bank is liable to give
interest on this account on maturity date.

1.7 DEPOSITS SECTION
There are two types of deposits i.e. current and saving. There are different
forms present in the section of or deposits.
1. Current account form.
2 Saving account form.
3 Private or individual form
4 Private firm account form
In the above mentioned forms, the bank makes an agreement with his customers.

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1.8 CLEARING SECTION
Every Bank performs the paying and receiving functions. Cheques are
collected which are drawn up to Banks for customers. Similarly the cheques drawn on
different Banks and deposited by Banks own customers for collection within the city is
known as clearing The functions of receiving and paying is mostly done through the
clearing house. A clearing house can be defined as "AA place where that
representatives of all Bank meet together to settle the receipts and payment of cheques
drawn on each other" Clearing House provides the facility which can hardly be
dispensed with especially, in case of crossed cheques. Now-a-days HBL played an
important role as leader.
There are two main types of clearing
1 Outward clearing
2 Inward clearing.



1. Outward clearing
It includes those cheques and other instruments which are sent by the Bank to
the Banks for payment on behalf of its own clients. Cheques are sent to clearing house
thorough local main branch.
A delivery message from the local main branch comes to every branch at a fixed time
to pick its outward clearing or outward returns as the case maybe .Outward Clearing At
Branch Account number of payee/endorsee is written on the back side of the cheques.
The instrument and the paying in slips are separated. The instruments are sorted I
Bank-wise and branch wise.
Schedules are prepared. Jotting of all the schedules are taken in the clearing House
statement. Amount of the cheques in written in the "Delivered" and to pay column
After balancing the outward clearing, the pay in slips are released to C.D. department.
After balancing, a transfer debit voucher is prepared. The instrument, schedule, etc. are
delivered to the messenger from the main branch.

2 Inward clearing
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The cheques drawn are called inward clearing drawn on Habib Bank through
its representatives on the Bank presented by other Banks for payment It includes those
cheques and other instruments of Pakistan branches which other Banks present at the
clearing house. Inward Clearing At The Drawn Branch Numbers of instruments noted
in the schedules are verified immediately on receipt.
The amount's of all the instruments are jotted down and totaled. If should be
equal to the amount mentioned in schedule from the local main branch. The amounts
are debarred to the relevant accounts if otherwise in order. The IBCO is prepared
crediting the amount of the main branch.
If there is any return, that is deducted from the total and IBCO prepared for the
remaining amount.

1.8.1 TYPE OF CHEQUES COLLECTED BY CLEARING SECTION
1. Transfer cheques.
These are the cheques which are collected and paid by same branch of HBL For
example Mr. Ali is a customer of HBL of CITY branch and draws a cheques in favor
of Mr. Hussain who is also the customer of the same branch.
2. Transfer delivery cheques.
The cheques which are collected and paid by two different branches of a Bank
situated in the same city. For example a person draws a cheques on HBL main branch,
Mardan in favor of another person who maintains an account with HBL Rakh Mandra
branch, D.I.Khan.
3. Clearing cheques.
When the payee/endorse and the drawer of cheques maintains account with
different Banks, the collection Bank in any one of the following methods:-
It can collect cash by sending its representative with the cheques to each of the paying
Banks. It is not so much appropriate .The Bank maintains an account with the paying
Bank.
The cheques can be exchanged by representative of the various Banks who
meet at a fixed time and at a fixed place. This is the most efficient method of collection
and paying cheques.

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1.8.2 FUNCTIONS OF CLEARING SECTION IN A BRANCH
To accept transfer, transfer delivery and clearing cheques from the customer of
the branch and to arrange for their collection.
To arrange payment of cheques drawn on the branch and gives for collection to
any other branch of H.B.L. or any other member or such member of local clearing
house.
To collect amounts of cheques drawn on members of the local clearing house
sent for collection by N.B.P. branches not represented at the local clearing house.

1.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR CLEARANCE OF CHEQUES
The customers are provided with the copes of pay In-slip, whenever the
customer wants to deposit any cheques, he fills in the pay in slip himself and hands it
over the counter along with the instrument.





1.9 REMITTANCE SECTION
Remittance means transfer of money from one place to another place. It is of
two kinds.
1 Inland remittance.
2 Home remittance.

1. Inland remittance
An inland remittance means a transfer of money payable at a certain place within the
country. Inland remittances can be classified as under:-
1 Within locality.
2 Out side locality.

2. Within locality
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When a branch situated in Mardan is required to send drafts to any other branch
situated in the same city the process is know as within locality. For example HBL Main
Branch, Mardan sends any draft to HBL par hoti branch Mardan

3. Outside locality
Outside locality is an important type of inland remittances, which means the
transfer of money payable outside the city. For example, HBL. Main Branch Mardan
sends any draft to a Branch situated at LAHORE.
It is commonly done through the following three means:-
1 Telegraphic transfer (T.T)
2 Mail Transfer (M.T)
3 Demand Draft (D. D)

4. Telegraphic transfer
In telegraphic transfer, the Bank takes commission and telegram charges from
the sender. A receipt is issued to the sender for the value received.
The Bank itself transfer the funds to the drawee branch though a coded message in
telegram, confirmatory of which is also sent through routine date mentioning all details.
All bank Branches have been provided with their code books name Bank Keys Code
Book where from the coded message is agreed by the drawee branch. T.T. can
be sent open, which may be paid in cash in drawee branch, or may be direct y
creditable to relevant account.

1 Mail Transfer (M.T.)
The Money can be remitted through this means also. In this case the payable
amount at the drawer branch can only be transferred to an account; amount can not be
paid in cash. Other procedure is same as T. deposit of money at sending branch.
Difference is only of postage and. telegram charges. The M.T. which in its self is an
advice also is sent by registered post, while T.T. is sent through telegram.

2 Demand Draft (D.D)
Demand draft is a written order by a branch of a specified Bank, drawn on
another branch of the same Bank to pay a certain sum of money only to or to the order
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of the Payee. Demand drafts are purchased by the clients and after receipt of money
Bank issues and delivers the D.D. to the purchaser, who himself sends it to the payee.
In D.D. the Banks do not recover postal charges as it is payable by the purchaser. The
Bank, after deliver of D.D. to the purchaser also sends its own advice called IBCO
(Inter Branch Credit Order) to the drawee branch mentioning therein all details of
issued draft.

1.10 ACCOUNT SECTION.
Every Business organization deals in money matters. Bank also deals in money
and more over since the money belong to the depositors therefore, it is of utmost
importance to keep systematic and correct record.
Further-more, the Banks are commercial institutions and its main objective is to
earn profit, therefore, then record of all incomes and expenditures are kept correct and
systematically.
In H.B.L. the responsibility for maintaining necessary accounting data and to
keep up to date records In a systematic manner has been assigned to the Accounts
Department.
The Branches of Bank perform their daily routine work and deal in money that belongs
to depositors. Here account department hold great importance in banking, becaue it
keeps all the accounting records properly.

1.10.1 ACCOUNTS TERMS.
The account department maintains all the accounting records properly there are
certain accounting terms which are defined into the following

1. Account
A summary of all debit and credit transaction pertaining to a similar nature or to
an individual or body of persons is called an account.

2. Vouchers
Written evidence recorded on a price of paper in respect of a money
transaction is called voucher.
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3. General ledger.
Main ledger is a book, where various accounts of different type are kept.
Generally this book is in bended form containing several sheets for several accounts.

4. Subsidiary ledger.
Where a main head has got different sub-head of it: subsidiary leader are
maintained. These subsidiary ledgers are maintained from the main ledger.

1.10.2 BOOKS AND STATIONERY
1 The account department uses the following books and stationery
2. Cash book cum-general ledger.
3. Abstract book.
4 Income and expenditure ledger.
4. Register of vouchers
5. Transfer book.
6. Receiving cashier book.
7. Paying cashier book.
8. Supplementary sheets.
9. Different vouchers.


1.10.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE ACCOUNT SECTION.
The main functions of the account section of a branch are as follows: -
1. Balancing and maintenance of books.
2. Preparation of statement.
During the course of daily business of the branch, a number of cheques are presented
by customer for cash payment, though transfer, delivery and clearing cheques at the
counter. Also a number of new accounts are opened and cash is deposited by the
customers. So in order to ensure that during the day all the transactions have properly
17
been recorded and they are complete in all respects and are recorded in proper books by
the branch this recording is done on daily basis and maintained by account section.

1. Balancing and maintaining of books.
Balancing the cash book means that all the transactions have properly been recorded
and there is no mistake in any of these vouchers.
1. Arrangement of voucher.
2. Preparation of supplementary.
3. Preparation of summary.
4. Agreement of total of the summary, with the total of transfer book.

2. Preparation of statements.
To Judge the performance of branches, the Head Office requires periodic
statements from them. Through these statements the top management watches the
progress of the branches and they provide them necessary guidance, the top
management decisions depend upon these statements also. The following are the
important statements prepared by the account section: -
1. Balance sheet on daily basis.
2. Pak account on daily basis.
3. Provisional income and expenditure statement on monthly basis.


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Chapter-2
JOB RESPONSIBILITY

2.1 What i have WORKED
Chapter two contain the job responsibility, work in departments and what I have
learned from these departments. In HBL Main Branch Mardan there are seven main
departments, which are Deposits, Remittances, Cash, Bills, Accounts, Credit and
Advances department.
I have worked in the following two departments.
1. Deposits Department
2. Advances Department

2.2 DEPOSITS DEPARTMENT
Deposits are the lifeblood of banking industry. Every bank performs two basic
functions one is accepting deposits and the other are lending of money, deposit
department performs the function of accepting deposits from the customers. In deposits
department I gain some information and personally works the following.
2.2.1 Account Opening Procedure
The applicant is provided an application form to open an account. The applicant in a
manner prescribed and duly signed by the applicant fills this form. An existing account
holder of the bank must introduce the applicant. A copy of Identity card is attached
with the specimen signature card.
The application is presented at the branch with the initial amount of deposit for credit
of his account. The amount is centered in the passbook and is singed by the responsible
officer of the bank; finally a checkbook is issued to the account holder, for withdrawal
of money.


19

Documents Required for Account Opening
Following are the various kinds of documents that are required to open account. These
documents covers document requirement for individual, companies and partnership
accounts.
1. Attested photocopy of N.I.C/passport of Account holder(s), Proprietors, Partners,
Directors and Office Bearers as the case may be.
2. Certified true copy of the certificate of incorporation or registration (in case of
companies and registered bodies only).
3. Certified true copy of the certificate of commencement of business (in case of
public limited companies only).
4. Certified true copy of the memorandum and articles of association (in case of
limited companies).
5. Certified true copy of rules and regulations or By-laws (in case of association etc).
6. Certified true copy of the resolution of the board of Directors/Managing
Committee/Governing Body regarding conduct of the account.
7. List containing names and signatures of the Directors/office bearers duly certified
by CLA/Registration Authority.
8. Letter of partnership or certified copy of partnership deed (in case of partnership).

2.3 Banks Procedure and Internal Working After Opening an
Account
Entry in Account Opened and Closed Register
Every current & saving account is numbered in numerical serial order. The account no.
allocated to the new account is written on the account opening form, specimen
signature card and cheques book requisition slip. Similarly when an account is closed
information is stored in the related registers.
Supply of Deposit Slip and Authentication
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The customer is supplied with pay in slip and requested to deposit the money with the
cashier, who put his signature on counter foil of the slip, which must be countersigned
by an authorized officer. This procedure also applies to all subsequent
deposit/withdrawals.
Issuance of Cheques Book
Cheques Book is issued only after the account opening form has been completed in all
respects. The excise duty is recovered from the account to whom cheques book is
issued. Cheques Book series is entered in the cheques book issuance register.
Send the Documents to Officer in Charge
The account opening form, specimen signature card remain in the custody of officer in
charge current/saving deposit. This officer sends LETTER OF THANKS to the new
account holder. Specimen signature cards and other documents are kept under the joint
custody of the manager and account/second officer.
Maintaining Record of Accounts
After opening a current account, issuing deposit slip and cheques book the staff
concerned is required to:
1. Send letter of thanks to the introducer of new account holder.
2. Send letter of thanks to new customer in order to verify his or her address.
3. Send customers particular to BGL computer center where records are kept.
4. Current account holder can get his or account statement on daily basis, weekly
basis or monthly according to his or her requirement.
Account Opening Forms File
This file contains all account opening form of the branch. Account opening forms of
the closed accounts are also retained in the file except that the word COSED is
written in hold letters across such forms. Memorandums & Articles of Association and
any particular document is filed with its account opening form. Forms are filed
according to serial number of accounts.

Specimen Signatures Card File
21
Cards are maintained for all operational accounts according to the serial no. of the
accounts. All operational cards are kept in special cabinets designed for the purpose.
Specimen signature cards of closed accounts are removed from the cabinet and are filed
along with the account opening forms.

Stop Payment Instructions File
Written stop-payment instructions from customers are filed in chronological order. The
officer concerned writes date and time of receipt on the instruction.

Standing Instructions Cards File
Based on customers standing instruction, a card is prepared for each instruction and
filed in the chronological order of the execution dates of the instructions. Every
morning, cards are referred to note instructions to be executed on that day.

Customer Correspondence File
These are the files, open for all those customers from whom frequent letters are
received. These files are containing files and dont close.

2.4 ADVANCES DEPARTMENT
The function of this department is to finance the business and individuals. The
customers can get loans in a specific manner. Credit extension is one of main activity
for all financial institutions, because it is main source of earning .The difference
between the rates at which the bank borrows and at which the bank lends is the source
of revenue for the bank.
However it is very risk, for the minimization of risk the banker usually applies the five
criteria or Five Cs of credit. Which are given below:
Character
The reputation for honesty and integrity of the person/organization seeking credit is
known as its character. It is the most important of the five. Lenders assess character by
looking at a potential borrowers history of loan repayments or if new borrower then
22
the lender may also ask for references (firms or banks with whom the borrower has
done business in the past).

Capacity
The measure of a borrowers ability to live up to the terms of a credit agreement and to
pay off an obligation as promised is known as its capacity. Lender (banker) measures it
by evaluating the statements of assets and liabilities on the credit application of the
borrower.
Collateral
The security for the loan usually an asset with enough that it could be sold to satisfy the
obligation-is called collateral.
Capital
Capital means the financial resources that a borrower has available to assure the lender
that the credit is secure. For this, the creditor looks at a businesss financial statements
or an individuals credit application.
Conditions
It refers to the current economic environment. It also affects the borrowers ability to
repay the loan.
2.5 ADVANCE OF HBL
1. Over Draft
2. Cash Credit
3. Demand Loans
4. Agriculture financing
5. Staff Financing


23
1 Over draft
An overdraft is the right given by bank to its customer to draw in excess of his current
account up to a fixed limit. This facility is usually given to proven loyal customers. The
interest is charged only on the negative balance in the customers account. For this
facility, bank has prescribed forms and after filling by the customer the bank scrutinizes
the application and t financial statement, positiondit worthiness of the client,
after that, bank sanctions overdraft. Over draft is advantageous to both banker and
customer such that bank earns profit or interest and the customer also gets the funds for
his business development.
2. Cash Credit
Cash Credit is advanced to commercial industrial concerns either against pledges or
hypothecation of goods and products etc. The bank allows the business firm to borrow
up to a certain limit either in lump sum or in installments.
3. Demand Loans
IT is a long-term loan, usually advance made to the borrower in lump sum, for meeting
the long-term capital requirements of the borrower. These are secured by pledging real
estates property, plants, machinery, stocks, and bonds etc. These are mostly
development loans for setting up and developing of industries etc.
4. Agricultural Finance
As Pakistan is an agro-based country and agriculture is the important sector of
economy. HBL also makes advances to this sector of economy in two ways:
Production Financing is made for the purchases of seeds, pesticides and chemicals etc.
Loans are paid in lump sum, but its duration is short one.
Development Financing is made for the purpose of purchasing farm machinery, and
development of barren lands. This is long-term facility and is paid in installments.

5. Staff Financing
HBL also provide financing facilities to its staff; help them to fulfill their needs. These
loans are given for different purpose. This financing facility of bank motivate Staff.
24


2.6 J OB RESPONSIBILITY
My responsibility during internship is to handle the customer wanting to open an
account in which I took their I.D card and also filling the form on behalf of the
customer and then forward to manager for signing and verification. My other
responsibility is to settle the cheques and ordering those cheques and make it forward
to manager for further process. I also conduct the responsibility to manage the banks
branch environment and guiding the customer and forward them to correct place of
working.
2.7 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
I read a lot during my student carrier but I did not know how to apply my knowledge
practically. Internship makes me able to apply my knowledge practically. First I
learned to face the customer and to interact with them and how to attract them.
According to my point of view, we should provide services in the best possible manner.
Second I learned how to work in a group and to interact with each other, for this ethical
standard is very much important we should win the heart of our colleague to make you
facilitative in a problem time .Group work provide opportunity of learning from
colleagues. I hope it will help me in future.

25
CHAPTER 3
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Financial Analysis
Financial analysis is an evaluation of a firms performance. The source of financial
analysis is the financial statements & Director reports. The main purpose of the
financial analysis is to give a clear picture of the financial position by studying the
relationship & comparison between the items in the statement.
The financial statements are the balance sheet and income statement. The
balance sheet summarizes the assets, liabilities and owner
s
equity of a business at a
point of time, and the income statement summarizes revenues and expenses of the over
a particular period of time.

3.2 Seven Years Performance of HBL at a Glance (Rs. In
million)
Year 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
Items
Total assets 762,193 635,133 577,719 553,231 468,972 432,803 415,089
Deposits 591,907 501,872 463,427 465,572 395,492 362,866 349,617
Advances 340,677 316,110 268,839 220,794 161,266 140,547 170,319
Investments 210,787 139,947 156,985 149,350 166,196 143,525 71,759
Shareholders equity 70,907 53,045 37,636 24,900 18,134 14,279 11,959
Pre-tax profit 28,060 26,311 19,056 11,978 9,009 6,045 3,016
After-tax profit 19,033 17,022 12,709 6,195 4,198 2,253 1,149
Earning per share
(EPS)
23.34 20.88 17.92 10.48 8.53 5.49 3.08
Return on assets
(ROA)
2.49% 4.3% 3.4% 2.4% 2.0% 1.4% 0.8%
No of Branches 1,243 1,250 1,242 1,226 1,199 1,204 1,245
No of employees 14,079 14,019 13,824 13,745 13,272 12,195 15,163

26

On the basis of the view of financial experts I also study and explain the financial
performance of the HBL of the last seven years. (2007 to 2013)
The above table shows the performance of HBL in the last seven years.
The total assets in 2007 are 415,089millions and that increase to 553,231millions in
2010 and also show increasing trend in 2013 is become 762,193 millions.
Similarly the deposits increase up to 2008 and then slightly decline in 2009 and then
start increasing later from 2012 to 2013
The advances are decrease from 2008 to 2009 and then start increasing up to 2013.The
investment is fluctuating in the seven years period.
The shareholder equity is increasing through the period from 2007 11,959millions to
2013 70,907millions. The pre-tax profit and after- tax profit is increasing through the
period. The earnings per share is move upward from2007 to 2013.The return on assets
is also increase up to 2012 and then decline in 2013.The number of branches and the
number of employees is decrease from 2007 to 2008 start increasing up to 2013.





27
HABI B BANK LI MI TED
BALANCE SHEET
AS AT 31
ST
DECEMBER, 2013and 2012
2013
(Rupees in 000s)
2012
(Rupees in 000s)
ASSETS
Cash &Balance with other Banks 94,873,249

78,625,227

Lending to Financial Institution 37,472,832

40,641,679

Investment 210,787,868 139,946,995
Advance 340,677,100 316,110,406
Operating Fixed Assets 25,922,979 9,681,974

Deferred tax assets
- -
Other Assets 30,994,965 27,113,698
TOTAL ASSETS 762,193,593 635,132,711
LIABILITIES

Bills Payables

7,061,902

10,605,663
10,605,663
Borrowings

10,886,063

11,704,079

Deposits & other accounts

591,907,435

501,872,243
Sub-ordinated loans - -

Liabilities against assets

33,554

13,235
28
subject to finance lease 5,097,831 2,387,073
Deferred tax liabilities-net
Other liabilities

30,869,154

26,596,300
TOATAL LIAILITIES 645,855,939 553,178,593
NET ASSETS 116,337,654 81,954,118
Share capital 8,154.319 7,090,712
Reserves 15,772,124 13,879,260
Unappropriated profit 45,344,188 32,074,677
69,270,631 53,044,649
Surplus on revaluation o f 47,067,023 28,909,669
Assets 116,337,654 81,954,118



29
HABI B BANK LI MI TED
PROFI T AND LOSS ACCOUNT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31
st
DECENBER 2013 and 2012
2013
Rupees in
000's
2012
Rupees in
000's
Mark-up /return/interest earned 50,569,481 44,100,934
Mark-up return/interest expensed 16,940,011
13,947,218
Net mark-up/interest income 33,629,470 30,153,716
Provision against non-performing loans and
advance
4,723,084 30,075,723
Reversal of provision for diminution in the
value of investments

(40,084)

(709,461)
Bad debts written off directly

39,899

5,284
4,722,735 2,371,546
Net mark-up/ interest income after
provision 28,906,735 27,782,170

NON-MARK-UP/INTEREST INCOME

Fee, Commission and brokerage income 6,781.683 6,144,628
Dividend income 3,263,246 2,891,755
Income from dealing in foreign currencies 1,042,827 1,333,840
Gain on sale and redemption of securities 2,341,690 1,169,515
30
Unrealized loss on revaluation of investment
classified as held-for-trading

(31,964)

(4,464)
Other income 147,363 627,618
Total non-markup/interest income 13,544,845 12,162,892
42,544,845 39,945,062
NON- MARK-UP/INTEREST EXPENSES

Administrative Expenses 14,205,911
13,443,441
Other provision/write offs 168,027 (17,283)
Other charges 17,141
208,327
Total non mark-up/interest expenses 14,391,079 13,634,485
Extra ordinary items - -
Profit before taxation 28,060,501 26,310,577


Taxation-Current 8,311,500
8,695,598
-Prior years 391,497 530,652
-Deferred 323,731
61,981
9,026,728 9,288,231
Profit after taxation 19,033,728 17,022,346
Inappropriate profit brought forward
32,074,677 19,372,523
Transfer from surplus on revaluation of
fixed assets on account of incremental
depreciation


39,007


41,060
Profit available for appropriation 51,147,457 36,435,929
Basic earning per share
23.34
20.88
Diluted earning per share
23.34
20.88
31
3.2 RATIO ANALYSIS
Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of
the firm by properly establishing relationship between the items of balance sheet and
profit and loss statement, in order to make rational decision in keeping with the
objective of the organization, for that purpose the management use analytical tools. To
evaluate the financial condition and performance of the business entity. The financial
ratio is a number that expresses the value of one financial variable relative to another.
Put more simply, a financial ratio is the result you get when you divide one financial
number by another. Calculating an individual ratio is simple, but each ratio must be
analyzed carefully to effectively measure a firms performance.
It is important way to state meaningful relationship between two components of a
financial statement. Ratios are guides or shortcuts that are useful in evaluating a
company

s financial position and operations and making comparisons with results in

previous years or with other companies. The primary purpose of ratios is to point out
areas needing further investigation.
Therefore in my report I include some of the ratio to show the financial position of the
HBL.




MARGIN OF PROFIT = NET PROFIT / MARKUP OR INTEREST
EARNED X100
Year

Net profit Markup or I nterest
Earned
Margin Of
Profit

2013


19,033,773000

/

50,569,481,000

X


100

37.93%

2012


17,022,346000

/

44,100,934000

X

100

38.59%
32

COMMENTS:
The margin profit ratio show the profitability of bank is not satisfactory.
RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS (ROA) = NET PROFIT AFTER TAX/ TOTAL
ASSETS X 100
Year

Net profit Total Assets Return On
Total Assets
(ROA)

2013


19,033,773000

/

762,193,593000

X


100

2.49%

2012


17,022,346000

/

635,132,711,000

X

100

2.68%
COMMENTS:
The return on total assets is also not satisfactory as compare to the 2010.



RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) = NET PROFIT/ SHAREHOLDERS
EQUITY X 100
Year

Net profit Shareholders
Equity
Return On
Equity (ROE)

2013


19,033,773000

/

69,270,631,000

X


100

27.47%

2012


17,022,346000

/

53,044,649,000

X

100

32.09%

33
COMMENTS:
The ROE (return on equity) is also not show the satisfactory result because the net
profit is increased but on the other hand the holder equity is also increase and that is
way the result cannot show favorable sign.


DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO = TOTAL DEBT/ SHAREHOLDERS
EQUITY X 100

Year

Total Debt Shareholders
Equity
Debt to
Equity Ratio

2013


645,855,939,000

/

69,270,631,000

X


100

932.36%

2012


553,178,593,000

/

53,044,649,000

X

100

1042.85%

COMMENTS:
The total debt is increased and on the other side the share holder equity is also
increased also that is the ratio is decrease show favorable trend for share holders.

LONG TERM DEBT TO FIXED ASSETS RATIO = LONG TERM DEBT/
FIXED ASSETS X 100
Year

Long term debt Fixed assets Long term
debt to fixed
assets ratio

2013

10,886,063,000

/

25,922,979,000

X

100

41.99%
34


2012


11,704,079,000

/

9,681,974,000

X

100

120.88%

COMMENTS:
The long term debt is decreasing from 2010 fixed assets are increased more then debts
that are good symbol.

DEBT RATIO: = TOTAL LIABILITIES / TOTAL ASSETS X 100
Year

Total liabilities Total assets Debt ratio

2013


645,855,939,000

/

762,193,593,000

X


100

84.73%

2012


553,178,593,000

/

635,132,711,000

X

100

87.09%

COMMENTS:
The debt ratio is show that the liabilities are increased at the slow rate then total assets
and that is favorable for HBL.


STOCK HOLDER EQUITY TO TOTAL LIABILITIES= STOCK HOLDERS
EQYITY / TOTAL LIABILITIES X 100
Year

Stock holders
equity
Total liabilities Stock holder
equity to total
liabilities

35
2013

69,270,631,000 / 645,855,939,000 X

100 10.72%

2012


53,044,649,000

/

553,178,593,000

X

100

9.58%

COMMENTS:The stock holder equity is show favorable trend from 2011.







INVESTMENT TO TOTAL ASSETS = INVESTMENT / TOTAL ASSETS X
100
Year

Investment Total assets Investment to
total assets

2013


210,787,868,000

/

762,193,593,000

X


100

27.65%

2012


139,946,995,000

/

635,132,711,000

X

100

27.65%

COMMENTS: The investment ratio also increase that show the growth of HBL.



36
EARNING PER SHARE: = NET PROFIT / NUMBER OF SHARES
Year

Net profit Number of shares Earning per
share

2013


19,033,773000

/

69,270,631,000

27.47%

2012


815,432

/

709,071

32.09%

COMMENTS:
The earning per share is decreasing from 2010 and 2011 that shows unfavorable news
or share holders.

37
CHAPTER 4
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
During my internship period at Habib Bank Of Pakistan .I found out certain problems,
which are written below along with their solutions, which need proper attention of the
top management. These are given below:

4.1 MODREN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:
This age is the age of information technology. Today the world has become a global village
and the fastest mediums of communication are adopted all over the world. And it is a fact
that more the latest technology and methods of work are adopted more will be the
productivity.
In the Habib Bank Of Pakistan Modern technology should be adopted for the better
performance.
I suggest that every counter of the bank should be Modernlycomputerized and they should
be interlinked together (NETWORKING) so that various services provided by the bank can
be provided in a more efficient and fast way.

4.2 EVENING BANKING:
I observed that the bank is closed for public dealing after 12:30PM and then the staff do
their own banking jobs. I suggest that at least one counter should be specified for the
customer services till evening. In this way, the people having jobs in other offices can get
benefit from this counter.

4.3 STAFF SHORTAGE
I discussed with bank personnel and they gave their views about staff shortage. They told
me that staff is very short and all the staff is overloaded with work. Thats why the staff
posted in the branch has to face many problems to finish its daily work.I suggest that
38
number of staff in the branch should be increased so that they can meet their customers
requirements quickly and efficiently.

4.4 TRANSFERS
I observed that staff members of the Bank are frequently transferred not only from one
branch to another but from one city to another and sometimes from one province to
another.
I suggest that no one is to be transferred to another city or province without the consent and
will of the employee and if transferred, the facilities like residence etc should be provided
to them.

4.5 PROMOTION
I observed that employees, particularly officers are not satisfied with promotion policies.
There is no clear-cut promotion policy of National Bank.
I suggest that there should be a clear-cut policy about the promotion of employees,
particularly for the officers and they must aware of it that is polices must be
communicated. When policies are communicated to the employees then they can perform
their task more efficiently and will utilize their full efforts.




39
CHAPTER 5
SWOT ANALYSIS

5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

The acronym SWOT stands for a firms internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its
external Opportunities and Threats. The purpose of such analysis is to build on
companys strengths in order to exploit opportunities and counter threats and to correct
companys weaknesses. SWOT analysis is based on the assumption that if managers
carefully review such strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, a useful
strategy for ensuring organizational success will become evident Strengths and
weaknesses typically relate to the internal environment of an organization, whereas
opportunities and threats are brought about by the external environment of an
organization. In the following section, both internal and external analyses of HABIB
BANK LMITED are outlined:

5.2 INTERNAL ANALYSIS
Internal analysis of a firm is the analysis of its strengths and weaknesses. Unless a firm
has internal strengths and controls its weaknesses, it cannot take advantage of
opportunities and escape threats which the external environment presents. Following
are the main strength and weaknesses of HBL.

5.2.1 STRENGTHS
1. The internal capabilities which can facilitate the organization to have
competitive edge over its rivals are called as the opportunities of the
organization.
2. HBL is the larger commercial bank in Pakistan with the network of over 1400
domestic branches and 55 international branches.
3. Being the pioneer of banking in Pakistan, HBL is the oldest and is the richest in
experience.
40
4. HBL focuses on consumer banking by lucrative schemes, products and services
suiting best to the wants and demands of the customers.
5. Human resources development and introduction of new technology towards
modern banking.
6. 24 hours cash access and safe payment products for high value transaction.
7. HBL instant financing products for customers wanting instant loan facilities at
HBL branches.

5.2.2 WEAKNESSES
1. The internal in capabilities which accumulatively add up and get some of the
disadvantages to the bank are called the weakness of the bank. Here are some of
the weaknesses which HBL faces in the market.
2. Non efficient working staff.
3. Slow down in advances growth in the short term as HBL focuses on quality
customers in the markets.
4. Discrimination in services to customers with large and small accounts.
5. Inconsistency in efficiency and working atmosphere due to the largest of
branches.
6. Victim of political, legal and socio-cultural pressures.

5.3 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS
An organization has to monitor its environment constantly to keep up with new
developments and changes in the environment. A change in the external environment
may be either an opportunity or threat. In either case, the organization has to properly
use it strengths to avail the opportunities and avoid or minimize the negative effects of
threats. Following are the main opportunities and threats of HBL.


41
5.3.1 OPPORTUNITIES
1. The external factors favoring the organizations success are called the
opportunities. Here are some of the opportunities of the HBL in the
competitive environment.
2 Economy at the boost
1 In opportunity exist, in form of opening of ladies banking section within
the branch which is entirely a new idea and it will attract customer.
2 Customer feedback on different products and accounts has really
improved the bank performance and encourage the atmosphere for other
future policies.
3 Due to efficient and veteran management group, HBL can also improve
Ill and expand its foreign operation successfully.
4 Habib Bank Limited provides opportunity to utilize its skills and
efficiencies in leasing business.

5.3.2 THREATS
1. An area in the environment that increases the difficulties the
organizations achieving high performance.
2. Political situation in the country.
3. Facing more competition by foreign banks in the market.
4. Also the increasing operation of private banks.
5. Highly attractive and advance services by foreign banks to their
customers.
6. Growing global technological advancement.






42
CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 CONCLUSION
The operational efficiency of the bank is not stable. Sometimes it goes up and
sometimes it goes down. There is fluctuation in the performance trend. But in the year
2007, profit has increasing trend. The main reason of rising trend is that Habib Bank
starts various services for their customers and improving its packages and other internet
related services for the convenience of its customers.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our students face many problems, which have not been included in here. These are
ones that I faced alone .where as many of the problem that we have discussed in our
sittings include irrelevance of the work taken from us such as photocopying making
tea, getting copies . Here I would like to make recommendation that the department can
on its own start a small duration project that would have multiple benefits to the
students as well as the university can be benefited this project can be designed by the
specific teacher and students may be required to work under the supervision of the
teacher dividing the students on the basis of their specialization and assigning them
tasks which may enable them to get a more relevant experience.
1. Bank should try increase profit after taxation to strengthen its return on equity
ratio.
2. The management should make the innovative plans and schemes to utilize the
investment wisely.
3. There is an increasing trend of assets, but just the increase does not benefit the
bank until and unless these are utilized effectively.
4. The difference between markup rate of advances and deposits should be
reduced to gain confidence of customers and income should be increased by
increasing the number of customers, giving better facilities and offers to them.
5. The bank management should try to, at least, equalize the non-interest revenues
& expenses and reduce their gap.
43
6. In order to improve the net bank operating margin, the gap between the
operating revenues and expenses should be increased.
7. Efforts should be made to increase the earning per share to regain the
confidence of the customers.
8. The increased amount of equity capital should be utilized by launching the new
profitable projects.
9. The management should try to find other ways of generating income from new
services to reduce the earnings spread.
10. There should be strick monitoring over the expenses and should be incurred
according to the requirements. There should be a positive relationship between
expenses and revenues
11. Too much dependence on the outsiders (loans/ liabilities) goes against the bank.
The bank should strengthn its equity and decrease the portion of liability, and
resultantly decrease the equity multiplier ratio.
12. The appriciation should be encouraged by management of Habib bank.
13. Promotions should also made for better output.
14. Work burden should be reduced because with fresh mind employees can
perform their duties easily and effectively.












44
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Annual reports of HBL
2. Discussions and Interview with the bank staff especially with the manager of
the main branch Mardan.
3. www.google.com
4. www.netmba.com
5. www.spireframe.com
6. www.businessrecorder.com
7. www.sbp.org.pk
8. www.scribed.com
9. www.slideworld.com
10. www.studentassing.com



















45
GLOSSARY

HBL Habib Bank Limited
D.D: Demand Draft
T.T: Telegraphic transfer
A/C: account
O.B: Other Bank
O.B.D: other Bank Draft
P.L.S: Profit and Loss Account
Dr: debit
Cr: Credit
C.A: Current Account
F.L: Flexi loan
L.G: Letter of Grantee
D.F: Demand Finance
L.C: Letter of Credit
R.F: Running Finance
F.A.P.C: Finance against Packing Credit
F.A.T.R: Finance against Trust Receipt
SWOT : Strength weaknesses Opportunities threats