Chapter 7

STRESSES DUE TO BENDING

Beam and its applications

 Leaf Spring Rear Axle acting as a Beam

A leaf spring is a long, flat, thin, and flexible piece of spring

steel or composite material that resists bending.
 OBJECTIVE

Discuss – Stresses and strains associated
with Shear Force and B.M.

To develop the relationship between

St
stresses, Bending moments, young’s
modulus, Moment of inertia, strains,
Radius of curvature and so on.,

Analyze the stress distributions inside the

slender member or beams.
 GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION OF A
SYMMETRICAL BEAM SUBJECTED TO PURE
BENDING
ASSUMPTIONS

• Beam – Material Property

• SYMMETRICAL WITH RESPECT TO PLANE OF

LOADING.

• A BEAM WHICH TRANSMITS A CONSTANT BENDING

MOMENT along its Length

PURE BENDING
 Pure Bending - Example

Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected to equal and

opposite couples acting in the same longitudinal plane
 RADIUS OF CURVATURE
• CURVATURE IS DEFINED AS THE RATE OF CHANGE
OF THE SLOPE ANGLE OF THE CURVE WITH
RESPECT TO DISTANCE ALONG THE CURVE.

NORMALS TO CURVE AT B & C INTERSECT AT O’

WHEN ∆Φ IS SMALL, ∆S →O’B ∆Φ,

AS C →B, ∆S →0, CURVATURE AT POINT B IS

DEFINED AS

dφ  ∆φ   1  1
= lim   = lim  '  =
ds ∆s →0 ∆s  ∆s →0 O B  ρ

ρ = O' B is the radius of curvature at point B

Two deformed Elements

AD, BE, CF REPRESENT EQUIDISTANT PLANE
SECTIONS PERPENDICULAR TO AXIS OF AN
INITIALLY STRAIGHT BEAM.

BEAM BENT BY MB APPLIED AT THE ENDS IN

PLANE OF SYMMETRY

TWO DEFORMED ELEMENTS FORMED BY

SURFACES A1D1, B1E1 & C1F1

THE SURFACESA1D1, B1E1 & C1F1 MUST BE PLANE
SURFACES PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF
SYMMETRY

IN PURE BENDING, IN A PLANE OF SYMMETRY,

PLANE CROSS SECTIONS REMAIN PLANE.

EACH ELEMENT DEFORMS IDENTICALLY MEANS

THAT THE INITIALLY PARALLEL PLANE SECTIONS
MUST HAVE A COMMON INTERSECTION POINT O &
BEAM BENDS INTO ARC OF A CIRCLE CENTERED
AT O.
 FIGURE B

CROSS SECTIONS REMAINED PLANE, ORIGINALLY

STRAIGHT LONGITUDINAL LINES HAVE BECOME
ARCS OF CIRCLES.
After applying constant BM

SOME LINES ARE SHORTENED & SOME

ELONGATED

THERE IS ONE LINE IN THE PANE OF SYMMETRY
WHICH HAS NOT CHANGED IN LENGTH, CALLED
NEUTRAL AXIS.

SETUP COORDINATE SYSTEM IN SUCH A WAY
THAT X AXIS COINCIDES WITH NEUTRAL AXIS.

THERE IS DEFORMATION OF CROSS SECTION IN

ITS OWN PLANE, BUT WE MAKE AN ASSUMPTION

ASSUME THAT DEFORMATION IS SO SMALL THAT

WE CAN USE THE COORDINATES OF A POINT IN
THE UNDEFORMED CROSS SECTION TO PROVIDE
AN ADEQUATE APPROXIMATION OF LOCATION OF
POINT AFTER DEFORMATION.

(FIGURE A & B) WE ASSUME THAT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
RADII OF CURVATURE CAN STILL BE y.

FROM DEFINITION OF NEUTRAL AXIS

• IJ=MN=M1N1
• STRAIN OF I1 J1
• εX= (I1 J1 –IJ)/IJ =( I1 J1- M1N1) / M1N1
• M1N1 = ρ∆Φ
• I1 J1= (ρ-y) ∆Φ

y
dφ
εX = − = − y
ρ ds

MINUS SIGN INDICATES THERE IS SHORTENING ABOVE
NEUTRAL AXIS & LENGTHENING BELOW

EQ(4) GIVES LONGITUDINAL STRAIN AT ALL POINTS IN

THE CROSS SECTION OF THE BEAM

BY SYMMETRY ARGUMENT REQURING PLANE SECTIONS

TO REMAIN PLANE

Shear Strain

xy
γ =γ =0 xz

For all points in the cross section of beam.

 STRESSES FROM STRESS –STRAIN
RELATIONS
• FOR LINEAR ISOTROPIC
ELASTIC MATERIAL

1 y x
σ y
[
εx = σx −υ (σy +σz ) = − ] =−
E ρ E ρ
τ xy
γ xy = = 0
G

τ xz
γ xz = =0
G
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the
neutral surface remains L. At other
sections,
 y
σ x = Eε x = − E
ρ

L′ = (ρ − y )θ
δ = L − L′ = (ρ − y )θ − ρθ = − yθ
δ yθ y
εx = =− =− (strain varies linearly)
L ρθ ρ
EQUILIBRIUM REQUIREMENTS
 STRESSES FROM STRESS –STRAIN
RELATIONS
• FOR LINEAR ISOTROPIC y
ELASTIC MATERIAL- Hooke’s x
ε =−
Law ρ
1 y x
σ y
[
εx = σx −υ (σy +σz ) = − ] =−
E ρ E ρ

τ xy
γ xy = = 0
G

τ xz
γ xz = =0
G
 RESULTANT OF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION OVER THE CROSS
SECTION OF THE BEAM SHOULD EQUAL BENDING MOMENT Mb

A
ΣFx = ∫ σ x dA = 0

A
ΣM y = ∫ zσ x dA = 0

A
ΣM z = − ∫ yσ x dA = M b

Above Equation is made under the assumption that

deformation of the cross section is sufficiently small so
that we can use un-deformed coordinates to locate points
in the deformed cross section
STRESS & DEFORMATION IN SYMMETRICAL
ELASTIC BEAMS SUBJECTED TO PURE
BENDING

y z z
σ ,σ , ε , ε y No quantitative Statements

Bottleneck Leads certain assumptions


EXTERNAL SURFACES OF THE ELEMENTAL SLICE
OF THICKNESS ∆x ARE FREE OF NORMAL &
SHEAR STRESSES. AS BEAM IS SLENDER,

σ y = σ z = τ yz = 0
σX=-Ey/ ρ = -Ey dΦ/ds
LONGITUDINAL NORMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN
PURE BENDING OF A BEAM, WITH MATERIAL
FOLLOWING HOOK’S LAW
NEUTRAL SURFACE MUST PASS THROUGH
THE CENTROID OF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA
y E
ydA=0 (10)
A A
ΣFx = ∫ σxdA= ∫ E dA=−
ρ ρ ∫A
y E (11)
yzdA=0
A A
ΣM y = ∫ zσ x dA= −∫ E zdA= −
ρ ρ ∫A
E 2 (12)
y dA =M b
A A
ΣM z = − ∫ yσ x dA = ∫
ρ
2
I zz = y dA (13)
A
∫
 Theory of pure pending equation
• EQ (12) IS KNOWN AS SECOND MOMENT OF THE BEAM
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OR MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
THE AREA ABOUT NEUTRAL AXIS.
• WHEN BM IS +VE, CURVATURE IS +VE, i.e.., CONCAVE
UPWARDS

Flexural Formula
1 M b
=
ρ EI zz
E Mb
Mb y =
εx = − ρ I zz
EI zz
σx Mb
Mby =−
σ x = − y I zz
I zz
σ x Mb E
= = Theory of pure pending equation
y I zz ρ
• STRESS DISTRIBUTION IS LINEAR
• FIBERS ON TOP SURFACE OF THE BEAM ARE IN
COMPRESSION & ON BOTTOM SURFACE ARE IN
TENSION

Mby
εy =υ = −υε x
EI zz
Mby
εz =υ = −υε x
EI zz

γ yz = 0
Compressed region expand laterally

Tensile region contract laterally

Theory of elasticity

Neutral surface actually has a

double curvature. One is in XY
Plane and another is in XZ plane.
The later Curvature is called
anticlastic Curvature

Lines in the cross section parallel to z axis are deformed
into arcs of circles & trace of the neutral surface on the
cross section has become an arc with curvature –v/ρ.
This transverse curvature of the beam is called
anticlastic curvature

Neutral axis is the only axis in the deformed neutral

surface whose curvature is in a plane parallel to the
original plane of symmetry of the beam.
 EXAMPLE 7.1
A STEEL BEAM 25 mm WIDE AND 75 mm DEEP IS
PINNED TO SUPPORTS AT POINTS A & B, WHERE
THE SUPPORT B IS ON ROLLERS AND FREE TO
MOVE HORIZONTALLY. WHEN THE ENDS OF THE
BEAM ARE LOADED WITH 5kN LOADS, WE WISH TO
FIND THE MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS AT THE MID
SPAN OF THE BEAM AND ALSO THE ANGLE ∆Φ0
SUBTENDED BY THE CROSS SECTIONS AT A & B IN
THE DEFORMED BEAM.
 EXAMPLE 7.2

FIND MAXIMUM TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE

BENDING STRESSES IN THE SYMMETRICAL T BEAM
UNDER THE ACTION OF A CONSTANT BENDING
MOMENT Mb
 Calculate IZZ=(Izz)1+ (Izz)2
Find the centre of Gravity
Using parallel axis theorem
Then applying the pure bending
Equation, Find the Max Tensile and
Compressive bending stress

a1 y 1 + a 2 y 2
y=
a1 + a 2
 STRESES IN SYMMTRICAL ELASTIC BEAMS
TRANSMITTING SHEA FORCE & BENDING MOMENT

PURE BENDING IS UNCOMMON

PRESENCE OF SHEAR FORCE MEANS THAT B.M.

VARIES ALONG THE BEAM & MANY SYMMETRY
ARGUMENTS ARE NO LONGER APPLICABLE.

ENGINEERING THEORY OF STRESSES

ASSUMPTION : BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

(7.16) IS VALID EVEN WHEN THE B.M. VARIES
ALONG THE BEAM i.e. WHEN SHEAR FORCE IS
PRESENT.
 CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS IN A
SYMMETRICAL BEAM FROM EQUILIBRIUM OF A
SEGMNT OF A BEAM

NO EXTERNAL TRANSVERSE LOAD ACTING ON THE
ELEMENT SO THAT TRANSVERSE SHEAR FORCE V
IS INDEPENDENT OF x.

∆Mb IS VARIATION OF B.M. WITH x.

FIGURE B : DUE TO INCREASE ∆Mb OVER LENGTH

∆x, bending stresses acting on +ve x face of the beam
element will be somewhat larger than those on the –ve x
face.

FIGURE C:EQUILIBRIUM OF SEGMENT OF BEAM ,

BY ISOLATING PART ABOVE PLANE y=y1.
 • DUE TO UNBALANCE OF BENDING STRESSES ON THE ENDS
OF THIS SEGMENT, ∆Fyx ACT ON –VE y FACE TO MAINTAIN
FORCE BALANCE IN THE x DIRECTION.

ΣFx =  ∫ σ x dA − ∆Fyx −  ∫ σ x dA = 0

 A1  x + ∆x  A1  x

∆M b
ΣF yx = − ∫ ydA
I zz A1

dM b
+V = 0
dx
 dFyx V
= ∫ ydA = q yx
dx I zz A1

Q = ∫ ydA
A1
VQ VQ
q yx
q yx = τ yx = =
I zz b bI zz
• qyx is longitudinal shear force transmitted across the
plane defined by y=y1 per unit length of beam , called
shear flow
• ASSUMPTION : SHAER STRESS IS UNIFORM
ACROSS THE BEAM
SHEAR STRESS DITRIBUTION IN
RECTANGULAR BEAMS
• ASSUMPTION: SHEAR STRESSES ARE
DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY ACROSS THE WIDTH &
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IS A CASE OF PLANE
STRESS
• CONSIDER A CASE SHEAR FORCE DOES NOT VARY WITH
x, SHEAR STRESS ALSO WILL BE INDEPNDENT OF x, AND
SECOND OF ABOVE EQUATION IS AUTOMATICALLY
SATISFIED SINCE NORMAL STRESS σy =0

∂τ xy
∂  M b y  Vy
− =  −  =
∂y ∂x  I zz  I zz

2 h/2
h/2 V y 
[ ]
− τ xy y1
=  
I zz  2  y1
2
V h  2

τ xy =   − y1 
2 I zz  2  
• Shear stress is maximum at neutral
surface and falls off parabolically
 STRESS ANALYSIS IN BENDING; COMBINED
STRESSES

• SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT BOTH ARE

PRESENT
• EXAMPLE 7.5
• INVESTIGATE THE STATE OF STRESS AT POINTS B
& C IN THE TOP FLANGE AND WEB OF THE I BEAM
WHEN SHEAR FORCE V AND BENDING MOMENT Mb
ARE BEING TRANSMITTED.
• FIGURE 7.21
 EXAMPLE 7.6
• AN ELASTIC CIRCULAR SHAFT IS SHOWN IN
FIGURE TRANSMITTING BENDING MOMENT MB,
AXIAL TENSILE FORCE P, & TWISTING MOMENT MT.
FIND THE STATE OF COMBINED STRESS.
 STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO BENDING

• LONGITUDINAL STRESS GIVEN BY EQ (16), SO

TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY IS GIVEN BY,

2
1 σx
U = ∫∫∫σ x ε x dxdydz = ∫∫∫ dxdydz
2 2E
M B2 2
U =∫ 2
dx ∫∫ y dydz
L 2 EI zz A

M B2
U = dx
∫ L 2 EI ZZ
BEAM SUBJECTED TO TRANSVERSE SHEAR
& BENDING

2 2 2
σ x
τ +τ
xy xz
U = ∫∫∫ dxdydx+ ∫∫∫ dxdydz
2E 2G
 ONSET OF YIELDING IN BENDING

• σ1 = σx , σ2 = σ3 =0

• Criteriaon for yielding in pure bending is

σx =Y
• For combined stresses, Mises criterion or
maximum shear stres criterion may be
used.
 EXAMPLE 7.7
• A CIRCULAR ROD OF RADIUS r IS BENT INTO U
SHAPE TO FORM THE STRUCTURE. THE MATERIAL
IN THE ROD HAS A YIELD STRESS Y IN SIMPLE
TENSION. DETERMINE THE LOAD P THAT WILL
CAUSE YIELDING TO BEGIN AT SOME POINT IN THE
STRUCTURE.