NetworkTechnologyLab.

Handover Decision Mechanism to

Relieve Ping-Pong Effect in Cellular
Networks
Nov. 3
th
, 2010

Sueng Jae Bae
(noooi@ece.skku.ac.kr)
APCC 2010
- 2 / 12 -
Outline
Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Schemes
RSS-Based Mobility Estimation Method
Mobility-Based Handover Mechanism
Performance Evaluation
Conclusion
- 3 / 12 -
Introduction
Ping-pong effect
When an user equipment (UE) moves in the outer region of a cell, the
UE may perform frequent handovers
Problems
Increase in network loads due to the handover signaling
Packet loss and/or delay due to the frequent updates of packet delivery route
3GPP LTE(-Advanced) system introduces simple schemes to relieve
ping-pong effect [17]
Handover hysteresis margin (HOM)
Time-To-Trigger (TTT)
[1] 3GPP TS 36.331 V9.2.0 (2010-03), E-UTRA Radio Resource Control.
- 4 / 12 -
Handover hysteresis margin (HOM)
UE considers handover to an candidate eNB
when the received signal strength (RSS) from the eNB becomes larger than the sum of
RSS from the currently attached eNB and HOM margin (M
HOM
)
Time-To-Trigger (TTT)
If the HOM condition is satisfied for T
TTT
seconds,
The UE triggers handover to the candidate eNB
If it does not satisfies,
The UE does not perform handover and it resets the timer
Introduction to HOM and TTT Schemes
time
M
HOM
(dB)
T
TTT
(ms)
RSS(dB)
from serving eNB
from candidate eNB
Handover to
candidate eNB
Stay in the
serving eNB
HOM current candidate
M RSS RSS + >
- 5 / 12 -
Introduction to HOM and TTT Schemes (cont.)
Pros and cons of HOM and TTT
Pros
They can effectively reduce ping-pong effect with simple operations
Cons
Difficulty on deciding appropriate M
HOM
(dB) and T
TTT
(sec)
Service interruption due to the late handover decision can occur
They does not sufficiently consider multiple candidates
Handover decision mechanism based on the UEs
mobility [9][10]
Can minimize time required for handover decision
They can accurately decide the execution of handover
[9] S. K. Kim, C. G. Kang, and K. S. Kim, An adaptive handover decision algorithm based on the estimating mobility from signal
strength measurements, IEEE 60
th
Conference on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 1004-1008, Sep. 2004.
[10] T.-H. Kim, Q. Yang, J.-H. Lee, S.-G. Park, and Y.-S. Shin, A Mobility Management Technique with Simple Handover Prediction
for 3G LTE Systems, IEEE 66
th
Conference on Vehicular Technology, pp. 259-263, Sep.-Oct. 2007.
- 6 / 12 -
RSS-Based Mobility Estimation Scheme
Considers polar coordinate
RSS mostly depends on the distance between the UE and eNB
Polar coordinate which represents an UEs position with distance r and angle
is useful to estimate RSS
Representation of velocity: ( , )
Proposed scheme calculates radial velocity v
r
Radial velocity v
r
the velocity of an object in the direction of the line of sight
The UEs speed straight away from an eNB
Estimates radial velocity by using relationship between
Integration of RSS for specific duration ( sec)
Path-loss model
( ) u , r
u
u

v r v v
r
+ =

dt
d
v
u
u
=
dt
dr
v
r
=
T A
- 7 / 12 -
Handover decision based on the estimated radial velocity
UE calculates radial velocities for serving eNB and all of candidate
eNBs for handover decision
The smallest for an eNB indicates that the UE approaches to the eNB
faster than other eNBs
Mobility-Based Handover Mechanism
r
v
r
v
- 8 / 12 -
Start
Measure and of serving
and candidate eNBs
RSS of serving eNB < ?
Yes
No
= ?
Handover to dddddddddddd
Yes
End
No
Th
P
Find dddddddddddandddddddddddd
j
r
v
( ) { }
j
m
P max arg ( ) { }
j
r
v min arg
j
m
P
( ) { }
j
m
P max arg ( ) { }
j
r
v min arg
( ) { }
j
m
P max arg
Measure of serving
and candidate eNBs after df seconds
j
m
P
Find dddddddddd ( ) { }
j
m
P max arg
m
T
: RSS from eNB j
: Radial velocity for eNB j
: Threshold for handover triggering
Mobility-Based Handover Mechanism (cont.)
Th
P
j
m
P
j
r
v
: RSS measurement interval (sec) m
T
- 9 / 12 -
Performance Evaluation
Simulation environment
Channel modeling
Okumura-Hata path-loss
model
Shadowing (8 dB stand.)
Multipath fading
Simulation parameters
Radial velocity estimation
Average of 100,000 iterations
Handover mechanism
Average for 10,000 seconds
Parameters Value
1 sec
0.05 sec
20
128.1 dB
37.6 dB
Radio transmission power 46 dBm
Shadowing standard deviation 8 dB
Shadowing correlation distance 50 m
Cellular environments
Hexagonal grid, 3 sites,
wrap around
Carrier frequency 2 GHz
Inter-eNB distance 1000 m
Mobility Model Random walk model
Number of UEs 10 UEs per cell
T A
m
T
N
1
K
2
K
- 10 / 12 -
Simulation Results
Estimation error
Difference between the actual and the estimated radial velocities
- 11 / 12 -
Simulation Results (cont.)
Cumulative distribution function of the inter-HO intervals
Different path-loss models are used for channel modeling in simulations
- 12 / 12 -
We have proposed two schemes in the paper
Radial velocity estimation methodology
Enable an UE to estimate radial velocity for eNB
Translate changes in RSS to radial velocity by using path-loss model
Handover decision mechanism based on the estimated mobility
Help an UE to select appropriate eNB to handover
Considering radial velocity can improve accuracy of the handover
decision
Since the radial velocity implies actual mobility of the UE
Conclusion
- 13 / 12 -
Thank you and have a nice time in APCC 2010!
Feel free to ask any question via noooi@ece.skku.ac.kr