Module 14

Determination of Net Pay in Fluvial/Deltaic Environments

Glossary Terms:
bulk volume water (BVW): BV is t!e "ercenta#e of t!e total roc$ volume t!at is
occu"ied %y &ater' (t com"ares to t!e more commonly used &ater saturation term in
t!at &ater saturation is t!e "ercent of t!e total "ore s"ace occu"ied %y &ater' (t is a
critical in"ut to estimatin# fluid mo%ility in t!e reservoir'
bulk volume water irreducible (BVWirr): BVirr is t!e "ercenta#e of t!e total roc$
volume t!at is occu"ied %y &ater t!at is %ound to t!e roc$ matri) %y ca"illary forces' (t
s!ould not %e confused &it! &ater t!at is %ound to t!e s!ale molecules' (t is a critical
in"ut in t!e estimation of "ermea%ility'
Coates-Denoo technique: T!is tec!ni*ue &as "resented %y +oates and Denoo ,1-.1/
to relate "ermea%ility to "orosity and BVirr' (t &as an ada"tation of t!e ori#inal +oates
and Dumanoir ,1-01/ &or$ t!at related "ermea%ility to "orosity and 2&irr' (t "rovided a
reasona%le correlation %et&een core "ermea%ility to air and lo# %ased "orosity and
BVirr' (t &as later modified %y Bar%a and Darlin# ,1--1/ to include a varia%le
cali%ration factor t!at can %e used to matc! effective "ermea%ility to reservoir fluids'
drawdown: t!e amount of "ressure dro" across t!e sand face in a "roducin# reservoir'
(f t!ere is no difference %et&een t!e "ressure in t!e &ell%ore and t!e formation
"ressure or if t!e "ressure in t!e &ell%ore is !i#!er a 3one &ill not flo&' (f t!e "ressure
in t!e &ell%ore is less t!an t!e reservoir "ressure flo& &ill occur' Dra&do&n is t!e
amount of t!is difference'
Klinkenberg corrections: 4 correlation tec!ni*ue t!at corrects core "ermea%ility to air
to core "ermea%ility to #as'
!"# version o$ the %! tool t&'e: T!ere are t&o ty"es of nuclear ma#netic
resonance tools &idely availa%le in t!e industry today' 5alli%urton Ener#y 2ervices !as
t!e Ma#netic 6esonance (ma#in# 7o# ,M6(7/ &!ile 2c!lum%er#er !as t!e +om%ina%le
Ma#netic 6esonance lo#' Bot! tools "rovide measurements of BVirr8 &!ile only t!e
M6(7 can "rovide effective "orosity'
neutron-densit& combination: T!e most common "orosity tools run on &ells today are
t!e com"ensated neutron and formation density lo#s' T!e com"ensated neutron lo#
res"onds to t!e volume of !ydro#en in t!e roc$ &!ile t!e density lo# res"onds to t!e
electron density' (n com%ination t!e t&o tools usually "rovide a reasona%le estimate of
total "orosity ,uncorrected for s!ale volume/'
nuclear magnetic resonance (%!) log data: T!e NM6 lo# measures t!e time it
ta$es for "rotons to rela) after %ein# e)cited %y a ma#netic field' (t "rovides an
estimate of t!e amount of &ater t!at is %ound to t!e roc$ matri) ,BVirr/ and t!us a $ey
in"ut to "ermea%ility'
Module 14
Determination of Net Pay in Fluvial/Deltaic Environments
'ermeabilit&: a measurement of fluid mo%ility8 usually e)"ressed in one t!ousandt!s of
a Darcy or millidarcy' (t is a $ey com"onent of net "ay as &ells &it! lo& or no
"ermea%ility &ill not "roduce economic *uantities of !ydrocar%ons'
(imandou) water saturation equation: +onventional &ireline lo#s cannot measure
t!e volume of !ydrocar%ons directly' T!ey measure t!e volume of salt &ater in
t!e roc$8 and from t!is infer an oil volume from t!e difference %et&een t!e "ore
volume in t!e roc$ and t!e volume of &ater' !en formations contain no clays
t!e &ater saturation can %e o%tained directly from t!e "orosity and resistivity lo#s'
Virtually all sands in fluvial/deltaic environments contain clay8 !o&ever8 and an
ad9ustment needs to %e made to t!e conventional &ater saturation relations!i"s to
account for t!e effect of clay resistivity' T!e 2imandou) model is one of t!e most
&idely used in t!is area'
skin damage: Durin# t!e drillin# "!ase of &ell construction t!e "rimary o%9ective is to
"lu# off t!e &ell to $ee" it from %lo&in# out' 7ar#e volumes of &ater and mud invade
t!e formation in t!is "rocess' !en t!e casin# is cemented lar#e volumes of &ater are
also lost' 4ll of t!is material creates o%stacles to t!e flo& of reservoir fluids once t!e
"roduction "!ase starts' 2$in is a measure of t!e de#ree of dama#e to flo& t!at !as
occurred'
(w (Water (aturation): T!e volume of &ater in t!e "ore s"ace e)"ressed as a
"ercenta#e'
*+ value: 4 "arameter used in nuclear ma#netic resonance lo##in# t!at determines t!e
criteria for irreduci%le &ater'
underbalanced drilling: 4s discussed in t!e :s$in dama#e; section a%ove8 fluids often
dama#e t!e formation and im"ede reservoir fluid flo&' <nder%alanced drillin# occurs
&!en t!e fluid "ressure in t!e &ell%ore is less t!an t!e formation "ressure' (t !el"s
minimi3e s$in dama#e'
viscosit&: 4 measure of fluid resistance to flo&' =il !as a muc! !i#!er viscosity t!an
#as and flo&s less readily'
watercut: T!e "ercenta#e of &ater in t!e "roduction stream'
,!D data: >?ray diffraction data' T!ese data are t!e $ey cali%ration value for t!e
volume of s!ale' T!ey measure t!e %ul$ volume of s!ale as a "ercenta#e of total roc$
volume'
E*uations <sed (n E)ercise:
G6+ ,Gamma 6ay +orrected/ @G6A,,Mudt/1BBB/A ,MudtA,1?'BCDA1'DEC/F1B/A
,+47(?1'DEC/FB'0.C/
Module 14
Determination of Net Pay in Fluvial/Deltaic Environments
G6@ra& #amma ray tool readin# from field e)"ressed in 4P( units
Mudt@ density of mud in l%/#al
+ali@!ole si3e measurement in inc!es
G( ,G6 (nde)/ @,G6+?G6M(N//,G6M4>?G6M(N/
G6+ @ Gamma ray value in 1BBG sand
G6M4>@Gamma ray value in 1BBG s!ale
Vclay ,Volume +lay/ @ B'11AHEI,EAG(/?1J ,consolidated ss/
Vclay ,Volume +lay/ @ 'B.1AHEI,1'0AG(/ ?1J ,unconsolidated ss/
DP5( ,Density Porosity/ @,65=M4?65=B// ,65=M4?65=F/
65=M4@E'DC K 65=F@1'B
65=M4 @ %ul$ density of matri) roc$ in #/cc
65=F@ %ul$ density of mud filtrate in #/cc
P5(E ,DP5( corrected for s!ale volume/ @DP5(A,VclayADP5(25/
DP5(25 ,DP5( s!ale/@B'B1C
2& ,4rc!ie ater 2aturation/ @ ,B'.1A6&/(7D//P5(E
6& @ B'BC. o!m?m
(7D @ dee" resistivity measurement o!m?m
6& @ &ater resistivity o!m?m
2& ,Modified 2imandou) E*uation/ @,B'CA6&/P5(EIm/A,,4AP5(EIm//,6&A(7D/F
,Vclay/6s!ale/IE/I,1/n/?Vclay/6s!ale
m@E'B.8 n@1'44
6s!ale@1'. o!m?m
m@cementation e)"onent
n@2aturation e)"onent
6s!ale @ s!ale resistivity o!m?m
Permea%ility @,4AP5(EIEA,,P5(E?BV//BV///IE
BV @ %ul$ volume &ater v/v
6eferences:
+oates8 G'6' and Dumanoir8 L'7':;4 Ne& 4""roac! to lo# Derived Permea%ility8:
Transactions 2P74 14
t!
4nnual :7o##in# +onvention8 7afayette8 1-01'
+oates8 G'6'8 and Denoo8 2':; T!e Produci%ility 4ns&er Product8; 2c!lum%er#er
:Tec!nical 6evie&8; E- No' E Lune 1-.1 "" CC?D1
Module 14
Determination of Net Pay in Fluvial/Deltaic Environments
Bar%a8 6'E' and Darlin#8 5: :6ecent 4dvances in 7o# Derived Permea%ility8; "resented
at t!e 1--1 2c!lum%er#er Gulf +oast (nter"retation 2ym"osium8 Ne& =rleans'