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Fahrzeugsicherheit
Crash Analysis
Criteria Description
Version 1.6.1
Crash Analysis Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup
Version 1.6.1
April 2004 edition
Subject to changes
rt
Measured data processing vehicle safety workgroup, Algorithm workgroup:
D. Cichos, bast; D. de Vogel, Ford; M. Otto, TV Rheinland; O. Schaar, Delphi; S. Zlsch, National Instruments,
in cooperation with the Task Force ISO TS 13499 (ISO-MME)
This documentation is available from the following address:
Bundesanstalt fr Straenwesen, Brderstrae 53,D-51427 Bergisch Gladbach,
Tel.: +49 (0)2204 / 43624, Fax: +49 (0)2204 / 43687
This documentation has been compiled with the greatest care. We are grateful for information about errors, new
methods, and new laws. We do not accept liability for incorrect information.
1995-2004 Workgroup Data Processing Vehicle Safety. All Rights Reserved.
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 iii
Contents
For a clear presentation of the criteria used to evaluate crash tests, the criteria are briefly summarized
below.
First, there is a description of the criterion. Then the mathematical calculation is specified. This is
followed by a description of how the individual input values are determined (filtered). Then
information about the laws and stipulations relating to the algorithm.
Note All the descriptions are based on SAE J1733-conform signal polarity (sign
convention).
The following criteria are described:
Chapter 1
Description of the Head Criteria
HIC................................................................................................................................. 1-2
HAC............................................................................................................................... 1-4
HIC(d) ............................................................................................................................ 1-5
HPC................................................................................................................................ 1-6
HCD............................................................................................................................... 1-8
Chapter 2
Description of the Neck Criteria
Time At Level ............................................................................................................... 2-2
NIC (front impact ECE)................................................................................................. 2-4
NIC (front impact EuroNCAP)...................................................................................... 2-6
NIC (front impact FMVSS) ........................................................................................... 2-9
Nij .................................................................................................................................. 2-10
MOC .............................................................................................................................. 2-13
MTO............................................................................................................................... 2-16
NIC (rear impact)........................................................................................................... 2-19
Nkm ............................................................................................................................... 2-21
LNL................................................................................................................................ 2-23
Contents
iv Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
Chapter 3
Description of the Chest Criteria
VC.................................................................................................................................. 3-2
THPC............................................................................................................................. 3-4
TTI(d) ............................................................................................................................ 3-5
ThAC............................................................................................................................. 3-7
CTI................................................................................................................................. 3-8
ThCC (or TCC).............................................................................................................. 3-10
RDC............................................................................................................................... 3-11
Chapter 4
Description of the Criteria for the Lower Extremities
APF................................................................................................................................ 4-2
PSPF .............................................................................................................................. 4-3
FFC (ECE)..................................................................................................................... 4-4
FFC (EuroNCAP).......................................................................................................... 4-6
TI ................................................................................................................................... 4-7
TCFC............................................................................................................................. 4-11
Chapter 5
Description of Additional Criteria
Xms................................................................................................................................ 5-2
Xg .................................................................................................................................. 5-6
Acomp ........................................................................................................................... 5-7
Pulse Test....................................................................................................................... 5-9
Gillis Index .................................................................................................................... 5-13
NCAP ............................................................................................................................ 5-15
EuroNCAP..................................................................................................................... 5-17
SI.................................................................................................................................... 5-18
Integration...................................................................................................................... 5-19
Differentiation ............................................................................................................... 5-20
CFC filters ..................................................................................................................... 5-21
FIR100 filter .................................................................................................................. 5-24
Chapter 6
Legislation and Directives
The legislation and directives are written as follows: ................................................... 6-1
Limits............................................................................................................................. 6-3
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 1-1
1
Description of the Head Criteria
The following head criteria are described in this chapter:
HIC: Head Injury Criterion
HAC: Head Acceptability Criterion
HIC(d): Performance Criterion
HPC: Head Performance Criterion
HCD: Head Contact Duration
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
1-2 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
HIC
HIC is the abbreviation for Head Injury Criterion.
Description
The HIC value is the standardized maximum integral value of the head
acceleration. The length of the corresponding time interval is:
unlimited HIC
maximum of 36 ms HIC36
maximum of 15 ms HIC15
Mathematical Calculation
The calculation of the HIC value is based on the equation:
a is the resultant acceleration of the center of gravity of the head in units of
acceleration of gravity (g = 9,81 m/s). t
1
and t
2
are the points in time during
the crash, for which the HIC is at a maximum. Measured times are to be
specified in seconds.
Determining Input Values
The measured values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) are filtered in
accordance with CFC1000 (cf. CFC filters).
To define the input values in accordance with ECE-R80, the measured
values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) are filtered in accordance with
CFC600 (cf. CFC filters).
HIC sup
t
1
t ,
2
=
1
t
2
t
1
--------------
a t d
t
1
t
2
2 5 ,
t
2
t
1
( )
a a
x
2
a
y
2
a
z
2
+ + =
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 1-3
Relevant Laws and Regulations
FMVSS 208, S6.2
SAE J2052, 2.2.1
SAE J1727,3.6
ISO/TC22/SC12/WG3 N 282 Issued 1990-03-16
ADR69/00, 5.3.1
ECE-R80, Annex 4, 1
ECE-R22, 7.3.2.5
EuroNCAP, Front Impact, 10, 10.1
EuroNCAP, Side Impact, 10, 10.1
EuroNCAP, Pole Side Impact, 10, 10.1
EuroNCAP, Assessment Protocol, 5
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
1-4 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
HAC
HAC is the abbreviation for Head Acceptability Criterion
Caution This calculation regulation is obsolete. In the current ECE-R80 the HIC is used
instead.
Description
The HAC value is the standardized maximum integral value of the head
acceleration.
Mathematical Calculation
The calculation of the HAC value is based on the equation:
a is the resultant acceleration of the center of gravity of the head in units of
acceleration of gravity (g = 9,81 m/s). t
1
and t
2
are the points in time during
the crash, for which the HAC is at a maximum. Measured times are to be
specified in seconds.
Determining Input Values
The measured values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) are filtered in
accordance with CFC600 (cf. CFC filters).
Relevant Laws and Regulations
ECE-R80, 5.2.2.1.1
ECE-R80, Annex 7, 1.1
HAC sup
t
1
t ,
2
=
1
t
2
t
1
--------------
a t d
t
1
t
2
2 5 ,
t
2
t
1
( )
a a
x
2
a
y
2
a
z
2
+ + =
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 1-5
HIC(d)
HIC(d) is the Performance Criterion
Description
The HIC(d) value is the weighted standardized maximum integral value of
the head acceleration and is calculated from the HIC36 value.
Mathematical Calculation
The calculation of the HPC(d) value is based on the equation:
with
HIC36: HIC36 value (cf. HIC)
Determining Input Values
The measured values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) are filtered in
accordance with CFC1000 (cf. CFC filters).
Relevant Laws and Regulations
FMVSS 201, S7
NHTSA 49 CFR 571[Docket No. 92-28; Notice8],
[RIN No. 2127-AG07]; S7
NHTSA 49 CFR 571,572,589[Docket No. 92-28; Notice7],
[RIN No. 2127-AB85]; S7
HIC d ( ) 0 75446 HIC36 , 166 4 , + =
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
1-6 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
HPC
HPC is the abbreviation for Head Performance Criterion (criterion for the
head strain).
Description
The HPC value is the standardized maximum integral value of the head
acceleration. The corresponding time interval is a maximum of 36 ms
(HPC36).
The HPC value is identical to the HIC value.
Mathematical Calculation
The calculation of the HPC value is based on the equation:
a is the resultant acceleration a of the center of gravity of the head in units
of acceleration of gravity (1 g =9,81 m/s).
If there was no head contact, this criterion is fulfilled.
If the beginning of the head contact can be determined satisfactorily, t
1
and
t
2
are the two time points, specified in seconds, which define a period
between the beginning of the head contact and the end of the recording, at
which the HPC36 is at its maximum.
If the beginning of the head contact cannot be determined satisfactorily, t
1
and t
2
are the two time points, expressed in seconds, which define a period
between the beginning of the head contact and the end of the recording, at
which the HPC36 is at its maximum.
HPC sup
t
1
t ,
2
=
1
t
2
t
1
--------------
a t d
t
1
t
2
2 5 ,
t
2
t
1
( )
a a
x
2
a
y
2
a
z
2
+ + =
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 1-7
Determining Input Values
The measured values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) are filtered in
accordance with CFC1000 (cf. CFC filters).
Relevant Laws and Regulations
Directive 96/79/EG, Annex II, 3.2.1.1
Directive 96/79/EG, Annex II, Appendix 2, 1.2
ECE R94, Annex 4, 1.2
ECE R95, 5.2.1.1
ECE R95, Annex 4, Appendix 1, 1.
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
1-8 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
HCD
HCD is the abbreviation for Head Contact Duration
Description
The HCD value is the standardized maximum integral value of the head
acceleration during head contact intervals. The contact intervals are
determined using the resultant contact force (calculated from neck force of
the upper neck transducer, head acceleration and head mass).
Mathematical Calculation
To determine the contact interval, the resultant contact force F has to be
calculated first.
with:
m Mass of the head
a
i
head acceleration in i-direction
F
i
upper neck force in i-direction
Contact intervals are all the intervals in which a lower threshold value
(threshold level = 200 N) is constantly exceeded and a lower search level
(search level = 500 N) is exceeded at least once (see Figure 1-1 below).
Figure 1-1. Search und Threshold Level
F m a
x
F
x
( )
2
m a
y
F
y
( )
2
m a
z
F
z
( )
2
+ + =
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 1-9
The HIC value HIC
j
is calculated for each contact interval K
j
.
with:
t
j
beg
Start time of the contact interval K
j
t
j
end
End time of the contact interval K
j
The HCD value is then the maximum HIC value of all the contact intervals.
Determining Input Values
The measured values for head acceleration (a
x
, a
y
, a
z
) and neck forces (F
x
,
F
y
, F
z
) are filtered in accordance with CFC1000 (cf. CFC filters).
Relevant Laws and Regulations
SAE J2052, 2.2.2
SAE J2052, 4
ISO/TC22/SC12/WG3 N 282 (Issued 1990-03-16)
TRANS/SC1/WP29/GRSP/R.48/Rev.1, page 19, Annex 4,
Appendix 1
K
j
t
j
beg
t ;
j
end
=
HIC
j
HIC t
1
t
2
, ( ) t
j
beg
t
1
t
2
< t
j
end
; =
HCD max
j
HIC
j
=
Chapter 1 Description of the Head Criteria
1-10 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 2-1
2
Description of the Neck Criteria
This chapter describes the following neck criteria for a front impact and a
rear impact:
Front Impact:
Time At Level
NIC (front impact ECE): Neck Injury Criterion
NIC (front impact EuroNCAP): Neck Injury Criterion
NIC (front impact FMVSS): Neck Injury Criterion
Nij: Normalized Neck Injury Criterion
MOC: Total Moment about Occipital Condyle
MTO: Total Moment (Lower Neck)
Rear Impact:
NIC (rear impact): Neck Injury Criterion
Nkm: Neck Criterion rear impact
LNL: Lower Neck Load Index
Chapter 2 Description of the Neck Criteria
2-2 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
Time At Level
Time-Dependent Loading Criteria
Description
The time-at-level describes the maximum continuous time interval for
which the measured value of a signal has exceeded a certain lower
threshold. The value is determined either from the continuous time interval
(continuous calculation) or from the sum of all time intervals (cumulative
calculation).
Mathematical Calculation
Continuous Calculation
To determine the relationship between the measured value of the signal
(e.g. the force) and its corresponding time-at-level, the time-related load
criterion curve is determined, as illustrated in Figure 2-1:
Figure 2-1. Load Criterion Curve
1. The threshold values are plotted on the ordinate, the times-at-level are
plotted on the abscissa.
2. The maximum measured value and the time-at-level zero are assigned
to the highest threshold value.
3. In a matrix with two columns and 101 rows, all the threshold values
are stored in the first column, starting with the maximum value. All the
threshold values in this column are equal to the preceding ones minus
the quotient, which is the maximum value divided by 100. Zero is
assigned to the threshold value in the last line.
Chapter 2 Description of the Neck Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1 2-3
4. The largest continuous time interval in which the threshold value is
exceeded by the measurement signal is determined for every threshold
value in the first column. Use linear interpolation to determine the time
interval, round it to the nearest millisecond, and enter it in the second
column.
5. Every line in this matrix describes a value pair (point) that consists of
the threshold value and the time at level the load criterion curve
which are plotted in a coordinate system (criterion graph) and thus
compared to the injury assessment boundary. Times at level are only
taken into account if they are less than 60 ms.
6. To compare the load criterion curve to the injury assessment
boundary, the ratio between the load criterion value and the injury
assessment boundary value is determined for each value pair and
multiplied by 100. The highest value determined is the injury
assessment reference value and is entered in the coordinate system.
Cumulative Calculation
If the sampling rates are constant, the accumulated values can be calculated
with the following algorithm:
1. Values in descending order
2. Value (sorted) after x ms is the y-value.
Determining Input Values
25 - 32 points
17 - 24 points
9 - 16 points
1 - 8 points
0 points
Chapter 5 Description of Additional Criteria
5-18 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6
SI
SI is the abbreviation for the Severity Index.
Description
The SI value assesses the danger of a chest injury (obsolete, similar to HIC
{head injury}). This procedure is based on the Wayne-State Curve of
Human Tolerance of the human head.
Mathematical Calculation
The incremental SI value is calculated in accordance with:
with:
The cumulative SI value is calculated in accordance with:
with j = 2,3, ... T
Determining Input Values
=
SI
1
cum
SI
1
inc
=
SI
j
cum
SI
j 1
cum
SI
j
inc
+ =
Chapter 5 Description of Additional Criteria
Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6 5-19
Integration
Description
All those numeric integration processes (differentiation processes) are
suitable, which return the starting values after an integration followed by
differentiation or a differentiation with a subsequent integration.
Mathematical Calculation
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6-4 Data Processing Vehicle Safety Workgroup Crash Analysis Criteria Version 1.6.1
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