Peninsula Hotel Jakarta, 19 June 2014

By Diyah Handayani K
HIOKI SINGAPORE PTE. LTD
What is Grounding ?
A grounding is a conducting connection by which an
electrical circuit or equipment is connected to the
earth or some conducting body.

Source: IEEE Standard 81
What is Grounding ?
A conducting connection, between an electrical
circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some
conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

Source: NFPA 70-1981; National Electrical Code
PURPOSE OF GROUNDING

The purpose of a ground besides the protection
of people, plants and equipment is to provide a
safe path for the dissipation of fault currents,
lightning strikes, static discharges, EMI and RFI
signals and interference.
2 TYPE GROUNDING SYSTEM
Earth grounding
is an intentional connection from a circuit conductor,
usually the neutral, to a ground electrode placed in the
earth.

Equipment grounding
ensures that operating equipment within a structure is
properly grounded
EXAMPLE OF GROUNDING
Why we must test Ground ?
Poor grounding not only contributes to unnecessary downtime,
but a lack of good grounding is also dangerous and increases
the risk of equipment failure.

Without an effective grounding system,we could be exposed to
the risk of electric shock, not to mention instrumentation
errors,harmonic distortion issues, power factor problems and a
host of possible intermittent dilemmas.

If fault currents have no path to the ground through a properly
designed and maintained grounding system, they will find
unintended paths that could include people.
GROUND STANDARDS
NFPA and IEEE have recommended a ground resistance
value of 5.0 ohms or less.

The NEC has stated to "Make sure that system
impedance to ground is less than 25 ohms specified in
NEC 250.56.

The Telecommunications industry has often used 5.0
ohms or less as their value for grounding and bonding.

Communication requires lower signal level with higher
frequency characteristics than 60 Hz Utility requirements
GROUND RESISTANCE TARGET
Typical values for a power company:
- Generating station: 1 maximum
- Large sub-station: 1 maximum
- Small sub-station: 5 maximum

Water pipe ground should be less than 3 and
frequently less than 1 .

The Telecomunication industry has often used 5 or
less as their value for grounding and bonding.





COMPONENT OF GROUND ELECTRODE

WHAT AFFECTS THE
GROUNDING RESISTANCE?

First, the NEC code (1987, 250-83-3) requires a minimum ground
electrode length of 2.5 meters (8.0 feet) to be in contact with soil.
But, there are variables that affect the ground resistance of a
ground system:
1. Length/depth of the ground electrode
2. Diameter of the ground electrode
3. Number of ground electrodes
4 . Ground system design
5. Soil
Length/depth of the ground electrode

The dept of the electrode can lower the resistance value
effectively, Normally doubling the length of the earth
electrode can reduce the resistance by an additionally
40%.


Diameter of the ground electrode

Increasing the diameter of the ground electrode has
very little effect in lowering the resistance. For
example, you could double the diameter of a ground
electrode and your resistance would only decrease by
10 %.
Number of ground electrodes

Another way to lower ground resistance is to use multiple
ground electrodes. In this design, more than one
electrode is driven into the ground and connected in
parallel to lower the resistance. For additional electrodes
to be effective, the spacing of additional rods need to be
at least equal to the depth of the driven rod.

GROUND SYSTEM DESIGN





Single ground electrode Multiple ground electrode





Mesh Network Ground Plate
SOIL
Soil resistance values depend on soil composition,
moisture & temperature
TESTING METHODS

Normally single electrode earthing is used for domestic
applications, but for power generating substations and industries
we use a grid network with multiple electrodes.
The "3-pole fall of potential" testing method can be used for a
complex earth system. In this technique, the earth grid is
disconnected from the earth electrode. Two auxiliary electrodes
(one current electrode and a second potential electrode) are
placed beside the electrode to be tested at an equal distance in a
straight line. The current passed through the auxiliary current
electrode is to be noted and recorded. In this way, the potential
difference generated between the auxiliary potential electrode and
the current electrode can be measured.
Measurement of earth resistance and leakage current without
disconnecting the circuit can be done using portable
instruments. The clamp-on type of earth resistance tester can
measure earth resistance and leakage current.
WHATS A CLAMP ON EARTH TESTER?
Measure Closed Loop Resistance
1
Closed Loop
Ground Resistance Measurement
Clamp Earth Tester
FT6380 / FT6381
Allows you to hold the display
value.
With the bright back light, you can easily
read the measurement value even in dark
locations.
You can store up to 2,000 measurement
values in the field and recall them in your
office later.
No wait time after powering on.
Start measuring instantly without
zero-calibration.
Resistance mode filter: Digital filter gives you
steadier readings.

Current mode filter: Low-pass filter
eliminates harmonics current over 180Hz.
Set the alarm to audible and visually
notify you that the resistance or
current value exceeds the threshold.
Switch between resistance
measurement mode or current
measurement mode.
32mm
For multiple grounding systems
Rn R R R R
Rx
I
V
1
.....
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
1


Rx
I
V

n =
HIOKI
26mm
20mm
5
3
m
m

3
8
m
m

45% Smaller
How Compact?
Comparison of cross-sectional area of the Jaw
Access to tight spots
Why Compact?
Pole
Grounding Electrode
Large Jaw Ground
Clamps: Struggle
with dirt
HIOKI: Easy access to tight spots
At your field, what happens?
Feel the difference
ACCURACY OF FLAT CORE
View of Core Sensor of Flat Jaw
ACCURACY OF INTERLOCKING CORE
View of Core Sensor of Interlocking Jaw
INTERLOCKING CORE
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
HIOKI
+3
-3
Spec
Spec
RELIABILITY
R

Voltage
Injection
Current
Detection
I = V/R
R =V/I
Designed to last!
Prevents leakage current
Interlocking Shield Design
R

I = V/R
R =V/ (I+Iflux)
Leakage Flux
Leakage Flux
With micro-meter gap
Accurate Reading!!
CT Magnetic Core
Magnetic Shield
VT Magnetic Core
Cross-section view of jaw
Magnetic Cores
Air Gap
EFFECT OF AIR GAP
AC CURRENT MEASUREMENT (LEAKAGE
CURRENT)
Wide range: From 1mA to 60A
with Filter ON/OFF
Function
Safe: EN61010 CAT IV 600V
ENERGY EFFICIENT
Uses only 2 x LR6 Alkaline Batteries
Continuous Usage of up to 35 hours (Backlight &
Bluetooth OFF)

Reduced
By more
than 50%
SAFETY
CAT IV 600V
Withstand Voltage: AC 7400 Vrms for one minute
Between clamp sensor and casing
Max. Input current: AC 100A continuous, AC 200A for 2
minute (50 / 60Hz)
Auto Report
Generation
Via email
DOWNLOAD APPS FROM GOOGLE PLAY STORE
REPORT FUNCTION
Get
Time Stamp
Measuring Data with screen
image
Location information with map
image
Reports are
Sent via e-mail
Synchronized using Cloud servers
APPLICATIONS
All overhead transmission conductor lines that may be exposed to
lightning should be protected by a means for diverting any electric
surge to earth.
The grounding cables of transmission towers should be tested
frequently.
Transformer earthing terminal measurements should be
conducted to ensure proper contact between the soil and the
earth point.
Low earthing wire resistance is most important for motors, power
distribution panels, and control panels.
The earthing of a telecommunication control cabin or signal relay
board is important to reduce stray electrodynamic stress and
noise.
Separate earthing should be provided for PLC and SCADA
instruments in a control panel.
Good earthing is required for petrochemicals pipelines and oil
storage tanks.