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Motion analysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Motion analysis is used in computer vision, image processing, high-speed photography and machine
vision that studies methods and applications in which two or more consecutive images from an image
sequences, e.g., produced by a video camera or high-speed camera, are processed to produce information
based on the apparent motion in the images. In some applications, the camera is fixed relative to the
scene and objects are moving around in the scene, in some applications the scene is more or less fixed
and the camera is moving, and in some cases both the camera and the scene are moving.
The motion analysis processing can in the simplest case be to detect motion, i.e., find the points in the
image where something is moving. More complex types of processing can be to track a specific object in
the image spatial and over timetemporal, to group points that belong to the same rigid object that is
moving in the scene, or to determine the magnitude and direction of the motion of every point in the
image. The information that is produced is often related to a specific image in the sequence,
corresponding to a specific time-point, but then depends also on the neighboring images. This means
that motion analysis can produce time time-dependent information about motion.
Applications of motion analysis can be found in rather diverse areas, such as surveillance, medicine, film
industry, automotive crash safety,
[1]
ballistic firearm studies,
[2]
biological science,
[3]
flame
propagation,
[4]
and navigation of autonomous vehicles to name a few examples.
Contents
1 Background
2 Methods
2.1 Motion detection
2.1.1 Differential methods
2.1.2 Background segmentation
3 Applications
3.1 Human motion analysis
3.2 Motion analysis in manufacturing
3.3 Additional applications for motion analysis
4 See also
5 References
Background
A video camera can be seen as an approximation of a pinhole camera, which means that each point in
the image is illuminated by some (normally one) point in the scene in front of the camera, usually by
means of light that the scene point reflects from a light source. Each visible point in the scene is
projected along a straight line that passes through the camera aperture and intersects the image plane.
This means that at a specific point in time, each point in the image refers to a specific point in the scene.
9/26/2014 Motion analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Principle of a pinhole camera. Light
rays from an object pass through a
small hole to form an image.
The motion field that corresponds to the relative motion
of some 3D point.
This scene point has a position relative to the camera, and if this relative position changes, it corresponds
to a relative motion in 3D. It is a relative motion since it does not matter if it is the scene point, or the
camera, or both, that are moving. It is only when there is a change in the relative position that the camera
is able to detect that some motion has happened. By projecting the relative 3D motion of all visible
points back into the image, the result is the motion field, describing the apparent motion of each image
point in terms of a magnitude and direction of velocity of that
point in the image plane. A consequence of this observation is
that if the relative 3D motion of some scene points are along their
projection lines, the corresponding apparent motion is zero.
The camera measures the intensity of light at each image point, a
light field. In practice, a digital camera measures this light field
at discrete points, pixels, but given that the pixels are sufficiently
dense, the pixel intensities can be used to represent most
characteristics of the light field that falls onto the image plane. A
common assumption of motion analysis is that the light reflected
from the scene points does not vary over time. As a consequence,
if an intensity I has been observed at some point in the image, at
some point in time, the same intensity I will be
observed at a position that is displaced relative
to the first one as a consequence of the apparent
motion. Another common assumption is that
there is a fair amount of variation in the
detected intensity over the pixels in an image. A
consequence of this assumption is that if the
scene point that corresponds to a certain pixel in
the image has a relative 3D motion, then the
pixel intensity is likely to change over time.
Methods
Motion detection
One of the simplest type of motion analysis is to
detect image points that refer to moving points
in the scene. The typical result of this
processing is a binary image where all image points (pixels) that relate to moving points in the scene are
set to 1 and all other points are set to 0. This binary image is then further processed, e.g., to remove
noise, group neighboring pixels, and label objects. Motion detection can be done using several methods;
the two main groups are differential methods and methods based on background segmentation.
Differential methods
Background segmentation
Applications
Human motion analysis
9/26/2014 Motion analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the areas of medicine, sports,
[5]
video surveillance and kinesiology,
[6]
human motion analysis has
become an investigative and diagnostic tool. See the section on motion capture for more detail on the
technologies. Human motion analysis can be divided into three categories: human activity recognition,
human motion tracking, and analysis of body and body part movement.
Human activity recognition is most commonly used for video surveillance, specifically automatic
motion monitoring for security purposes. Most efforts in this area rely on state-space approaches, in
which sequences of static postures are statistically analyzed and compared to modeled movements.
Template-matching is an alternative method whereby static shape patterns are compared to pre-existing
prototypes.
[7]
Human motion tracking can be performed in two or three dimensions. Depending on the complexity of
analysis, representations of the human body range from basic stick figures to volumetric models.
Tracking relies on the correspondence of image features between consecutive frames of video, taking
into consideration information such as position, color, shape, and texture. Edge detection can be
performed by comparing the color and/or contrast of adjacent pixels, looking specifically for
discontinuities or rapid changes.
[8]
Three-dimensional tracking is fundamentally identical to two-
dimensional tracking, with the added factor of spatial calibration.
[7]
Motion analysis of body parts is critical in the medical field. In postural and gait analysis, joint angles
are used to track the location and orientation of body parts. Gait analysis is also used in sports to
optimize athletic performance or to identify motions that may cause injury or strain. Tracking software
that does not require the use of optical markers is especially important in these fields, where the use of
markers may impede natural movement.
[7][9]
Motion analysis in manufacturing
Motion analysis is also applicable in the manufacturing process.
[10]
Using high speed video cameras and
motion analysis software, one can monitor and analyze assembly lines and production machines to
detect inefficiencies or malfunctions. Manufacturers of sports equipment, such as baseball bats and
hockey sticks, also use high speed video analysis to study the impact of projectiles. An experimental
setup for this type of study typically uses a triggering device, external sensors (e.g., accelerometers,
strain gauges), data acquisition modules, a high-speed camera, and a computer for storing the
synchronized video and data. Motion analysis software calculates parameters such as distance, velocity,
acceleration, and deformation angles as functions of time. This data is then used to design equipment for
optimal performance.
[11]
Additional applications for motion analysis
The object and feature detecting capabilities of motion analysis software can be applied to count and
track particles, such as bacteria,
[12][13]
viruses,
[14]
"ionic polymer-metal composites",
[15][16]
micron-
sized polystyrene beads,
[17]
aphids,
[18]
and projectiles.
[19]
See also
Mechanography
Video motion analysis
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References
1. ^ Munsch, Marie. "LATERAL GLAZING CHARACTERIZATION UNDER HEAD
IMPACT:EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION" (http://www-
nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0184.pdf). Retrieved 2007.
2. ^ "Handgun Wounding Effects Due to Bullet Rotational Velocity"
(http://www.brassfetcher.com/Wounding%20Theory/Handgun%20Wounding%20Effects%20due%20to%20
Rotational%20Velocity.pdf). Retrieved 18 February 2013.
3. ^ Anderson first Christopher V. "Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at
low temperature" (http://www.pnas.org/content/107/12/5495.full.pdf). Department of Integrative Biology,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, PNAS March 23, 2010 vol. 107 no. 12 54955499. Retrieved
2 June 2010.
4. ^ Mogi, Toshio. "Self-ignition and flame propagation of high-pressure hydrogen jet during sudden discharge
from a pipers" (http://www.me.aoyama.ac.jp/~aerospacelab/Publications/03mogi.pdf). International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 34 ( 2009 ) 5810 5816. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
5. ^ Payton, Carl J. "BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF MOVEMENT IN SPORT AND EXERCISE"
(http://8pic.ir/images/gyep7tzyfkryix6vlu.pdf). Retrieved 2008.
6. ^ Hedrick, Tyson L. "Morphological and kinematic basis of the hummingbird flight stroke: scaling of flight
muscle transmission ratio" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3311889/pdf/rspb20112238.pdf).
Retrieved Dec 14, 2011.
7. ^
a

b

c
Aggarwal, JK and Q Cai. "Human Motion Analysis: A Review." Computer Vision and Image
Understanding 73, no. 3 (1999): 428-440.
8. ^ Fan, J, EA El-Kwae, M-S Hacid, and F Liang. "Novel tracking-based moving object extraction algorithm."
J Electron Imaging 11, 393 (2002).
9. ^ Green, RD, L Guan, and JA Burne. "Video analysis of gait for diagnosing movement disorders." J Electron
Imaging 9, 16 (2000).
10. ^ Longana, M.L. "High-strain rate imaging & full-field optical techniques for material characterization"
(http://www.southampton.ac.uk/damtol/images/Longana_NCCnov2012.pdf). Retrieved Nov 22, 2012.
11. ^ Masi, CG. "Vision improves bat performance. (http://vsd.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?
Section=ARTCL&ARTICLE_ID=258165&VERSION_NUM=2&p=19)" Vision Systems Design. June 2006
12. ^ Borrok, M. J., et al. (2009). Structure-based design of a periplasmic binding protein antagonist that
prevents domain closure. ACS Chemical Biology, 4, 447-456.
13. ^ Borrok, M. J., Kolonko, E. M., and Kiessling, L. L. (2008). Chemical probes of bacterial signal
transduction reveal that repellents stabilize and attractants destabilize the chemoreceptor array. ACS
Chemical Biology, 3, 101-109.
14. ^ Shopov, A. et al. "Improvements in image analysis and fluorescence microscopy to discriminate and
enumerate bacteria and viruses in aquatic samples, or cells, and to analyze sprays and fragmenting debris."
Aquatic Microbial Ecology 22 (2000): 103-110.
15. ^ Park, J. K., and Moore, R. B. (2009). Influence of ordered morphology on the anisotropic actuation in
uniaxially oriented electroactive polymer systems. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 1, 697-702.
16. ^ Phillips, A. K., and Moore, R. B. (2005). Ionic actuators based on novel sulfonated ethylene vinyl alcohol
copolymer membranes. Polymer, 46, 7788-7802.
17. ^ Nott, M. (2005). Teaching Brownian motion: demonstrations and role play. School Science Review, 86, 18-
28.
9/26/2014 Motion analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_analysis 5/5
18. ^ Kay, S., and Steinkraus, D. C. (2005). Effect of Neozygites fresenii infection on cotton aphid movement.
AAES Research Series 543, 245-248. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Available
from http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/543-43.pdf
19. ^ Sparks, C. et al. "Comparison and Validation of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coupled Euler
Lagrange (CEL) Techniques for Modeling Hydrodynamic Ram." 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Austin, Texas, Apr. 18-21, 2005.
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