Wireless

Communication
Systems
Walter Konhuser
VL-Nr. 0432 L 615

2
2 Overview of the Wireless Communication
Systems
2.1 General overview
2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems
2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio
2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, WiMax, )
2.5 Transponder Systems
2.6 Further Systems
2.7 Network Planning and Optimization
Content

3
Net Landscape - Today
Breitband Kabel - Netz
Mobilfunk
GSM, UMTS,LTE,
Internet
Content-Provider
Coax
Telefonnetz
PSTN/ISDN/xDSL

4
Abbreviations

AMPS Advanced mobile phone system
CT Cordless telephone
DCS Digital personal communication systems
DECT Digital european cordless telephone
ERMES European radio message system
GSM Global System for mobile communications
LAN Local area network
NMT Nordic mobile telephone system
PAMR Public access trunked mobile radio
TACS Total access communication standard
1.1. History of Mobile Communications

5
Segmentation of Wireless Technologies
WPAN
Connectivity
WLAN
Networking
data centric
high datarates
nomadic access
based on LAN topology
easy access
plug&play PCMCIA cards
licence free
W-WAN (Cellular)
Public
Infrastructure
voice centric
widely deployed
high security
high reliability
mobility
big customer base

6
Cellular mobile Telephone Systems (1.& 2. Gen.)
1st generation (analog)
2st generation (analog)
2st generation (digital)
Start of development
Start of commercial service
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1995 1990
C net
450
MHz
NMT
450
MHz
EUROPE
NMT
900
MHz
DCS
1800

1800
MHz
GSM

900
MHz
TACS
900
MHz
NTT System
800
MHz
AMPS
800
MHz
USA
JAPAN
J-
TACS
AMPS-D
800
MHz
PDC
800/
1500
MHz

7
Evolution to the universal mobile Communication
(View of 1992)
City call etc.
Radio Call
Business
Mobile
interactive
communi-cation
Public
ERMES
Public
Cordless
interactive
communi-cation
Office
Home
Network/systems Services/applications
Telepoint and cordless PBX/LAN (CT2)
1990 91 97 96 92 93 94 95 99 98 2000 01 02 03 04
Universal
mobile
commu-
nication
system
(UMTS)
Digital
Cordless
Terminals
(DECT)
non standardized: NMT, TACS, C450, AMPS Analog
systems
PAMR
Digital systems standard GSM 900
Digital systems standard DCS 1800
Private mobile radio
Cordless telephone (CT1)

8
TDD
FDD
1 unpaired frequency,
FLEXIBLY shared for uplink and downlink
2 paired frequencies,
separated for uplink and downlink
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
TDD Time Division Duplex
FDD, TDD: different Requirements
Different Radio Access Technologies

9
Main parameters of different Access Systems
System User data rates
[ Mbps]
Technology Range Mobility Frequency range Original application
area
GSM (including
GPRS, HSCSD
and EDGE)
9.6 Kbps
up to 384 Kbps
TDMA, FDD up to 35 Km in GSM,
lower for data
high 900, 1800, 1900 MHz public and private
environment
IMT-2000,
UMTS (UTRA)
max. 2 IMT-2000 family,
WCDMA (FDD) +
TD-CDMA (TDD)
30 m 20 Km high 2 GHz (ITU spectrum)


possibly different
spectrum in China
public and private
environment
DECT /
Dectlink
max. 2 TDMA / TDD up to 50 m low 1880 1900 MHz office and residential
environment
Bluetooth max. 0.721 Direct sequence
or frequency
hopping
0.1 10 m very low 2.4 GHz ISM band cable replacement,
SoHo environment
HIPERLAN 2 25 OFDM, TDD 50 300 m low 5 GHz corporate environment,
public hot spots
IEEE 802.11a about 20 OFDM, TDD 50 300 m low 5 GHz corporate environment,
public hot spots
HIPERACCESS about 25 not yet specified 2 - 10 km no 5 40 GHz business access,
feeder
DAB 1.5 OFDM 100 km high e.g. 176 - 230 MHz
1452 - 1467.5 MHz
audio broadcasting
DVB-T 5 - 31
(mobile: 5 8,
fixed 16 - 31)
OFDM 100 km medium
to high
TV bands below 860
MHz
video broadcasting
Cable modem down < 40
up < 10
FDD
QAM /QPSK
5 to ~20 km no down ~ 60 to 860 MHz
up 10 to ~ 40 MHz
residential environment
ADSL down 6.144 (8)
up 0.640
DMT
( carrierless
AM/PM CAP)
2-6 Km no base band SoHo (Small Office
Home Office), SME,
residential environment
TD-SCDMA (TDD)

Migration of mobile Networks towards
the vision of an EVERNET
Circuit
switched
CS voice / packet data
IP core
GSM
UMTS
UWC-136
CDMA
2G
HSCSD
end to end IP
GPRS
EDGE
WLAN
WIFI/Wimax
802.11a ....
802.16
IMT-2000 CDMA
Multi-Carrier

EVERNET

Ad hoc Networks
HSPA
LTE
LTE Advanced
Bluetooth
2G 3G and 4G
9.6-14.4 kbps
evolved
2G
64-144 kbps 384 kbps-2 Mbps
1000 Mbps ?
384 kbps-20 Mbps
3GPP Rel 0x
IMT-2000 CDMA
Direct Spread + TDD
D-AMPS
IS 95
GPRS/EDGE
IMT-2000 TDMA
Single-Carrier
GPRS
EDGE
CDMA
2000
Includes Vertical
Handover between
Technologies
PDC
2G
PDC
PDC
Packet
3GPP Rel 99

11
Evolution to Global Multimedia Mobility
C. Drewes, S. Haar
Cordless
Standards
Cellular
Standards
1. Generation 2. Generation 2.5 Generation 3. Generation 4. Generation
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
analog
digital
analog
analog
analog
digital
GPRS
HSCSD
GMM
Global
Multimedia
Mobility
64G 4G 256M 16M
Mikroelektronik
Technologie
(z.B. DRAM)
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service
CT Cordless Telephone
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone
EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM/Global Evolution
GPRS Genaral Packet Radio Services

GSM Global System for Mobile Comm.
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
IMT International Mobile Telecomm.
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
PACS Personal Access Comm. Services
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecom. System
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0.50
0.25
0.13
0.07
0,10 0.18 0.35
AMPS, NMT, ...
CDMA,
GSM, ...
384 kb/s
<64 kb/s
10 kb/s
<115 kb/s
32 kb/s
PACS,
DECT, ...
CTx
IMT 2000,
UMTS
144 kb/s
... 2 Mb/s
EDGE
LTE,
LTE-
Advanced
2015

12
Different Radio Evolution Paths

IS-136
(TDMA)
2G 2.5G Evolved 3G 3G
GSM
GPRS EDGE
GERAN
WCDMA
HSDPA
HSUPA

UTRAN
TD-SCDMA -
PDC
IS-95
1xRTT
1xEV-DV
cdma2000
1xEV - DO
Existing Spectrum (FDD)

Existing Spectrum

New Spectrum (FDD/TDD)
c
d
m
a

/

c
d
m
a
2
0
0
0

G
S
M

/

G
E
R
A
N

/

U
T
R
A
N


13
CDMA Systems
CDMA2000 is a hybrid 2.5G / 3G protocol of mobile telecommunications standards
that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and
signalling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile phones and cell
sites. CDMA2000 is considered a 2.5G protocol in 1xRTT and a 3G protocol in
EVDO.
CDMA (code division multiple access) is a mobile digital radio technology that
transmits streams of bits and whose channels are divided using codes (PN
sequences). CDMA permits many radios to share the same frequency channel.
Unlike TDMA (time division multiple access), a different technique used in GSM and
D-AMPS, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not
directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be
served by smaller numbers of cell sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant
economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards
that used frequency division multiple access (FDMA).
CDMA2000 has a relatively long technical history, and remains compatible with the
older CDMA telephony methods (such as cdmaOne) first developed by Qualcomm, a
commercial company, and holder of several key international patents on the
technology.
The CDMA2000 standards CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and CDMA2000
EV-DV are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000 standard and a direct
successor to 2G CDMA, IS-95 (cdmaOne). CDMA2000 is standardized by 3GPP2.
CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA-USA) in the United States, not a generic term like CDMA. (This is
similar to how TIA has branded their 2G CDMA standard, IS-95, as cdmaOne.)
CDMA2000 is an incompatible competitor of the other major 3G standard UMTS. It is
defined to operate at 400 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900
MHz, and 2100 MHz.

14
2 Overview of the Wireless Communication
Systems
2.1 General overview
2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems
2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio
2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, Wimax, )
2.5 Transponder Systems
2.6 Further Systems
2.7 Network Planning and Optimization
Content

15
1 G
analog air channel
narrow band
national roaming
FDD only







AMPS
TACS
NMT
C-net
digital air channel
narrow band
international roaming
FDD only
GPRS
EDGE





GSM
TDMA
CDMA
PDC
digital air channel
broadband up to
2 Mbps
international roaming
FDD/TDD
ATM/IP based
networks




IMT 2000
UTRA (FDD/TDD)
cdma 2000
HS-TDMA
2 G/2.5G 3 G
digital air channel
higher broadband
radio channel with data
rates 10, 20 and 155 Mbps
IP based cellular network


4 G

Evolution towards 4
th
Generation
LTE
LTE-Advanced

16
Mobile Network and Business Evolution
Coverage/
Capacity
GSM
basic services/
network optimisation
Voice
Data
GSM Ph 2
Micro BTS
Dual Band
Half Rate
3. Generation
Introduction
New Business
Opportunities
Wideband
Air I / F
Bandwidth
on Demand
Seamless
Services
FDD/TDD
ATM/IP based
networks
Enhanced
Services
GSM
GSM 2+ and
Intelligent
Networks (IN)
GSM Ph 2+
IN
F M C
GPRS
Camel
Multimedia Mobile
Communication
3. Generation
Mass Market
Enhanced
Multimedia Services
with full
roaming through
different networks
Broadband Mobile
Communication
4. Generation
Broadband
multipath radio
datarates 10, 20 and
155 Mbps
IP based broad band
cellular networks

17
2 Overview of the Wireless Communication
Systems
2.1 General overview
2.2 Public Cellular Mobile Radio Systems
2.3 Trunked Mobile Radio
2.4 Broadband Wireless Access (WiFi, Wimax, )
2.5 Transponder Systems
2.6 Further Systems
2.7 Network Planning and Optimization
Content

18
TETRA
Terrestrial Trunked Radio
Open Multivendor
standard
Simultaneous
Voice and Data
Digital
Trunked
Radio System

19
What is TETRA
TETRA = TErrestrial Trunked Radio

The only digital standard defined by ETSI
(European Telecommunication Standard Institute)

Simultaneous voice & data transmission

Worldwide support and promotion
of the European-wide standard

Multi-vendor principle

20
Who uses TETRA
Public Safety and Service Utilities
Public Transport
Industry and Trading Company
Governmental institutions
Airports
Military
PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) Provider

21
TETRA A cellular network
Radio Base Station
Switch
Management
Terminals

22
TETRA projects in Europe
Jersey Police
West Midlands Ambulance
Millennium Dome
BT - Airwave
Gardemoen Airport
ELTELE Ost
GZ
Kln/Bonn Airport
Regiocall Hamburg

master-talk
walky-talky
KELAG
Adonis
Gibtel

VIRVE BOS
Helsinki Energy


ASTRID BOS


23
TETRA Layer Structure
MSW: Main Switching Centre
LSW: Local Switching Centre
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
TE: Terminal Equipment
LS : Line Station
NMC: Network Management Centre
SMC: Subscriber Management Centre
OMC: Operation & Maintenance Centre
PCM: Digital Links or single PCM-time-slots


24
PEI
OK
C
SERV 69
F B ABC
STOCKHOLM
TRAFIK 2
ISI
LAN/WAN
PSTN
PABX
Command &
Control
Systems
Public
Data
Network
Internet
ISDN
Trunking
Networks
Conventional
PMR Networks
2B+D
30B+D
Conventional
Mobile
Networks
Customer Care &
Billing Systems
TETRA Connectivity

25
TETRA SERVICES
DATA
VOICE
Predefined Messages, SDS
(e.g. I am on duty)
Data Transmission
(e.g. Pictures, Video)
Telephone Mode
Individual Call
Telephone Call (PABX Call)

Radio Mode
Group Call
Direct Mode Operation
TETRA Services

26
Individual Call
Base Station

Calling T125
Calling T122
Captain

27
Telephone Call (PABX Call)
Base Station

Calling
Phone

28
Group Call
Base Station
Calling
Group 1

29
Direct Mode Operation
Base Station

Calling DMO

Receiving
DMO Call
Talkies)

30
PMR type supplementary services
Access priority, pre-emptive priority, priority call
Include call, transfer of control, late entry
Ambiance listening, discreet listening
Calls authorised by despatcher
Area selection
Short number addressing
Dynamic group number assignment

Supplementary services (1)

31
Telephone type supplementary services
List search call
Call forwarding - unconditional/busy/no reply
Call barring - incoming/outgoing calls
Call waiting
Call hold
Calling/connected line ID presentation
Calling/connected line ID restriction Call
Completion to busy subscriber/ on no reply
Advice of charge etc.
Supplementary Services (2)

32
Alert in
C& C Center
Automatic vehicle location
TETRA
Network
GPS
Requirement
Meta Directories
Emergency
service available
within 1km:
ID: 106, 204, 054
TETRA Scenario:
Alert in Command & Control Center

33
Police
Meta
Directories
TETRA-vehicle mounted terminal
Geografic data
Photos
Julie M., 24
Accident data
W 994224L
Accident
Highway 6

Sit: berfall
Einsatzl.:
Olt. Maier
Building plan
TETRA
Network
TETRA Scenario:
Efficient Database Requiry

34
TETRA at a Glance
PMR Functionality (Simplex, Half and Full Duplex)
Effective Usage of Radio Carriers: 4 channels per
25kHz
Simultaneous use of voice and data
Data transmission up to 28,8 kbp/s
Fast call-connection (up to 0,3 sec)
Direct mode operation (no basestation required!)
Security with encryption (End to End, Air interface)

35
Backup

36
CDMA2000 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1xRTT, the core CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard, is
also known as 1x, 1xRTT, and IS-2000. The designation "1x", meaning "1
times Radio Transmission Technology", indicates the same RF bandwidth
as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio channels. This contrasts with
3xRTT, which uses channels 3 times as wide (3.75 MHz) channels. 1xRTT
almost doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding 64 more traffic channels to
the forward link, orthogonal to (in quadrature with) the original set of 64.
Although capable of higher data rates, most deployments are limited to a
peak of 144 kbit/s. IMT-2000 also made changes to the data link layer for
the greater use of data services, including medium and link access control
protocols and QoS. The IS-95 data link layer only provided "best effort
delivery" for data and circuit switched channel for voice (i.e., a voice frame
once every 20 ms).
1xRTT officially qualifies as 3G technology, but it is considered by some to
be a 2.5G (or sometimes 2.75G) technology.[citation needed] This allows it
to be deployed in 2G spectrum in some countries that limit 3G systems to
certain bands.

37
CDMA2000 3x
CDMA2000 3x is (also known as EV-DO rev B) is a multi-carrier evolution of the Rev A
specification. It maintains the capabilities of EVDO Rev A, and provides the following
enhancements:
Higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbit/s on the downlink per carrier). Typical
deployments are expected to include 3 carriers for a peak rate of 14.7 Mbit/s
Higher rates by bundling multiple channels together enhance the user experience and
enables new services such as high definition video streaming.
Uses statistical multiplexing across channels to further reduce latency, enhancing the
experience for latency-sensitive services such as gaming, video telephony, remote
console sessions and web browsing.
Increased talk-time and standby time
Hybrid frequency re-use which reduces the interference from the adjacent sectors
and improves the rates that can be offered, especially to users at the edge of the cell.
Efficient support for services that have asymmetric download and upload
requirements (i.e. different data rates required in each direction) such as file
transfers, web browsing, and broadband multimedia content delivery.


38
CDMA EV-DO
Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as
EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a telecommunications standard for
the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for
broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including
Code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as Time division
multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's
throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the
CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many
mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those
previously employing CDMA networks. It is also used on the
Globalstar satellite phone network.

39
CDMA2000 EV-DV
CDMA2000 EV-DV (Evolution-Data/Voice), supports downlink (forward link) data
rates up to 3.1 Mbit/s and uplink (reverse link) data rates of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. EV-DV
can also support concurrent operation of legacy 1x voice users, 1x data users, and
high speed EV-DV data users within the same radio channel.

In 2004-2005 timeframe, there was much debate on the relative merits of DV and
DO. Traditional operators with an existing voice network preferred deploying DV,
since it does not require an overlay. Other design engineers, and newer operators
without a 1x voice network, preferred EV-DO because it did not have to be backward
compatible, and so could explore different pilot structures, reverse link silence
periods, improved control channels, etc. And the network cost was lower, since EV-
DO uses an IP network and does not require a SS7 network and complex network
switches such as a mobile switching center (MSC). Also, equipment was not available
for EV-DV in time to meet market demands whereas the EV-DO equipment and
mobile application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) were available and tested by the
time the EV-DV standard was completed. As a result, the EV-DV standard was less
attractive to operators, and has not been implemented. Verizon Wireless, then Sprint
Nextel in 2004 and smaller operators in 2005 announced their plans to deploy EV-
DO. So in March 2005, Qualcomm suspended development of EV-DV chipsets, and
focused on improving the EV-DO product line