ENGO 431

Principles of Photogrammetry

Lab 1


Group 6
Matthew Herasymiuk
Mark Hickaway

Due: October 3, 2011




Part A: Visual Perception
1. By lookin throuh the !urnishe" mirror stereoscope a 3D imae o! campus
aroun" the enineerin buil"in was #iewe".
$he proce"ure to et a 3D imae is as !ollows:
- Mo#e each o! the two pictures so that the top an" bottom e"es are on the
same plane.
- Keepin the top an" bottom e"es o! each picture on the same plane, shi!t the
imaes closer%!arther !rom each other until a 3D imae can be seen.
$he imae was e&tremely real lookin. 't was as i! a "iorama o! the campus was
bein #iewe". $he enineerin buil"in really stoo" out an" was taller than all o!
the surroun"ins. (#erythin seeme" to ha#e "epth an" a heiht coul" be place"
relati#e to other ob)ects in the pictures.
2. $he or"er we "etermine" !or heiht o! the circles is:
*, 6, 1, +, ,, 2, 3, - .closest to !arthest/
3. $he 0uestion was: 1hat Danial "i" !irst
$he answer was: sent an email

,. $he eometric primiti#e in the stereo pair is a s0uare.
Part B: Electro agnetic !a"iation
+. Answers to the 0uestions:
- Gamma rays are the shortest electromanetic wa#es. 2a"io wa#es are the
lonest.
- 'n or"er to see molecules either har" &3rays or amma rays woul" be nee"e".
$o see a #irus 45, so!t%har" &3rays, an" amma rays can be use".
- 1e can6t use #isible liht to see molecules because its wa#elenth is larer
than the si7e o! the molecule, lea#in us unable to see them.
- Bees can see 45 ra"iation.

6. 8uestions about the #isible portion o! the electromanetic spectrum are
answere" below:
- 2e" liht has the lowest !re0uency o! #isible liht.
- 5iolet liht has the hihest !re0uency o! #isible liht.
o 1a#es o! #isible liht tra#el at the spee" o! liht .pen"in on the
me"ium/. $he spee" o! these wa#es in air is about 3.0 & 10
-
m%s.
- A prism re!racts liht o! "i!!erent wa#elenths to "i!!erent anles. $his allows
us to see "i!!erent colours o! liht throuh a prism.
- All wa#elenths o! #isible liht are re!lectin o!! the white paper. '! we hol" a
prism up to the white paper then we woul" see all the "i!!erent colours o! the
#isible liht spectrum.
- No wa#elenths o! #isible liht re!lect o!! a black table. '! we hol" a prism up
to the table then we will see no colours !rom the #isible liht spectrum.
Part #: Basic Optics
*. A camera contains se#eral components: the lens, shutter, aperture, #iew!in"er,
camera bo"y, !lash shoe, shutter spee" control.

Parts of a Camera
http://staff.drewloker.com/k1000parts.htm (12)



$he lens brins liht into the camera an" !ocuses the liht onto the !ilm plane.
$he shutter "etermines the amount o! time liht comes in an" hits the !ilm. $he
aperture opens an" closes to allow !or "i!!erent amounts o! liht to come into the
camera .this is controlle" by the !3stop rin/. $he #iew!in"er is simply where you
look throuh to aim the camera at the "esire" ob)ect. $he camera bo"y is the
physical casin o! the camera that hol"s all o! the components o! the camera. $he
!lash shoe is where the camera !lash is attache". 9astly, the shutter spee" control
"ictates the amount o! time that the shutter remains open !or. $he settins o! this
rane !rom 1%30 o! a secon" an" 1%1000 o! a secon" typically.

$he main "i!!erences between the !ilm an" "iital camera are that, ob#iously, one
uses !ilm an" the other "oes not. :ilm cameras typically i#e better results an"
ha#e hiher 0uality pictures. $his results in a broa"er rane o! color that is more
#ibrant. 'n the area o! price, !ilm cameras also come out on top. $he "iital
camera e&cels in the areas o! spee", e!!iciency, permanence, storae,
"e#elopment time, an" cost o! materials .you "on6t nee" to keep buyin !ilm/.

-. ;;D sensor si7es are re!erre" to in what is calle" the <optical !ormat=. $he optical
!ormat re!ers to ma&imum "iaonal imae si7e that can be obtaine" in the !ocal
plane, this is always measure" in inches. $he physical si7e o! ;;D sensors #aries
!rom 0uite small .,mm & 3mm/ to reasonably lare .23cm & 23cm/. $he total
pi&el count !or a small sensor is aroun" 1 million pi&els, compare" to a small 3
me"ium si7e" sensor .36mm & 2,mm/ o! aroun" 1, million. $his shows how the
number o! pi&els can increase will such little space. $here is howe#er a "i!!erence
between the number o! pi&els an" the number o! e!!ecti#e pi&els. $he number o!
pi&els simply re!ers to the number o! e!!ecti#e pi&els as well as the surroun"in
pi&els. (!!ecti#e pi&els are pi&els that are use" to create an imae output where as
the surroun"in pi&els are mainly use" to "etermine color, which is also known
as "emonsacin.

>. $he sensor has 2000 rows an" 300- columns so there!ore we can "etermine the
number o! pi&els by:
2uuu - Suu8 = 6u16uuu Pixcls
:rom this we can calculate the number o! meapi&els:
6u16uuu - 1u
-6
= 6.u16 Hcgopixcls
1ith the known "imensions o! 1+.6mm & 23.*mm an" the number o! rows an"
columns we can calculate the pi&el heiht an" wi"th:
Pixcl Ecigbt:
u.u1S6m
2uuu rows
= 7.8pm
Pixcl wiJtb:
u.u2S7
Suu8 columns
= 7.89pm
?i&el spacin is e0ual in both "imensions, howe#er i! this were not true there
woul" be a skewe" imae in the "irection o! the loner "imension.
10. $he main principle behin" @92 cameras is the <throuh3the3lens mechanism
1
=.
$his means that the #iew!in"er shows the same #iew as throuh the camera6s
lens. 9iht oes throuh
the lens, re!lects o!! a
mirror to a pentaprism
which then re!lects the
liht to the #iew!in"er. $he
result o! this process,
shown in the !iure to the
le!t, is that the same imae
the lens #iews can be seen
throuh the #iew!in"er.
$he main !le&ibility
pro#i"e" by @92 cameras
is that you can chane the
lenses to et the best
imae !or the sub)ect
2
. $he
ability to chane lenses at
will is an a"#antae !or photorammetric applications. '! an e&treme close up
picture is re0uire", then a macro lens can be use"
3
. $o keep mani!ication
constant, a prime lens .where the !ocal lenth "oesn6t chane/ can be applie"
easily
,
. A wi"e #ariety o! imaes can be use" !or photorammetric purposes usin
the many lenses an @92 camera can use. $he table below "escribes the common
@92 camera lens #iews, their a#erae !ocal lenths an" a "escription o! their !iel"
o! #iew.
Types of $L! #amera Lenses
%ocal lengths are appro&imate
http:''((()cambri"geincolour)com'tutorials'camera*lenses)htm +,-
Lens %ocal Length+s-
+mm-
%iel" of Vie(
1i"e3anle
.?rime lens/
A3+ ;an see e#erythin in !ront o! them.
Gathers liht in a <wi"e= rane.
;omparable to the rane o! #ision o!
human siht. $he !iel" o! #iew can
rane !rom 60B3120B. 9an"scape
pictures, such as those on postcar"s
usually use wi"e3anle lenses.
Example of Through-the-lens Mechansm
http://www.photo!one.de/slr-"s-rangefnder (1)
Normal
.?rime lens/
3+ 3 *0 Also known as a <portrait lens=. $his
lens has a narrower !iel" o! #iew
than wi"e anle. $he !iel" o! #iew
can rane !rom ,0B360. 'maes
capture" with a normal lens are
what we enerally see in common
pictures
$elephoto
.?rime 9ens/
*0 C 300D $his lens #iew has the narrowest
!iel" o! #iew. $he #alues !or the !iel"
o! #iew !all below ,0B. $his type o!
lens is use" !or sport photo6s, or
wil"li!e picturesE the likes o! which
one woul" see in a maa7ine.
Foom 9ens #ariable Foom lenses ha#e the ability to
chane their !ocal lenths. By "oin
this, a 7oom lens can !all into any o!
the three cateories abo#e
"epen"in on the !ocal lenth
settin.




11. Aberrations are the re"uction o! 0uality o! an imae by blurrin. An aberration can
be cause" by obli0ue%marinal bun"les o! liht inci"ent on a lens, polychromatic
liht, an" manu!acturin !laws.

Obli0ue rays o! liht cause astimatismE this is when inci"ent liht "oes not con#ere
to a point, but into two lines. @pherical%;oma aberrations occur when the aperture o!
the optical system is open wi"e. Marinal rays are !ocuse" to a closer point than a&ial
rays when the aperture is wi"e. $his causes a blur circle when rays are a&ial, an" a
coma shape blur when obli0ue rays are inci"ent.

?olychromatic liht causes aberration "ue to the !act that "i!!erent wa#elenths o!
liht re!ract to "i!!erent anles. 9onitu"al aberration is when these "i!!erent
From left to right: wide-angle lens photo, normal lens photo, telephoto lens photo.
http://www.axis.com/products/video/camera/about_cameras/lens.htm (6)
wa#elenths o! liht re!ract to "i!!erent "istances on the optical a&is. 9ateral
aberration is the same as lonitu"al e&cept the rays are re!ractin at o!!3a&ial anles.

(&amples o! manu!acturin !laws in an optical system may inclu"e the aperture
bein too lare, causin spherical%coma aberrations. 9enses whose centers o!
cur#ature "o not !all upon the optical a&is will also alter the motion o! liht throuh
the optical system.

Distortion is the alterin o! shape in an imae. @uch alterations can be cause" by the
location o! the aperture in an optical system or imper!ect assembly o! an optical
system.

1hen the aperture is near the !ront o! an optical system a neati#e ra"ial lens
"istortion is create". ?oints are "isplace" ra"ially towar"s the center o! the imae. A
positi#e ra"ial lens "istortion is create" when the aperture at the rear o! the optical
system. ?oints are "isplace" away !rom the center o! the imae in this case.

1hen an optical system is assemble" imper!ectly its lenses are consi"ere"
<"ecentere"=. $his means that the center o! cur#ature o! each lens "o not pass
per!ectly throuh the optical a&is o! the system. $he result o! "ecentere" lenses is the
"ecenterin lens "istortion. $his causes points to rotate about the center o! the imae.

Di!!raction also plays a role in "istortion !eatures. $he circular aperture limits the resol#in
power o! the optical system. $he inter!erence o! liht wa#es creates an airy "isk that re"uces
the imae 0uality o! a point source o! liht.






Part .: %ilm .e/elopment
$he oriinal ob)ect is i#en below. Note that the 60G an" ,0G ray are )ust 60G an"
,0G mi&tures o! re", reen, an" blue.


1. (&posure C $he sil#er bromi"e bon"s are broken as the ob)ect is e&pose" creatin a
latent imae .seen below/. $he empty circles represent une&pose" molecules o! sil#er
bromi"e. :ille" in blocks represent e&pose" molecules.




2. De#elopment C $he !ilm is put in a "e#eloper solution an" the bromi"e is remo#e"
lea#in only sil#er. $his turns the e&pose" molecules black.



3. :i&in C remo#es all o! the une&pose" sil#er bromi"e !rom the !ilm.



,. Dyin C each layer is "ye" with its complementary colour. $he blue sensiti#e layer is
"ye" with yellow, reen sensiti#e "ye" with maenta, an" re" sensiti#e cyan. $he "ye



+. ;ontrast 2e#ersal C mi&tures o! secon"ary colours will create a contrast re#ersal o!
the ob)ect as seen below.



$his creates the !inal neati#e colour ob)ect

;yan Maenta Hellow 1hite Black 60G
Gray
,0G
Gray
2e" Green Blue Black 1hite ,0G
Gray
60G
Gray
Original Object
Blue Sensitive
Green Sensitive
Red Sensitive
Blue Sensitive
Green Sensitive
Red Sensitive
Blue Sensitive
Green Sensitive
Red Sensitive
Yellow De
!agenta De
"an De
Yellow De
!agenta De
"an De
#egative "olour Object
!eferences
.1/ http:%%www.photo7one."e%slr3#s3rane!in"er
.2/ http:%%www.eometer.or%beinner%slr.html
.3/ http:%%photo.net%learn%macro%
.,/ http:%%www."iital3photoraphy3school.com%prime3lenses3an3intro"uction
.+/ http:%%www.cambri"eincolour.com%tutorials%camera3lenses.htm
.6/ http:%%www.a&is.com%pro"ucts%#i"eo%camera%aboutIcameras%lens.htm
.*/ ;ourse Notes
.-/ http:%%electronics.howstu!!works.com%cameras3photoraphy%"iital%0uestion362.htm
.>/ http:%%www."pre#iew.com%news%0210%02100,02sensorsi7es.aspJbottom
.10/ http:%%www."pre#iew.com%learn%K%keyL(!!ecti#eI?i&els
.11/ http:%%www.outbackphoto.com%"pIessentials%"pIessentialsI01%essay.html
.12/ http:%%sta!!."rewloker.com%k1000parts.htm
.13/ http:%%!i.e"u%pieces%myers%#ocab.html
.1,/ http:%%www.kenrockwell.com%tech%!ilm"i.htm