Spherical Wave Front

Optical Fiber & Wavelength Fundamentals

Light waves are transverse = Waves are perpendicular to the direction of waves a.
Nature of Light 1.
Wave: Focus of all waves with same phase
Light Effects such as reflection and refraction can be simplified with ray tracing geometry
Fiber-Optic Communication Technology
Wednesday, September 3, 2014 17:33
Class 1 Page 1
A Train of planes traveling direction K

X: General portion Vector Wave Propagation vector

Wave-vector = k =

Wave Propagation Constant

Wavelength:

We define n (index of refraction) = c/vp 1
Light travels in free air (vacuum) @ 3x10^8 m/s upon entering a dielectric or non conducting material
the velocity becomes up. (characteristic of material and < 3x10^8 m/s)
i.
Ex. n(air) = 1 ii.
n(water) = 1.33
n(diamond) = 2.42
Index of Refraction a.
Basic Optical Laws and Definitions 2.
: incidence angle
: angle of refraction
Using Snell's law

Total interval reflection (Snell's)

Class 1 Page 2
n1Sin(theta1) = n2Sin(theta2)
N2/n1 = Sin(theta1)/Sin(theta2)
Since

Ex. n2 = 1
n2 = 1.5 (glass) {48 degree
Any light in incident @ is totally reflected back to glass
-> results in
- Critical Angle- is the angle at which light has to enter the core for total refraction.
Total Internal Reflection
Fig. 2 Class 1
Xc : critical Propagation Angle Xc

And Since

Xc : Angle made by ray with centerline in order to have total relfection

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Trig.

2.3 Acceptance angle and numerical Aperture

: Acceptance angle
Only rays that enter edge of fiber core within 2(theta(a)) will be accepted within core
Snell's ->

In general

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In general

2.4 Line Width of an optical Source

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Optical Fiber: Dialectic waveguide -> Operates @ optical Frequencies -

Propagation of light within care can be described in terms of a set of electromagnetic waves called
MODES
-
MODES -> are in fact the solution to the homogeneous wave equation in the fiber (DE) -
3.1 Fiber Types
Step. Index Fiber
Variation in the material of core -
Construction of Fiber Core: Ge dopped Silicate Glass (

Cladding: Pure Silicate Glass (

With

Buffer Coating: Plastic Material

Optical Fiber Modes and Configuration 3.
Fig. 1 -> Fig 2
SMP : Simple Mode Fiber
Graded-Index Fiber
Fig. 3 + Fig 4.
Multimode Graded- Index Fiber
Also Pulses are flattened at some point and will need to be reconstructed
Much Larger Bandwidth (BW) than SMD (Single Mode Fiber)
Step-Index Fiber :
NOTE: : Core - Cladding index Difference
Typical problem: Intermodal Dispersion
Modes in an Optical Waveguide
Fig. 5
n: order of mode
Modes have ,
Highest mode enters codes at
Rule: The Smaller
Zero-order mode: Fundamental Mode
Normalized frequency parameters V

Calcular waveguide : V is large

Number of nodes:

Optical Fiber - Mode and Configuration

Wednesday, September 10, 2014 17:30
Class 2 Page 6

Note: For SM operation

Ex. Find radius required for SM operation @ 1.3 nm of a fiber with NA = 0.12

Mode travel with a certain energy wave pattern. Not All modal energy is confined within the core -
Energy Patter Fig.6
Fig. 7


Fig. 8
Modal Properties
Fiber Losses
Posses Reduce BW -
Efficiency -
Data Rage -
Capacity -
Def: 1.
Fig. 9

Expressed in Decibels

Loss!

Fiber Losses Scatering -

Radioactive -
Core, Cladding -
Coupling -
Modal -
Scattering or Rayleigh loss 2.
Fig. 10

V = 2

Index
Arises from imperfections in the core during manufacturing process
Class 2 Page 7
n: Core
KB: Boltzaman's Constraint

Isothermal Compressibility of material

(Tf = 1400 for silicon Glass )
Reduces of bend larger than fiver diameter -
Microscopic bens within fiber during assembly -
Due to small bends in fiber -
Radioactive Loss 3.
Effective # of mode Neff that are guided by a curved fiber of radius a

= core-cladding index
n2: Cladding

Globe's Equation
Expresses in terms of attenuation losses and
For a mode if order (V, m) m: mode order

Core and cladding losses 4.

Or pulse spreading
Fig. 11
Modal Dispersion (MMF) 5.
Dispersion : Detla (t) = sqrt(

If fiber of length L
Delta t =

Impose constraints on MMF performance (bit rate)
We define in this case delay-spread S

Class 2 Page 8
Prof. L. Amara
Due. Sept. 17, 2014

For the Questions below, use the following Constants

A beam travels from water(n=1.3) to air( n=1.0) at angle =20 degrees. What was the
angle of incidence?
1.
The numerical aperture a.
The acceptance angle b.
A fiber is made of a core with an index of 1.4 and no cladding (Air Cladding). Find: 2.

a.

b.

HW 1
Wednesday, September 17, 2014 10:33
Class 2 Page 9

How long will it take to a light beam to reach the bottom of a lake 500m deep if the index of
refraction of water is

1.

Find Index of refraction of the other medium

a.
Find the Velocity of the ray in the other medium

b.
Find the angle of incident

if the angle of refraction 2 is equal to 33 c.

An optical ray with 0 of 640nm traveling through another medium measures a wavelength of
27nm.
2.

Class 2 Page 10

Class 2 Page 11
5.1 Internal Dispersion
For MM System
Illustration -
Fig. 1
Due to {
Material Dispersion: Since is a function of n 's will travel at velocities -
Wave Guide dispersion: dispersion constant(Core Radius) is function of

Minimum propagation delay in fiber

Ray 2 enters core at

Asume a pulse of width E entering fiber

Tdc - td0 is the time it takes for energy of the pulse t reach output of fiber

Ex: Train of laight pulses transmitted through 400m fiber
Also called chromatic dispersion - function of index of refraction
Light has many s -> is a function of n

travel a (different) velocities ( du to type of material

. Ex. Silicate glass
Dispersion is related to (line width)
Units : picosecond /km/ nanoseconds
Fig. 2
2 extreme modes
5.1 Internal Dispersion
Wednesday, September 17, 2014 17:36
Week 3 Page 12
Bit rate Capacity (in bits/s) of a communication channel -

is obiosly impacted by dispersion -

Depending of type of code (RZ, NRZ, Manchester, ) -

or

Bw: Bandwidth -
Bit rate and Bandwidth 6.
6.1 Digital Formats
Fig. 3.
Baud rate = number of symbols per second = M
Binary system -> Bit rate = baud rate
M = 2 -> {0,1}
Fig. 4

Illustration:
Bit rate vs. baud rate -
Now a 4-ary system with M - 4 symbols
{
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
-
When transmitting a square wave, the receive signal is in fact a sine wave -
Fig. 7
Max Rate at which data can be transmitted -
Capacity of channel -

-
For binary M=2 ->

-
So

Shannon's Theorem
Fig. 8
Illustration:
6.2 BW and BT
Industry standard -

can be due to many effects

6.3 Effect of dispersion on Bit Rate

Step- index- Fiber -
Troy Maxwell
j.troy66@yahoo.com
Week 3 Page 13

BW is length dependent -
Pulse spreads with Length -
6.4 Bandwidth - Length product (B.L) -
Ex. A BW= 42 MHz for 8 Km of fiber -

Expresses BW for a 3 KM Fiber

6.5 Electrical and optical Bandwidth
Fig. 9
Electrical System P is

Optical System P is

Fig. 10
Week 3 Page 14
Channel Losses 7.

Example:

Fiber Cable Attenuation = 5dB

Splice losses L dB(transmit)

Connector Losses: 3.5dB (transmit)
2.5db (receiver)
Total Channel loss =

Regenerative Repeater 8.
Class 4
Wednesday, September 24, 2014
Week 4 Page 15
Pi input power -
Po Output Power -
Chanel Losses ( Will also include pulse Dispersion ) -
Spacing of repeater
Inter symbol interference V or Overlapping of pulses at Receiver.
This creates additional loss called ISI penalty or dispersion Equalization.
For a digit puse: bit error Rate (BER)

8.1. Temporal response (ISI)

Need NOTES!
Pulsavility

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Interval
Gaussian pulse ( Bell Shaped)

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In this case:

Now the Channel Losses

M System Wideband
Rise Time and Bandwidth -

System Rise time

Rise time of transmiting Circuit

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Impact of coding system on BW versus

Rise Time and BW (

and BW)
If (tav: pulse duration ->

For digital systems

Rise times Source (LED) = 8ns

Fiber (Intermodal) = 5ns

Pulse Broadening (intra-modal = 1ns.

Detector = 6ns
Ex1. Optical Fiber system over 8km without repeaters
Using NRZ , based on

Concept of Mode Coupling -

Mode Coupling by fiber bends
Transfer of power from one mode ((low order) and then (high order)
Week 4 Page 19
Assume this is the dominant dispersion mechanism
ISI ? (Dispersion equalization penalty)
@

Without Mode Coupling total RMS pulse broadening a.
=

Ex: RMS pulse broadening from intermodal dispersion within a MM fiber is 0.6 ns/km
=

= 0.03dB

With mode coupling total RMS pulse broadening b.

To Check if designed system is viable or not and also to find the location of repeaters -
It is given by -
Pi = Po+

-
8.2 Power budgeting Analysis
Pi: Input Power
Po: output power from fiber
CL: channel losses
MaL = 7dB LED
9dB LD (laser Diode)
a : safety Margin
Now Pi = Po + (xfc + xj)L + Xcr + DL + Ma
Ex: System operating at
Mean power from LD ->
Cabe fiber Loss-> 1

Splice loss -> 0.3db

Connector loss (tc, Rc) -> 1dB each

Mean power refused at -> 55dBm
APD (avalanche photodiode) at 35

Max distance of link without repeater

(BER =

Suppose

a.
Power Budget Analysis

Week 4 Page 20

losses LED to fiber 5dB
3 Connectors 1.5db each
Six splices 0.5dB each
10km of Fiber 0.6dB/km
Fiber to detector 6dB
Specs:
EX: System with
Led output power 0.1mW
Detector Sensitivity 0.1uW

5Mbs
Total Fiber Dispersion 4ns/KM

29.5dB

System is OK!!
Since sensitivity of receiver is 0.1uW
Since power are in W
Next Dispersion Effect
Goal: system without a repeater ->

Week 4 Page 21
Close enough maybe system can be improved
Week 4 Page 22