I N C O R P O R AT I N G

F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Efficacy of a
pharmaceutical preparation
based on glycyrrhizic acid
in a challenge study of white spot syndrome in
Litopenaeus vannamei

The live feed revolution

The global surveillance of
Antimicrobial resistance
The Chinese Conventional
Freshwater Fish Industry
Fish Farming Technology supplement
- RAS Technology

Vo l u m e 1 7 I s s u e 5 2 0 1 4 -

SE P T EM B E R | O C T O B E R

AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Volume 17 / Issue 5 / September-October 2014 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2014 / All rights reserved

Aqua News
3
5
5
7
8
8
9
9

Sweet potato protein breakthrough for Philippine fish farmers

New sales manager at Azelis Animal
Muyang to showcase FAMSUN brand at VIV China 2014
Import ban triggers union members to challenge Ghana government for explanation
BioMar and Sagun sign final agreement
Symrise AG successfully closes acquisition of Diana Group
Novartis Animal Health Aqua announces winner of Young Scientist Award at Sea Lice 2014
New CEO appointed for the BioMar Group

Features
10 Efficacy of a pharmaceutical preparation based on glycyrrhizic acid in a
challenge study of white spot syndrome in Litopenaeus vannamei
12 the unseen enemy
14 The Live Feed Revolution
16 The global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance
18 Yeast cell wall and the immuno stimulation
22 The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry
28 Trends in global compound feed production
30 Trade shifts and price volatility prediction

Regular items
7 THE AQUACULTURISTS
26 PHOTOSHOOT
32 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS
ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview

Aquaculture once again at this years EuroTier

Aquatic China 2014

All go for Aquaculture Europe 2014!
50 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS
52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
54 INDUSTRY FACES

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2014
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Also in
t
Our Fishhis issue:

Far
Technolo
gy centr ming
supplem e section
ent:
RAS Tec
hnology

Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial executive
Olivia Holden
Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
Email: pablop@perendale.com
India
Raj Kapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Creoso - welcome

am on my way to participate in the aquatic China and VIV meeting in Beijing as I write
this editorial. In the next issue of IAF we will report this event in detail and the range of
topics in aquaculture nutrition from experts around the world and China in particular.
This will be my second visit to this great nation and I am looking forward to the coming
week with my colleagues from the magazine publishers Roger Gilbert and Tuti Tan.
We have as usual, a most exciting issue for the autumn with a
variety of interesting news items and reports from the industry at large
and our continuing inclusion of related technology features that link
with feed delivery and management issues as well as novel engineering
systems bringing new opportunities for aquaculture. This is pertinent
for the RAS technology for aquaculture that we discuss.
Given major problems of disease in the global shrimp industry, we
report on new strategies to curb such problems by novel feed additives
in a controlled scientific challenge study.
Professor Simon Davies
Mycotoxins are the stealthy enemy of the animal feed industry with
aquafeed being no exception and so opportunities to utilise natural fee based additives as solutions is welcome and we feature the use of seaweed extracts as such agents.
Live feed revolutions in the early hatchery phases are making tremendous progress and a feature illustrates these approaches. Yeast is natures word food and a very topical feature reporting
on applications of yeast and yeast derived fractions as potent immune modulators in aquafeeds
offers a sound perspective for current and future use.
With China in mind it is appropriate that carp is our main fish focus in this issue and the
Chinese freshwater fish culture scene. No doubt I will enjoy sampling the delights of China on
my latest mission and so I must be catching my flight.
See you in the next edition and good reading till next time!
Simon Davies

Sweet potato protein breakthrough for Philippine

fish farmers

n The Philippines aquaculturists are

exploring a new source of protein for
fish - the local sweet potato, Ipomoea
batatas.
The nutritional properties of this vegetable root crop are widely recognised and
are currently being exploited for inclusion in
fish deists at the Tariac Agricultural College
in The Philippines.
The project is receiving government
support through the Bureau of Agricultural
Research and its program of commercialisation of technology. The National Technology
Commercialisation Program is attempting to
bring to market and provide fish farmers
with affordable, high-quality formulations for fish.
Enriching the potato was
achieved through a
microbial fermentation process over
a two week
period and
which resulted in
a protein product 17 times more
in protein content than non-fer-

mented potatoes and having a shelf life of

up to two years without adding antioxidants,
say the researchers.
To date the project has produced some
17 tonnes of PESP (protein-enriched
sweet potato for feeding bangus, tilapia
and shrimps. PESP is being hailed in The
Philippines as a 'breakthrough' product for
the aquafeed industry. The Technical College,
which holds the patent, is planning to build
a feedmill and move to industrial production
and marketing of the product.

Aqua News

Lost crab pots keep re-bating themselves

ver 12,000 crab pots are lost

in Washington state's Puget
Sound every year, costing an
estimated US$700,000 in lost harvest
revenue, and more poignantly, damaging
the sea floor environment. Using sonar
to find the pots, divers and scientists
venture into the waters to clean up and
learn why pots are lost.

The problem

Recreational and commercial crabbing

in Washington's inland waters is a popular
pastime and an important seafood industry.
But thousands of crab pots are lost every
year, abandoned on the sea floor. The lost
pots continue to attract Dungeness and
red-rock crabs for up two years, trapping
them until they die. The dead crabs then
attract more crabs.
"It just keeps on self-baiting itself," said
Joan Drinkwin, programs director at the
Northwest Straits Foundation, which
spearheaded the crab pot cleanup project
a decade ago.

The damage

Crabs are not an endangered or threatened species, so what's the issue? Scientists
have estimated that a derelict crab pot
can impact up to 30-square-feet of the
sea floor around it, depending on where
the pot landed. For example, a pot digging
out cavities in the sea floor can damage eel
grass beds. "If you think about 12,000 pots
sitting out there every year, and you add
that up, the numbers are pretty alarming in
terms of the kind of impact they are having
on marine habitat," Drinkwin said.

The causes

Research by the Northwest Straits

Foundation has found a variety of reasons
why pots are left behind. Lines attached to
the pots can be cut by boats, a problem
acerbated when people place pots in
heavily used waterways. Badly tied knots
can come undone. Pots are left in water
that's too deep for the line. And sometimes, even sabotage among competing
fishermen is a cause. "We see people
putting their pots in the middle of ferry

Totality...let's
imagine!

lanes. And obviously that's a terrible place

to put your pot," Drinkwin said.

Ioannis Zabetakis,
assistant professor
of food chemistry,
university of Athens,
Greece

The clean-up

After using sonar to pinpoint crab pots

on the sea floor, a diver plunges into the
cold, dark Puget Sound waters using a rope
with a weight thrown near the pot as a
guide. Once the pot is found, it's tied to the
rope and reeled in. The team uses divers
in an attempt to minimize the impact on
the sea floor. In a 2010 trip to Boundary
Bay near the U.S.-Canada border, the team
found over 1,000 pots in a 6-square-mile
area. "When the divers went down to
remove them, they tripped over the pots,"
Drinkwin said.

Crab pots arent alone

More than 336,000 animals from

more than 240 species have been found
in derelict fishing nets and crab pots,
according to the foundation.The nets have
killed porpoise, sea lions, Chinook salmon
and many more species. Since 2002, the
Northwest Strait Foundation teams have
removed 4,700 nets and 3,400 crab pots
from the Puget Sound. The law now
requires fishing vessels to report a lost net,
and there's no penalty.

Fixing the problem

Crabbing is relatively easy and accessible, but that also leads to people setting
up pots without knowing how to do it
well. Drinkwin and her teams can't pick up
every crab pot left behind. So they've been
focusing on areas with high concentrations
of pots. "We recognized that what really
needs to happen is a combined approach
that includes some targeted removals in
areas where the concentrations of derelict
crab pots may be having an ecological
impact in the area, combined that with
really aggressive prevention campaigns that
will educate crabbers how not to lose their
pots and also we want to work more to
making sure that crab pots used in Puget
Sound have appropriate escape mechanisms," Drinkwin said.

et's imagine an aquafeed company that has

merged with an aquaculture company and after
this merging, the resulting company has merged
with a snack manufacturer and then with a delicatessen high street shop. Totality. Impossible you might
think. But impossible is nothing!
Now, this total chain company is using as raw ingredients functional aquafeeds and the bioactive ingredients of the feeds pass all the way to the fish stripes
with olive oil and lemon that are extruded and
packed in a 70g little sachet to be sold as a delicious
and nutritious snack (as opposed to crisps!). So, this
company sells snacks named as fish with olive oil and
lemon: the med diet in a sachet. Would you buy it?
Would you consider it as an alternative and much
more nutritional snack for your lunch break?
The totality described in the first paragraph does
not exist. However, this should be the driving force
in aquaculture today: how we can make better
(i.e. more cost effective, more nutritional, more
appealing aquafeeds (with improved flavour and
colour) in order to produce more attractive fish and
then fish products.
Fish snacks do exist in Japan (albeit not as the one
described above) but not in Europe. So, what are we
missing in Europe as we do not produce them? At
the end of the day, Europeans are (supposedly!) interested in following a healthy diet and are prepared to
spend a bit more money to acquire more nutritional
food. Will the industry smell consumer trends and
become more total in its approach?
The Cutting edge products that are badly needed
today at the consumer level, i.e. at the super market
shelf, are functional foods containing whole fish (not
only omega 3 fatty acids!) as there is growing scientific evidence that total fish is beneficial against cardiovascular diseases as opposed to (isolated) omega
3 fatty acids supplements. So, this scientific evidence
now needs to be translated and transcripted by the
industry into novel functional food (e.g. fish snacks)
with a flavour better than omega-3 pills. Impossible
is nothing.
More information:
Ioannis Zabetakis
Assistant Professor of Food Chemistry, Univ. of Athens
www.zabetakis.net
izabet@chem.uoa.gr

The integrity of food / feed safety

assurance certification
Johan den Hartog, managing director of GMP+
International, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

he integrity or credibility
of a certificate about food
or feed safety assurance is
increasingly important.The overall
aim of cer tification is to offer
confidence to all stakeholders
in the market that a cer tified
company fulfils the requirements
of a normative standard of a
certification scheme.
Third party certification means
that a companys management
system its implementation and
daily operations are assessed
by an impartial and competent
party (certification body, auditor)
in a consistent way.

Aim of integrity
policy

A scheme manager applies

an Integrity policy and related
program with the aim of ensuring
the confidence that the certified
companies comply with the principles and requirements of the
applicable normative standards in
a proper and unimpaired manner.
Otherwise a certificate will lose
its credibility. From time to time,
certified companies in the feed
and food chain are involved in
feed/food safety emergencies.
In some cases, it raises doubts
about the credibility and value of
a certificate.
In my view, an Integrity policy
is one of the most challenging
responsibilities of a scheme
manager. In most cases, several
certification bodies and auditors
are involved in the assessment
and cer tification of companies, participating in a food/feed
safety assurance scheme. Besides
impartiality and competence, also
consistency of assessing practical
situations by certifications bodies
and auditors is a concern.
Therefore, a scheme manager
needs to evaluate the effectiveness of an Integrity policy from
time to time and improve it regularly. Above, it has to find the

right balance regarding nature

and extent of efforts (cost) to
obtain optimal results. GMP+
International has 30 accepted
cer tification bodies with about
350 qualified auditors in charge
with the cer tification against
standards of the GMP+ Feed
Cer tification scheme. At this
moment, it is fully in the process
of evaluating and redrafting its
Integrity policy.
Integrity policy is not a standalone item, but par t and the
breechblock of a coherent set
of roles and responsibilities of
the involved parties. Therefore, I
want to emphasise the responsibility of each involved par ty
for the credibility of a certificate,
before I dive into the Integrity
policy as such.

Responsibility of the
certified company

Fir st of all, the cer tified

company needs to comply with
the requirements appropriately.
The managements responsibility is to propagate adherence
to compliance and to evaluate
the implementation and compliance regularly. Accurate compliance is also crucial otherwise it will fuel a tendency of
indolence. An internal audit is a
useful tool to assess compliance
regularly. Feed safety culture is
the responsibility of the management. Is food/feed safety a
priority or a company value? If
it is a priority, it can be high or
low, depending on the (financial)
situation. A value is always at the
same level of urgency, because it
is a driving force for daily operations. That makes the difference.

Responsibility of the
certification body

The cer tification bodys (CB)

main responsibility is ensuring
competent and impar tial

auditors applying the normative

standards in a consistent way,
and dealing with nonconformity
in accordance with the rules of
certification set by the scheme
manager. It is recognised that the
source of revenue for a certification body is its clients paying
for certification, and that this is a
potential threat of impartiality. To
obtain and maintain confidence,
it is essential that a certification
bodys decisions are based on
objective evidence of (non) conformity and that its decisions are
not influenced by other interests
or other parties (ISO 17021, par.
4.2). Inaccurate assessment by
an auditor results in inaccurate
operations of an assessed feed
company regarding feed/food
safety control. The consequence
is that it can lead to fur ther
stretching of deviant behaviour
and non-compliancy.

Responsibility of the
scheme manager

Finally, in my view, the scheme

manager too has its responsibility. It is about setting normative
standards or certification criteria,
about setting rules of certification and about the Integrity
policy.

Setting normative
standards

The requirements for participating companies as well as

involved cer tification bodies in
the certification scheme should
be achievable and relevant.
Validation, prior to implementation, is an important tool. Wellbalanced multi-stakeholder s
par ticipation is key for setting
achievable and relevant requirements.

Setting rules of
certification

Defining a coherent set of

rules for certification is another

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

impor tant role . For GMP+

International, it is about accreditation against EN 45011. Currently,
we are transferring to ISO
17201. Fur thermore, skills and
competence requirements of
auditors and technical reviewers
as well as regular examination of
auditors should be ensured. A
training program is being developed together with Wageningen
Academy.

Integrity policy

GMP+ Internationals Integrity

policy consists of three cornerstones: complaints management, management of the early
warning notifications and compliance assessment.
Cur rently, the compliance
assessments are carried out
by means of witness audits,
par allel audits and annual
c e r t i fi c a t i o n o f fi c e a u d i t s .
The complaints as well
ear ly war ning notifications
supply input for a risk-based
approach of the compliance
audit program.
GMP+ International is continuously evaluating and
reviewing its Integrity policy
to improve the effectiveness.
A pilot is under way with different types of retrospective
assessments. These can either
be focused on a single auditor,
multiple auditors or the cer tification body as a whole. The
first results are very promising
and GMP+ International is considering adopting these assessments in a structural way, due
to its relevant insights.
Fraud prevention is becoming
more and more impor tant.
My experience is that fraud
sooner or later comes to light,
because errors are made and
thereby it will be discovered.
Unfor tunately, it can also result
in adverse effects on customers.
Recently, GMP+ International
did not hesitate to take severe
measures in a situation where
gross negligence by a company
was discovered. We are also
investigating in the development
of instruments for identifying
abnormal behaviour patterns
that could indicate fraud. Finally,
we have to realize that cer tification and Integrity policy cannot
prevent fraud.

Aqua News
Changing the status quo

New sales manager at Azelis Animal

olm
McEvoy
joins the Azelis
Animal Nutrition
team in Ireland
as sales manager. Colm has
a B.AgrSc (Hons) in Animal
& Crop Production from
University College Dublin and
has a wealth of knowledge
in sales and development in
animal nutrition, ruminant
animal production as well as
quality assurance. He spent
the past two years working
for Connollys Red Mills in
Ireland as Sales Representative/
Nutritionist. Prior to this Colm
had worked as a ruminant
nutrition specialist for Richard
Keenan & Co Ltd based in
Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Colms appointment bolsters
the Azelis team in Ireland, driving
to improve customer service with
expertise and market knowledge;
delivering safe feed and encouraging environments that can help
support animal health, enhanced
performance and yields.
Azelis Animal Nutrition offers
a wide range of products,
including high quality feed mate-

rials minerals, fats, technological,

sensory and nutritional feed additives; processing and preservation
aids for on-farm feeds and forages,
and hygiene products.
Azelis is the leading global speciality chemicals distributor providing a diverse range of innovative products and services. It
serves more than 20,000 customers in the coatings, chemicals, rubber & plastic additives,
food & health, animal nutrition, pharma and personal care
industries.
Through sourcing and distribution channels in every major
market around the world, Azelis
with its corporate service centre
in Antwerp, Belgium, offers
chemical producers market penetration, in-depth local knowledge, value-added services and
tailored multi-territory solutions.
Azelis, backed by private equity
investor 3i, has a turnover of 1
billion and employs 1100 knowledgeable people located in 37
facilities in 33 countries across
Europe, Australia, Canada, China,
India, Japan, Singapore and
Malaysia.

Muyang to showcase FAMSUN

brand at VIV China 2014

new pellet mill launch,

the first presence of
its animal farming
systems and a booth of
445.5m2 await FAMSUNs
customers and visitors to
VIV China next week, 23-25
September.

FAMSUN

The wide international reach

of VIV and its coverage of all
sectors in the animal protein
production chain provide an ideal
platform for FAMSUN to introduce its latest products to the
industry.
The 35T/H pellet mill to be
unveiled is the first gear drive
press in FAMSUN pellet mill
family. It is developed by the
European R&D Institute of
Muyang Company. Driven by
a 250 kW motor, the robust
machine can produce high
quality pellets steadily above

35 tons per hour without

downtime. Besides the exhibited
press, a model of 25T/H capacity
is also available for this gear drive
series to meet different production demands.
For aquafeed producers
and people who interesting
in improving production efficiency, the FAMSUN MY
1202 Twin-Screw Extruder
and the FAMSUN-WEM
Automation System backed
by bountiful proven data from
production practices will give
out solutions.
It will also be the first time
that the FAMSUN animal
farming family presents itself
at VIV trade shows. FAMSUN
delicate cage raising systems,
flat raising steel structure
houses and pig penning
systems as well as farm climate
control systems will be seen
on the 445.5m2 booth.

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

without Frontiers

he conundrum of how you get out

of poverty and into wealth is difficult to explain let alone do.

The founder of the nonprofit Operation

HOPE, John Hope Bryant, believes in the
case for an economic Marshall Plan
to give the poor access to capital and
knowledge about how to use it. His
view is that poor people rarely reap the
fruits of capitalism because instead of
meeting entrepreneurs, homeowners,
and college-trained professionals, theyre
surrounded by payday lenders, the
unemployed, and people whove never
had a bank account.They are surrounded
by the victim system so those factors
foster the mindset and knowledge gaps
that perpetuate poverty. Some say this is
perpetuated in the foreign aid programs
that exist.
Additionally the Australian Minister for
Employment said,
Whenever we go somewhere, whats
the first thing we do? We identify our
name and the second what our role
in life is. It is par t and parcel of our
makeup.
If you do not have a job then all you
have is your name!
Social data confirms overwhelmingly,
if you are in employment, your physical
health, your mental health, your selfesteem, your social interaction are all
enhanced. Not only for you as an individual, but for everybody that is in your
family unit. Employment is a massive
social good. The importance of employment should never, ever be down
played.
The other issue that is playing a big part
of AwF activities today is that of gender.
Since the Women in Aquaculture
session at World Aquaculture Adelaide
AwF has organised a number of
meetings with people who have shown
interest in being involved in a Gender
& Women Network (yet to be officially
named).
As is pointed out in the Repor t by
the High Level Panel of Exper ts on
Food Security and Nutrition for the
Committee on World Food Security
(HLPE FS&N) food security and malnutrition arise from inequalities, including
those related to gender. Whilst the

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

first view of gender tends to be about

women, the report highlights that we
cannot ignore mens conditions and
behaviour are also critical in social and
gender relations, and that men can also
suffer from food and nutrition insecurity because of gendered fish sector
work.
Additionally this report highlights that
the awareness of the role of fish in food
security and nutrition is rarely adequately emphasized in food security and
nutrition meetings. Nothing new there
the same thing has applied at discussions at world level regarding climate
change.
Clearly without awareness on the
beneficial nature of fish as a source of
good protein and micronutrients then
it will not be promoted and consumed.
Female literacy plays an important role
in this area in developing countries.
In HLPE FS&N, it states categorically
that gender disaggregated dates are not
routinely collected and little policy attention is given to the gender component in
the overall fish sector. Even major documents such as the Code of Conduct
for Responsible Fisheries have been
gender blind, which has the effect of precluding attention to gender in development policies and programs at global
and national levels.
There are about 160 million people
working in the harvest area of seafood
around the world and it seems that a
likely majority of them are not being
considered in governance, policy, development, etc. Surely this is something
that needs to be reviewed and changed.
Please help us in our quest to change
the status quo.
So you can join us on communications
on this important area and get involved
in the discussion and network please see
http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.
org/womens-network/ and let us have
your views.
AwF has a strategy and through our
Aquaculture Learning Centres the aim is
to not only educate on aquaculture, but
to also engage in engineering, business,
gender and nutrition as it is important
to break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition.

AQUACULTURE

view

These activities and publications

have been a cornerstone of the
development of the aquaculture
feed industry worldwide.

A Large but Fragmented

Body of Knowledge
Nonetheless, for all this dynamism, the large number of
aquatic animal species (> 300
species), life stages, production
systems, essential or conditionally-essential nutrients (> 50
nutrients) and feed ingredients
that need to be studied results
in great dilution of the research
efforts and significant fragmentation of the body of knowledge
generated. This represents one
of the great challenges of our
field, notably compared to other
animal productions.

by Dominique P Bureau, member

of the IAF Editorial Panel

Capturing and
Valorising Research
Information and
Knowledge in
Aquaculture Nutrition
When I am asked what I do for
a living and answer research in
fish nutrition and aquaculture,
my interlocutors often get a
puzzled look on their face. Most
people, even those working in
animal production, dont know
how vibrant our field truly is.

A Vibrant Field
When you have thousands of
scientists and industry stakeholders attending congresses, symposia and workshops on aquaculture nutrition each year, one
can only conclude that our field
is very dynamic and draws of lot
interest. Each year, thousands
of research trials are carried out
by academic, governmental or
industrial research groups. These
research activities are supported
through generous funding from
numerous governmental granting
agencies and industry stakeholders. Hundreds of scientific
papers, technical documents,
and scientific communications
(abstracts) are published each
year on the nutritional requirements of a large number of
aquaculture species and on
the chemical composition and
nutritive value of an increasingly
wide variety of feed ingredients.

Making sense of scientific and

technical information and
developing a wholesome understanding of state-of-the-art
is not simple in aquaculture
nutrition, especially given the
great diversity of animal species studied, ingredients used
and the complex interactions
between dietary (nutritional),
endogenous and environmental
factors. Capture and meaningful
integration and Valorisation of
the knowledge generated each
year by these hundreds of studies represent one of the great
challenges but also one of the
great opportunities for the aquaculture nutrition community.

Making Sense of
State-of-the-Art
Significant efforts have been
invested over the past two
decades by my research team at
the UG/OMNR Fish Nutrition
Research Laboratory, as well
as a small number of other
research groups, to compile,
audit, standardize and analyze
data from hundreds of published
studies.
To do so, we have used various approaches: mathematical
modeling, statistical meta-analysis
and nutritional modeling. These
knowledge capture and
Valorisation efforts proved
to be valuable since they have
helped quantify the combined
effect of different interacting dietary, endogenous and
environmental factors. They
also allowed the development
of tools (e.g. models). Some
models enable the optimization
of feed composition to meet

nutritional requirements of animals in a cost-effective fashion,

while dealing with increasingly
complex array of feed ingredients (e.g. digestibility models
for various nutrients and species). Other models allow the
prediction of feed requirement,
biological feed conversion ratio
(FCR) and waste outputs from
animal populations.
What many of the knowledge
capture and Valorisation efforts
based on analysis of data from
published studies have indicated
is that when taken globally the
research efforts in aquaculture
nutrition have in the past been
of highly unequal quality. In
general, less than 50 percent
of the published scientific studies surveyed contain sufficient
information or have design
and results that are sufficiently
meaningful and credible to
be used in modeling effort or
statistical meta-analyses. These
efforts have highlighted the need
for improving the completeness and for rigorous auditing
of the quality of published data.
Nonetheless, quality of research
has improved quite significantly
over the past two decades in
part through the hard work of
editors and reviewers of scientific journals, a greater general
awareness of proper scientific
methods and the better training
of scientists involved in the field.
We, as a field, have made very
significant progress and can be
proud of this.

Whats Missing?
Whats Next?
Tons of highly valuable information is generated each year by
our community. Some results
find some use but most are
never fully Valorised to their full
potential. My group has spent
countless hours going over and
entering data from a variety of
sources (our own experimental
results, published studies, information from feed manufacturers,
etc.) trying to extract valuable
information. I often dream of a
platform that would allow the
systematic and effective compilation, analysis, interpretation
and Valorisation of information
generated by global aquaculture
nutrition community. This system could be used to gather sufficient information allowing the
development of more robust
nutritional models applicable to

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

the broad number of species

our industry is producing. These
models would be continuously
evolving and improving as new
information would become
available. Efforts would need to
be invested in developing accessible and user-friendly interfaces
for the developed nutritional
models so that researchers, feed
manufacturers, and aquaculture
producers can more easily use
these tools and work cooperatively to meet current and future
challenges in aquaculture. How
farfetched is this dream?
Agree or disagree? Do you have
any feedback or suggestions?
Please contact me at dbureau@
uoguelph.ca

AQUACULTURE UPDATES
Coral trout and moray eels
communicate. Despite their stunning
colours and impressive pouts,the humble
trout has never been considered the
smartest of creatures. But the species
may have been underestimated. A new
study has found that the coral trout
could be just as clever as chimpanzees
when it comes to teamwor k.
UK researchers believe that the
trout are able to select the most
cooperative moray eels to help hunt
for prey and use movements, such
as headshakes, to communicate.
Coral trout are torpedo-shaped
and about 21in (50cm) long. They
have speed to chase down a fish
out in the open, while the moray
eel boasts a sinuous body to
find prey in hard-to-reach places.
The eel benefits by being able to eat
the fish chased into reef crevices by the
trout. The trout benefits by being able
to eat those fish the eel fails to catch.
Coral trout - along with close relative
the roving coral grouper - will use
gestures and signals to flag the location
of prey to an eel, including head shakes
and headstands that actually point the
eel in the right direction.
Norel has a new distributor in the
Colombian market. Biotecno-V is a
company specialised in raw materials
for animal nutrition and animal health.
Biotecno-V produce, commercialize
and distribute products with innovation
and add-value for the feed industry
sector. Norel, always thinking in the
customers services decided to open
new operations in Colombia. The
new project will allow them to have
presence in the feed additives sector
with specialized products, developed
with the higher technology and knowhow.

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Aqua News

i i i i i i i
i
i i

The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside the
aquaculture industry
Import ban triggers union members to challenge Ghana
government for explanation

ember s of the General

Agricultural Workers Union
(GAWU) in Ghana have called
on government to disclose how it intends
to increase tilapia production locally following its announcement of a ban on the
importation of the fish.
The Ministry of Fisheries & Aquaculture
lately announced the ban on the importation of tilapia to help create a market for
the local fish industry.
GAWU, in a statement, commended
government for the bold initiative,
adding that it would help to lessen the
$2 billion used annually to import fish
into the country according to a 2012
report by the Ministry.
Annual demand for fish currently stands
at 880,000 tonnes, but only 42,000 tonnes
is produced locally. GAWU argued that
the directive should be backed by a
concrete plan.

Edward Kareweh, Deputy General

Secretar y of GAWU, disclosed that
Ghana should not ban tilapia importation without any results-oriented
alternative arrangement to meet the
consumers needs, as well as fill the
gaps that would arise by the directive.
Mr Kareweh called for further explanation on the governments directive since
not all Ghanaians were likely to back it.
Fur thermore, he questioned the
period of time the directive would be
enforced.
Sherry Ayitey, the Minister of Fisheries
& Aquaculture, recently disclosed to the
media in Tema that the ban could create
about 50,000 jobs in the aquaculture
sector.
The Minister added that por tions of
the Volta Lake would be earmarked for
all-year round aquaculture.

Students develop cheap water treatment system using

chip packets
A team of students at the University of Adelaide, Australia,
has designed an elegantly simple yet efficient water treatment system using empty chip packets, some plywood and
glass tubing. Whats more, the whole thing cost just AU$67
and doesnt require skilled engineers to assemble, making it
ideal for remote communities with no access to clean water.
http://bit.ly/1wsFeb8

Carp in demand - one of the prime cultivated fish worldwide today

The global market for aquaculture is expected to reach
US$202.96 billion by 2020, according to a new study by
Grand View Research, Inc.
Carps were the largest product segment, accounting for
25,137.6 tonnes of global aquaculture demand in 2013 and
is expected to reach 29,462.8 tonnes in 2020, growing at a
CAGR of 2.2% from 2014 to 2020.
The demand for carps is expected to rise as it is one of the
prime cultivated fish due to its high compatibility with nonideal environmental conditions and its extensive use in fish
farming. Mollusks were the second largest product segment,
with market demand exceeding 16,619.6 tonnes in 2013,
owing to health benefits resulting in high consumption.
http://bit.ly/1uWFfDe

Bangladeshie fish farmers lose tax privileges

The National Board of Revenue yesterday withdrew tax
privileges for fish farming to rein in tax-dodging by a section
of dishonest taxpayers who allegedly shift income from
other sources to fisheries to evade tax.

NUMBER CRUNCHING

Carp

http://bit.ly/Xol2ef

51-61 cm-The average length of a carp in South-Eastern

Europe (Where conditions are optimum)

32 kg-The maximum weight of a carp recorded in Italy in

1886
75 235 tonnes- The total catch reported for this species
to the FAO in 1999
1g/kg body weight -The daily requirement of common
carp for protein
335 oC Common carp occur within this temperature
range
2025 oC The optimum water temperature for growth
and propagation

Source: FAO - www.fao.org/fishery/species/2957/en

1.8-4.5 kg The average weight of a carp in SouthEastern Europe

Shark kills Australian swimmer in safe Byron Bay

The hunt is on for a two-metre shark - thought to be a
Great White - after it killed a 50-year-old local man who
was swimming at Clarke's Beach in Australia's noted Byron
Bay.
Police with helicopters have sighted what may prove to
be the killer shark but say that it might not be culled if it is
found to be a protected Great White.
Byron Bay is considered to be a safe beach with the last
attack taking place in 1995.
A second man went to the aid of the swimmer to drag him
clear and onto the beach. Despite carrying out CPR the
man died at the scene. His wife was on the beach at the
time and in a highly distressed state according to reports
http://bit.ly/1DlGKR9

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

FEATURE

BioMar and Sagun sign

final agreement

t a small ceremony in
Aarhus, Denmark, the
final agreement for the
establishment of a Joint-Venture
feed company and a feed plant
in Turkey was signed by BioMar
CEO Mr Torben Svejgaard and
the owner of the Sagun Group
Mr Ahmet Sagun.
Torben Svejgaard expects the
factor y, which will be placed
near Izmir in the south west
of Turkey, to enter operation
towards the end of 2015. Turkish
fish far mer s will, however,
already in a few months be able
to purchase feed from other
BioMar factories through the
newly established BioMar-Sagun
feed company.
The BioMar-Sagun Joint-Venture
feed company will mainly serve
Turkey, the second largest aquaculture market in Europe, but once
the feed plant becomes operational the new feed company will

also start export sales to some of

the neighboring countries.
The establishment of the
new Turkish Joint-Venture will
strengthen BioMars position in
the Eastern Mediterranean area
considerably.
The Turkish market is already
ser ved by more than 15 feed
companies, but almost all are
only local players with limited
resources for research and
product development. Local
presence is one of the keys
to the Tur kish feed mar ket,
but many Turkish fish farmers
h av e l o n g e x p r e s s e d t h e
need for introducing new and
better feed concepts allowing
farmer s to obtain better
and more stable production
results.
In collaboration with one of
the leading Turkish fish farmers
BioMar recently perfor med
benchmark trials with some of

Symrise AG successfully closes

acquisition of Diana Group

QUATIV, part of DIANA

A q u a bu s i n e s s u n i t
of DIANA Group, is
pleased to announce the acquisition of DIANA by the German
Group SYMRISE.
Within the SYMRISE Group,
DIANA will operate as a new
division and will be positioned as
the platform for natural ingredient
based solutions for Taste, Color,
Texture, Health and Nutrition,
and Food protection.
DIANA AQUA has been developing for many years a marine

sourcing backward integration for

DIANA, securing the marine functional ingredient supply to DIANA
targeted markets (FOOD, PET
FOOD & AQUAFEED).
This marine sourcing is only
based on marine co-products
which fully suppor ts our customers & company sustainable
development policies.
Thanks to this marine sourcing,
AQUATIV has been expanded
worldwide to become the sole
player delivering highly standardized, safe and performing

AQUACULTURE
UPDATES

considering listing on the Australian

Securities Exchange in a float that could
be worth Aus$400 million.

Australias $40 billion aquaculture

industry is expected to boom by the
end of this decade as the countrys
biggest fish farmers Tassal and Cleanseas
turn their fortunes around and inspire
others to list on the Australian
share market. Huon Aquaculture is

A soft robotic fish that was developed

at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), by Andrew
Marchese, is reported to be capable of
movement similar to that of a real fish.
This "self-contained autonomous soft
robot" can perform rapid movement,
and by convulsing its body it can carry

the main Turkish feed brands, and

these trials underlined the need
for introducing more efficient and
sustainable diets in Turkish aquaculture. Further, the combination
of BioMars know-how in feed
development and manufacturing
with Saguns strong network
within the Turkish aquaculture
sector will give the new feed
company a very strong platform
to start from.
The signing took place at the
headquarters of Schouw & Co,
the owner of the BioMar Group,
in Aarhus, Denmark. Present were
from left to right Mr Jens Bjerg

functional hydrolysates to the

Aqua feed industry. Liquids and
powders are obtained from the
freshest and most sustainable
marine raw materials sources one
can possibly find.
Adding to its expert knowledge in
the field of marine protein hydrolysis

Srensen, Managing Director of

Schouw & Co, Mrs Seda Sagun, Mr
Torben Svejgaard, CEO of BioMar,
Mr Ahmet Sagun, Owner and
President of the Sagun Group, and
the next generation in the Sagun
family Mr Ogulcan Kemal Sagun
and Ms Nazlican Sagun.
For more information:
Group Sagun
Mr Ogulcan Sagun
Tel: +90 533 7276672
Mr Onur Fil
Tel: +90 533 9621902
BioMar Group
Mr Henrik Aarstrup
Tel: +45 25 505071

inherited from DIANA, AQUATIV

has built up a team entirely dedicated to aquaculture, including fish
and shrimp nutritionists, health specialists and veterinarians. AQUATIV
delivers natural ingredients bringing
high functionality to the aquafeed
and ultimately better productivity to
the farmers.
For more information:
George MARCO
President DIANA AQUA
Email: gmarco@diana-aqua.com
Catherine Esnol
Marketing Assistant AQUATIV
Email: cesnol@diana-aqua.com
Website: www.aquativ-diana.com
Website: www.diana-group.com
Website: www.symrise.com

out escape maneuvers to change

direction almost as quickly as a real
fish can. Soft robotics is a relatively
new field of robotics, which has
earned its own journal- Soft Robotics.
This field involves the development
of robots from soft materials, making
them flexible and ideal for movement
around limited spaces, with the ability
to change gait (locomotion achieved
through movement) easily. Daniela Rus,

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

director of MIT's Computer Science

and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,
who also helped to design and build
the fish, is very excited about this
research. "As robots penetrate the
physical world and start interacting
with people more and more, it's
much easier to make robots safe if
their bodies are so wonderfully soft
that there's no danger if they whack
you."

FEATURE

Novartis Animal Health Aqua announces

winner of Young Scientist Award at Sea
Lice 2014

asel, September 15, 2014

Novartis Animal Health
(NAH) Aqua is pleased
to announce Kiranpreet Kaur,
a post-doctoral researcher at
the Norwegian University of
Life Sciences, Sea Lice Research
Center in Norway, as the winner
of the most recent NAH Young

For her prize, NAH will host

Ms. Kaur on a visit to the NAH
Research Center at Saint-Aubin,
Switzerland later in the year.
While there, she will meet with
leading NAH scientists to learn
more about novel pharmaceutical
developments and revolutionary
new technologies in fish parasi-

Kiranpreet Kaur, from Norwegian University of Life Sciences,

Sea Lice Research Center, selected at Sea Lice 2014 for her
presentation on the mechanism behind azamethiphos resistance in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
Kaur will travel to the Novartis Animal Health Research
Center at Saint-Aubin, Switzerland, to meet NAH scientists
and learn about their research
Award demonstrates ongoing NAH commitment to investing
in future of the industry by encouraging development of
young talent

Scientist Award. Presented during

the Sea Lice 2014 conference in
Portland, Maine, her presentation
on the identification of the mechanism behind resistance against
organophosphate (azamethiphos)
in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus
salmonis) was selected for top
recognition by an independent
panel of exper t judges from
industry and academia.

tology. Her trip will also include an

opportunity to present her work
to the NAH researchers.
Being selected as the latest
Young Scientist award winner is
an exciting honor, said Kiranpreet.
Having the opportunity to visit
the Novar tis Animal Health
Research Center in Switzerland,
and engage with NAH scientists
there, is a highlight for me and

New CEO
appointed for the
BioMar Group

derful and smart people. It has

thus been a very difficult decision
for me to resign, but this is the
right time for me to withdraw
from the executive life and seek
a new career path as a non-executive."
Chairman of the board, Jens
Bjerg Sorensen, says, "First I want
to thank Torben for his contribution to BioMar's development
over the past six years. His successor Carlos has been with
BioMar since 2000 and after
a strong career in the Chilean
organisation he has during the
last years broadened his responsibility area successfully, so he
today has responsibility for
the two Regions Americas and
Continental Europe and on top
of that he is the overall respon-

orben Svejgard, who has

been Group CEO in
BioMar since 2008, has
resigned from his position in
order to focus on a career as a
full-time board member.
The BioMar board has
appointed Vice President Carlos
Diaz as new Group CEO. He will
take over the seat from Torben
Svejgard towards the end of the
year.
Torben Svejgard says about his
decision, "My six years with BioMar
have been fantastic. Aquaculture is
an exciting industry and BioMar is
a wonderful company with won-

offers real development possibilities for my future research.

The sponsorship of this NAH
award shows the ongoing NAH
commitment to building the
future of the industry by encouraging young, talented scientists to
share their innovative research.
Previous Young Scientist Award
winners include Rogelio SierraFlores from the University of
Stirling for his work on underwater noise and its effects on
fish behaviour ; Laura Braden
from the University of Victoria in
British Columbia, Canada, for her
research on the molecular basis
for Pacific salmons resistance to
sea lice; and most recently, Marie
Smedley from the University of
Stirling for her work on the use of

nutrition to improve performance

of Triploid Atlantic salmon.
The award was presented by
Marta Gameiro, Global Technical
Services Manager for NAH Aqua.
Novar tis Animal Health Aqua
believes that staying at the forefront of aquaculture innovation
requires continual investment,
both in technology and people,
said Gameiro. NAH has significantly invested in our R&D facilities and also in endeavors such
as the Novar tis Chair of Fish
Health at the University of Prince
Edward Island (UPEI) and the Sea
Lice Research Centre in Bergen.
Encouraging scientists, such as
Kiranpreet, is another important
part of building the future of our
industry.

sible for business development.

"I and the board are thus confident that we in Carlos have
a strong Group CEO, who can
lead the company towards new
heights."
Carlos Diaz is 45 years old, has
a background as a veterinarian
and holds an MBA with speciali-

sation in marketing and commercial management. Before BioMar

he has been working in the aquaculture industry in some Chilean
companies, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry.
Commenting on his appointment Carlos Diaz says, " I am
pleased and happy to take this
new professional challenge in my
career and contribute to consolidate and grow BioMar as a global
leader in fish feed. I am sure that
with all the good people in the
company we can continue making
a difference and creating value for
our customers, employees and
shareholders".
See our interview with Carlos
Diaz on page 48 of this edition
of International Aquafeed
magazine

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

FEATURE

Efficacy of a pharmaceutical preparation

based on glycyrrhizic acid
in a challenge study of white spot syndrome
in Litopenaeus vannamei

n spite of difficulties, shrimp production

is an important and profitable food
producing industry. In many countries,
cultured shrimp production has been
severely hindered by various viral diseases,
for example, white spot syndrome
WSSV. First signs of this disease, such as
sudden reduction in food consumption and
red discoloration, are followed by a sharp
increase in mortality in shrimp farms over
the next 310 days, even reaching 100%
mortality. The first description of WSSV
appears to have been from an outbreak
in Taiwan in 1992. This disease seems to
have spread worldwide, except perhaps to
Australia. It has been suggested that world
weather changes have contributed to the
dissemination of this disease. As the name
of the disease suggests, the main signs
of WSSV are 0.52.0 mm white spots in
the interior part of the shell, appendixes,
uropods, telson, pereiopods, pleopods and
cuticle of the abdominal segments.
The colour of shrimps becomes pale red
and the lymphoid organ becomes turgid. It
has been described as hypertrophic. Diseased
shrimps become lethargic, and they show
erratic swimming and lack of appetite and die
during the next three days.
Viusid (from Catalysis, S.A. de C.V.,
Mexico) is the proprietary name preparation based on diammonium glycyrrhizic acid,
extracted from licorice with added vitamins
and oligoelements. It has been claimed that
this drug preparation stimulates production of gamma interferon in human beings.

Glycyrrhizic acid possesses antiviral activity in

vitro and in vivo interfering with both DNA
and RNA replications, hence interfering with
replication of a wide range of viruses, including herpes, influenza A and B, hepatitis B,
coronavirus, and SARS. Glycyrrhizic acid has
also demonstrated to be capable of impeding
virion eclosion from its capside, apparently
due to a dose-dependent inhibition of kinaseP phosphorylation.
Additionally, it has been shown to interfere
with arylamine N-acetyltransferase bacterial
activity, hence exhibiting antibacterial effects
at least vs Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus
spp., and Klebsiella spp. There are no biological or chemical effective treatments to treat
WSSV. Body defence mechanisms in shrimp
are greatly based on the number of circulating hemocytes in their hemolymph, and it
has been observed better clinical responses
to viral diseases in shrimp with high number
of hemocytes. Hence, stimulation of their
immune system may be a way to increase
shrimp body defence mechanisms, particularly
before they face the viral challenge. Thus, considering the apparent immune-modulator and
antiviral activities of glycyrrhizic acid, it was set
as the aim in this study to assess this preparation for its potential protective effects in a
laboratory controlled challenge with WSSV.

Material and methods

This study was carried out with a total of

960 juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) obtained from a farm free of WSSV
as confirmed by PCR analysis 5 days prior to
the beginning of the trial. The study lasted for

18 days. Shrimps had a mean weight of 5 g at

the beginning of the trial and were randomly
distributed in four groups with four replicates
each. Thus each replicate was carried out with
60 shrimps and the groups were distributed
as follows:
1.
Control untreated-challenged group
(CUCH), fed with drug-free food
throughout the trial and challenged with
WSSV on day zero.
2. Control untreated-unchallenged group
(CUUCH), fed with drug-free food
throughout the trial but not challenged
and dosed with saline solution.
3. Experimental 1 (E1), fed as E1, but
starting 17 days before challenge as
above with WSSV and maintaining the
treatment for further 5 days after.
4. Experimental 2 (E2), fed standard diet
plus Viusid throughout the trial and
starting 1 day before the challenge with
WSSV, as group CUCH.
Once groups were formed, five shrimps
from each group were randomly selected and
their hemolymph obtained and measured to
set basal values of total hemocyte counts by
direct counting with the Neubauer chamber.
Then, additional samples from five shrimps
per group were obtained for hemocyte count
on days 6, 12 and 18. Shrimps were maintained in 1000 L tanks with continuous flow of
brackish water at an approximate rate of 10
L/h. Temperature was kept at 2325 C with
a thermostat (LED 200 W Dymax), pH was
approximately 7.67.8 (Aqualytic, Germany),
and continuous aeration was provided at
6.796.56 mL/min. Animals were fed twice a

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE
day with commercial shrimp drug-free
pellets (Camaronina Purina, Sonora,
Mxico) having: 35 percent protein
min, nine percent fat min, 3/32
in pellets and considering a three
percent feed intake per day with
respect to the biomass as established
by Alday-Sanz. Lack of ecdysis in shrimp was
ensured before initiation of this trial.
Glycyrrhizinic acid was incorporated to pelleted shrimp-feed as liquid Viusid (Catalysis
Spain, distributed by Dermaceutical Mxico,
S.A. de C.V. Mexico City). To achieve this,
540ml of the commercial preparation was
diluted in 100 litres of demineralized water.
Then pellets were dressing-sprayed on big
trays. Feed was allowed to dry at room temperature for eight hours, stored in paper bags
and fed to shrimps. The resistance mechanism
of shrimps to WSSV and other viruses is
incompletely understood.
Various studies on how shrimp survives
to viral infections state that the individual
immune processes play a key role, such as
infiltration, phagocytosis and encapsulation
of viruses within a given tissue. In shrimp,
the lymphoid organ is an integral part of
the circulatory system, and can act as viralparticle filter describe intra-nuclear bodies
in lymphoid organ cells of diseased shrimps
(L. vannamei) diagnosed with WSSV in
farms of the Persian Gulf. The lesions there

described comply closely with the ones

observed in this trial, including karyorrhexis
in some cells in the lymphoid organ as well
as basophilic inclusion bodies within the
nucleus.
Yet, these formation spheres also occur
in at least six different viral infections on
peneid shrimps. Hence, this finding is hardly
pathognomonic of WSSV. Results obtained
from the total counting of hemocytes did not
reveal an immune-linked effect of glycyrrhizic
acid in the E1 and E2 groups. Yet, it showed
that there is a clear decline in their numbers
as the disease progresses. Nevertheless, a
comprehensive analysis could reveal further
information.
Thus, our observations are not conclusive;
important variations in the number of hemocytes in various studies have been reported,
and also variation in hemocyte apoptosis has
been described in shrimps with resistance
to WSSV virus. Hence, further research is
needed to clarify the role of hemocytes in
WSSV surviving shrimps.
In conclusion, there appears to be high effi-

cacy to augment survival of shrimps affected

with WSSV in experimental groups. Also,
glycyrrhizic acid plus mineral and vitamin
components in the commercial preparation
added as in-feed treatment to shrimps in this
study has been regarded as a nutraceutical
preparation by Secretaria de Salud (Ministry
of Health) in Mexico. This will greatly facilitate
its use since drug residues should not be a
concern. Hence, it is here proposed that large
scale trials must be conducted to evaluate the
effects observed in commercial-large scale
shrimp farms; for example, considering the
rate of lixiviation.
For more information
Dr. Bulent Kukurtcu, Technical Managing Director,
AgroVetinary Division, Catalysis, S.L.
Website: www.catalysisagrovet.com.
References available on request at: http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/references.

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 11

www.andritz.com

FEATURE

THE UNSEEN

nyone with a background in

life sciences will at sometime
have come across Aflatoxin,
a metabolite produced by the
Aspergillus genus of moulds which has been
well documented as the cause of fatal
poisoning in both farm animals and humans
following ingestion of contaminated food,
with peanuts and maize being the most
common route of uptake.
Perhaps less widely known is the abundance and variety of similar so-called mycotoxins and their often less dramatic but
nevertheless detrimental effects on organisms,
which have ingested them. Animal nutritionists understand well the toxic actions of these
fungal metabolites, some examples of which
are included in the table below.
Whilst much of the research to date has
focussed on the impact to farm animals from
mycotoxins which they have ingested through
their feed, some interesting and illuminating
studies have emerged over the last decade
into the effects that these toxins can have
on cultured fish which have been exposed to
contaminated feed.
By way of example Hooft et al (2010)
demonstrated a significant reduction in
appetite, weight gain and feed efficiency in
Rainbow trout which had been exposed
to DON (deoxynivalenol , a trichothecene
mycotoxin found in wheat, barley oats and
maize). He presented these results at the
International Symposium on Fish Nutrition in
Molde in 2012 concluding that Rainbow trout
are highly sensitive to DON even at levels as
low as 1 ppm.
So how can fish farmers defend their stocks
against the stealth threat posed by mycotoxins
that occur as contaminants in feed?

ENEMY

Recently, PHARMAQ UK has entered into

an arrangement with an exciting and innovative French company, Olmix, who have developed a novel and naturally derived additive
that can be applied to feeds as a protection
against unwanted contaminants.
Olmixs unique solution to this problem
has been developed by combining specific
extracts of seaweeds with Montmorillonite
clay (Amedite) sourced locally to their
premises in Brittany. The innovative combination of algal extracts and this fine clay creates
a product that is extremely effective in the
adsorption of mycotoxins.
The product, known as MTX+, already has
a ten-year track record in terrestrial livestock
Mycotoxin
Aflatoxin B1

by Chris Mitchell and Rob Sinnott

of global crops estimated to be currently

affected by mycotoxins and increasing pressure to include more grain derived material
in fish diets, greater attention will need to be
focussed on the raised potential for microbial contamination by mycotoxin producing
organisms in fish diets.
This is a challenge not only because these
molecules are quite difficult to detect, but
also because they are robust and can persist
as contaminants even if the source mould has
been removed. In addition it has been suggested that because mycotoxin production by
moulds is often a mechanism of defence, the
very interventions which are applied to limit
mould infestation of grains in storage (heat,

Toxic activity
Carcinogenic / immunosuppressive

Ochratoxin A

Carcinogenic / nephrotoxic / immunosuppressive

Fumonasin B1

Carcinogenic / neurotoxic

Zearalenone

Estrogenic

Trichothecenes dermatoxic
T-2 toxins immunosuppressive

production where demand continues to grow.

By adsorbing mycotoxins in the intestine
MTX+ significantly lowers the availability of
these molecules for absorption into the animal. Thus intestinal integrity is preserved and
immunosuppression, a hallmark of mycotoxin
toxicity, is avoided.
Its application to aquaculture was heralded
in 2011 in a trial on farm-raised tilapia in Viet
Nam. As well as a modest improvement in
FCR, fish that had MTX+ added to their diet
showed an 8.5 percent improvement in daily
weight gain over the control group.
Early days indeed but with 25 percent

humidity reduction and some fungicides) can

actually encourage the production of these
metabolites!
Through the inclusion of a naturally derived
and formulated mycotoxin binder such as
MTX+ into the feed of fish, especially during
their early life history, health managers can at
least be sure that they are giving the stocks
under their care the best start, free of these
pernicious stealth toxins.
For more nformation on how MTX+ might contribute
to your stock health management strategy please
contact Chris Mitchell on +44 7769 330540 or
chris.mitchell@pharmaq.no

12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

Olmix group innovates

and proposes new ranges
of products dedicated to

AQUACULTURE

e
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Stimula
rvival rate
Increased su
erformance
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Impro
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rsion Ratio
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Bette

www.olmix.com

FEATURE

Revolution
The Live Feed

ive feed production is the bottleneck

for many shellfish, marine finfish,
and shrimp hatcheries. Industrial
Plankton is a Canadian company
manufacturing live feed equipment focused
on biosecurity and automated production.
The equipment stabilizes hatchery yields by
increasing the predictability and reliability of
on-site live feed production.

Last year Industrial Plankton released

an automated 1000L algae bioreactor for
aquaculture hatcheries, followed this year
by a 500L version with additional features
for researchers. Other high tech live feed
technologies will be launched in the coming
year, including a zooplankton reactor, and a
system to control algae densities for feeding
or greenwater.
Biosecurity is the focus of algae reactor,
which is capable of automatically cleaning and
sterilizing itself between culture runs. The lid
is sealed, and the air is micron filtered as it
enters and exits the tank. Incoming water is
micron filtered, then UV sterilized at the point
of entry to the tank, and a biosecure pinch
valve is used for the automated harvest. The
harvested algae is ideal for feeding shellfish
larvae, spat and broodstock, providing greenwater for shrimp and marine finfish hatcheries,
or providing feed for zooplankton. The large
volumes produced also make a great inoculant
for larger tanks or raceways.

Stable culture parameters are also important for biosecurity. Large fluctuations in
water temperature, nutrient availability, light
levels, and other factors, can cause a portion of the algae culture to die off. The
decomposing cells spike the total organic
carbon (TOC), creating an environment that
encourages the growth of early colonizers,
often pathogenic bacteria like vibrio. Vibrio
spp are the most common and serious pathogen in fish and shellfish marine aquaculture
worldwide (Chatterjee, et al. 2012). Despite
efforts to maintain biosecurity in the algae
room, pathogenic vibrio species can often be
found in algae bag cultures, and even in stock
cultures at aquaculture hatcheries (Elston, et
al. 2008).
However, healthy algae cultures can naturally limit vibrio growth, reducing vibrio counts in
the incoming water by 99 percent in 24 hours
(Lin Wei, Chen Dou, Liu Xiu-yun. 2000), and
even significantly reducing vibrio counts when
added to larval rearing tanks (C. Regunathan,
S.G. Wesley. 2004). Unstable culture conditions can have the opposite effect by increasing
TOC and encouraging vibrio to proliferate.
To boost the productivity, a star shaped
tank is used to double the surface area
exposed to light, letting cultures grow denser
before self-shading limit cell growth.
A touchscreen gives the operator control
over the various parameters, such as scale up
density, nutrient additions, light levels, harvest

density, etc. The bioreactor monitors the

culture, graphs the data onscreen, and logs it
for later analysis.
When you want to start a new culture,
press a button on the touchscreen that will
drain the existing culture and automatically
pressure wash, then sterilize the tank. Come
back in 2 hours and the bioreactor will be
ready for a new culture. A 20L carboy is
an ideal amount to add as a starter culture.
The control system will scale this 20L up
to 1000L in 7-10 days, depending on the
species.
Once the reactor is full it will
start harvesting small portions of the culture
periodically, based on feedback from the
culture density sensor, automatically topping
up water and nutrients after each harvest.
Alternatively, the whole tank can be harvested as a batch.
Regarding algae production costs, including
capital costs, in most situations the PBR-1000L
is the most economical option for producing
medium volumes of high purity algae, with
each reactor producing a few hundred liters
of algae each day. Larger ponds and raceways
can produce algae even more economically,
but you sacrifice control over contaminants
and culturing parameters. Which system to
chose really depends on what the algae will
be used for. For sensitive life stages in fish,
shellfish, and shrimp hatcheries, or when
producing large volumes of pure inoculant the
PBR 1000L is the perfect solution.

14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE

The global surveillance of

ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
WHOs (World Health Organization)
2014 report on global surveillance
of antimicrobial resistance reveals
that antibiotic resistance is no longer
a prediction for the future; it is
happening right now, across the world,
and is putting at risk the ability to treat
common infections in the community
and hospitals.

ne of the stress points being

placed in the sometimes
abusive use of antibiotics is
in animal production. The
common trend in all countries is to reduce
or even ban the use of these valuable molecules to avoid an apocalyptic post-antibiotic
era, in which common infections and minor
injuries, which have been treatable for
decades, can once again kill.
As an estimation of the situation nowadays
we can state that in Europe 25,000 deaths per
year can be attributed to this antimicrobial
resistant superbugs and 38,000 deaths in
Thailand and 23,000 deaths per year in the
EEUU. The overall society cost impact is
estimated to be US$ 35 billion in the EEUU
(sources: ECDC 2007, Pumart et al 2012, US
CDC 2013)
New strategies are needed therefore in
the fight to the common pathologies suffered by production animals. And quorum
quenching (disruption of quorum sensing) is
getting more and more attention by scientists
as many of its characteristics makes possible
to conjugate pathogens control with a non
resistances-promoting therapy.
But what is quorum sensing?
The first indication of bacterial cell-cell
communication was introduced in 1965, when
Tomasz suggested that the regulation of competence in Streptococcus pneumoniae was
aided by a hormone-like extracellular product
(Tomasz and Beiser, 1965).

However, cell-cell signaling and coordinated microbial group behavior was officially
ascertained by Nealson and co-workers, who
reported that the bioluminescence developed by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri (formerly Photobacterium fischeri) in
its symbiotic relationship with the Hawaiian
squid Euprymna scolopes (E. scolopes) was
controlled by one or more signaling molecules
accumulating in the extracellular milieu as a
function of cell growth (Nealson et al., 1970a).
V. fischeri infects the light organ of the squid,
where the cell density reaches 1010-1011
cells mL-1, then the signal molecules can
accumulate to an adequate concentration to
trigger the transcription of genes encoding
luminescence enzymes.
Microbial cell-cell signaling has become
known as quorum sensing (QS), this system
allows microorganisms to sense its own population density and when the external signal
(known as autoinducers) reaches a threshold
or quorum a number of target genes are
activated or repressed in order to synchronize
processes such as bioluminescence, antibiotic
production, conjugative DNA transfer, sporulation, virulence, biofilm formation, etc.
The best-known autoinducer is N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)
It has been widely accepted that Gramnegative bacteria utilise various AHLs to regulate the mechanisms that help them to adapt
to changes in the environment. AHL signals
appear to be dedicated molecules produced
with the sole purpose of mediating specific
quorum sensing processes.
Different AHLs are usually characterized
by acyl chains with variable length, saturation
level and oxidation state. In AHL-dependent
quorum sensing systems the specificity of the
transcriptional activator protein for its cognate
AHL depends on both the length of the acyl
side chain and chemical modification at the
-position of the HSL ring.
Therefore, AHLs require an N-acyl side
chain of at least four carbons in length in order
to be functional under physiological conditions
in mammalian tissue fluids, and the longer the

acyl side chain the more stable the AHL signal

molecule.
It is also well known, that this autoinducers
regulates the expression of virulence genes
responsible for the production of extracellular
proteases, extracellular hemolysin and other
extracellular factors contributing to cytotoxic
activity.
Some enzymes are able to deactivate
these molecules and subsequently block the
communication, disrupting the quorum sensing, this effect is known as quorum quenching
(QQ).
Only two enzyme families in the microorganism have the capability of cutting AHL
structures; the AHL-lactonases and the AHLacylases have been demonstrated to be
involved in the real cleavage of the QS signal
molecules for quenching QS.
The interference with the quorum sensing
system by the quorum quenching enzyme is
a potential strategy for replacing traditional
antibiotics because the quorum quenching
strategy does not aim to kill the pathogen
or limit cell growth but to shut down the
expression of the pathogenic gene. Therefore
they do not create a selection pressure on the
organisms and as result do not promote the
appearance of resistances.
QQ can be developed as a technique for
disrupting the ability of a pathogen to sense
its cell density and disable or diminish the
capability of triggering the virulent expression.
This capability ensures that the host has time
to eradicate the pathogens naturally through
normal immune system function. Additionally,
AHL-mediated signaling mechanisms are
widespread and highly conserved in many
pathogenic bacteria, being an attractive target
for novel anti-infective therapies.
Some microbes not only produce QQ
enzymes as a defence strategy against their
competitors but also utilize AHL and its enzymatic degradation products as the sole carbon
and nitrogen sources for cell growth.
As this QS mechanism was first discovered
in the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the
acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) system in

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE
this microorganism is well characterized and
is used as a model system for many AHLproducing Gram-negative bacteria.
The genus Vibrio includes more than 30
species, many of which are associated with
human diseases, and have described QS systems for both inter-bacterial and intra-bacterial communication. Among them AHL system
is present in many Vibrio species, including V.
harveyi (closely related species such as Vibrio
campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and
V. anguillarum which are amongst the most
Table 1:
Control

tion; these products combine different modes

of action and some of them also show quorum quenching activity.
The AHL-degrading enzyme was first identified in Bacillus and recently, B. amyloliquefaciens was confirmed to have AHL-degrading
activity (Yin, X.T.; Xu, L.; Fan, S.S.; Xu, L.N.;
Li, D.C.; Liu, Z.Y. Isolation and characterization of an AHL lactonase gene from
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. World J. Microbiol.
Biotechnol. 2010, 26, 13611367.)
The probiotic ECOBIOL produced by
NOREL is based on this bacillus strain: B.
amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940. It is capable to
secrete 0.9 g of lactic acid per g of sugar present
in the environment; this lactic acid will reduce
pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the vegetative
form of B. amyloliquefaciens produces barnase, a
bacteriocine, which has an antibiotic effect.

Test 1

Test 2

7 h (pH 6.4)

11

24 h (pH 8.6)

11

13

24 h (pH 6.2)

11

12

48 h (pH 8.6)

Barnase-Barstar complex.

48 h (pH 6.2)

Source: Mazen Ahmad, Center of

Bioinformatics, Germany
Another mode of action reported in
ECOBIOL is the ability to stimulate the
immune system (not based on antibodies) by
increasing the activity of phagocityc cells and
lysozyme.
So, the combination of the quorum
quenching activity which switches off the virulent expression together with all the above
mentioned pathogens fighting tools, have

important bacterial pathogens in the intensive

rearing of mollusks, finfish and especially
shrimp.
Therefore it seems to be a natural conclusion that QQ could be a promising alternative
to antibiotics in aquaculture, especially against
Vibrios and particularly against V. parahaemolyticus, known etiologic agent in EMS/AHPNS.
Probiotics here arise as an optimum solu-

been demonstrated to be effective against

many harmful microorganisms.
In vitro study conducted at NOREL lab,
it could be observed how the growth of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited by the
presence of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940
culture supernatant (Table 1)
In the study, after culture of the probiotic, cells free extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens
CECT 5940 were obtained by centrifugation
and used to test the bactericide effect using
the inhibition halo technique.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supernatant
showed inhibition halos around the mugs. It
is hence concluded that ECOBIOL is able to
control the population growth of this kind of
pathogenic bacteria.
Number express inhibition halo in mm
In the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Report No. 1053, probiotics were recommended as a tool in the control of AHPNS.
Ecobiol based on B. amyloliquefaciens CECT
5940 not only features quorum quenching
activity, additionally it has, as a kind of Swiss
army knife, more mechanisms capable of
modulate and control the growth and effects
of typical aquaculture pathogens.
Aquaculture producers must have probiotics in mind when trying to cope with the more
and more difficult task of producing food for
feeding 7 billion people in a sustainable way.
Source: www.who.int

Ecobiol Aqua

A highly effective new generation probiotic

Die and roll re-working machines

Pathogenic bacteria antagonist
Proven activity against V. parahaemolitycus
Enhances friendly intestinal microflora
Improves Feed Conversion Ratio and growth
Helps mantain optimal health status
Reduces mortality in the ponds

www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Phone: +45 75 14 22 55
Fax: +45 82 28 91 41
mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk

O&J Hjtryk A/S

rnevej 1, DK-6705
Esbjerg
CVR.: 73 66 86 11

Head Office and Orders Jess Aprendiz, 19 1 A-B 28007 Madrid SPAIN
T. +34 915 014 041 norel@norel.es www.norel.es

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 17

FEATURE

Yeast
cell wall
and the
immuno
stimulation

he world aquaculture activities have shown a rapid increase is the primary defence mechanism against infectious disease. A local
in production (17.8 percent per year) since 1997 (FAO, immune response in the intestinal mucosa is generated in different steps.
2007, Mohamed et al. 2010). With intensification of aqua- At first macrophages and other phagocytic cells, like dendritic cells, take
culture production, the spreading of disease has been the up the pathogen (nonspecific immunity), and destroy them with enzymes
main problem in the fish farming industry. Up until now, antibiotics and O-radicals, and process it for presentation to local T cells. Phagocytic
were used as treatment for fish
disease management and also in Table 1. Total count of bacteria, immunity items and proximate composition of the common carp fingerlings
order to offer a better growth fed diets containing different levels of ImmunoWall for 8 weeks.
performance and feed efficiency.
0.0 g/kg 0.5 g/kg 1.0 g/kg
1.5 g/kg
2.5 g/kg
As in the other animal species, the
Parameters
widespread usage of antibiotics as a
Total counts of bacteria (Log
9.18
7.78
7.50
7.30
6.96
feed additive in aquaculture has been
cfu/g intestine)
0.23
0.26
0.44
0.18
0.17
under intensive scrutiny, as there
Immunity items
are growing concerns over the risk
Albumin (g/l)
11.5
10.70
11.3
11.5
12.1
associated with the transmission of
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.8
resistant bacteria from aquaculture
Globulin (g/l)
13.09
12.7
13.6
14.6
15.6
environments to humans, and also
0.9
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.6
the risk associated with the introAlbumin:Globulin ratio
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.78
0.77
duction in the human environment
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.08
of nonpathogenic bacteria, containLeucocyte(x10 mm)
2.01
2.28
2.25
2.24
2.15
ing antimicrobial resistance genes,
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
and the subsequent transfer of such
Total protein (g/l)
25.4
23.4
24.9
26.1
27.7
genes to human pathogens.
On January 2006, the European
Union ratified a ban on the use
of all sub-therapeutic antibiotics as
growth-promoting agents in animal
production. Concomitant with the
ban of antibiotic growth promoters
(AGP) new strategies in feeding and
health management in fish aquaculture practice have received much
attention. The research of prebiotics
in fish nutrition is increasing with the
demand by consumers for safe products produced according the sustainable practices (Denev et al, 2009).

Aquaculture And
Protection Mechanism

The immune system of the fish

0.55

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.15

Glucose (mg/l)

1196
2.51

1201
3.69

1200
3.60

1199
3.83

1195
3.51

Haematocrit (%)

27.7
0.72

27.9
0.35

26.9
0.46

26.6
0.37

26.4
0.65

Proximatencomposition (g/kg)

Initial
values

Moisture

746.66
6.43

715.33
4.37

709.07
2.99

708.72
3.11

707.51
5.12

703.93
3.64

Protein

132.3
3.6

145.18
1.21

146.57
1.72

150.79
1.68

153.21
2.24

156.40
1.96

Lipid

82.1
1.91

95.54
1.81

95.81
1.18

96.72
1.19

98.72
1.47

98.43
1.65

Ash

26.5
0.53

27.45
0.66

28.60
0.50

28.04
3.66

28.73
0.80

28.70
0.60

Energy

6.53
0.7

7.42
0.10

7.52
0.04

7.58
0.06

7.65
0.11

7.73
0.11

P:E ratio

20.27
0.56

19.55
0.24

19.46
0.11

19.88
0.35

20.0
0.46

20.22
0.09

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE
cells also secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the activity
and proliferation of those T and B cells that are most fit to attack the
type of pathogen that was presented by the phagocytic cell (specific
immunity) (Ghent, 2011).
Immunity in fish has an important role against pathogen agents. Fish
immune systems share some similarities to mammals. Fish, however,
rely more on non-specific defence mechanisms than mammals do. The
non-specific immune system of fish consists of several key humoral and
cellular components that provide innate protection against infection,
regardless of the pathogen type. Several studies have demonstrated
that immune-stimulants are very beneficial to fish immune system
(Denev et al., 2009)
Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the specific
action of immune stimulants in fish, such as selective stimulation of
beneficial microbiota, improvement of immune functions, disease
resistance, survival, growth performance and feed efficiency.

Beta Glucansas Yeast Cell Wall Component

They have been studied as immune stimulants in numerous

vertebrate and invertebrate species. The evaluation of cellular and
humoral immune parameters was established at phenotypic level by
the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and quantification
of inflammatory cytokines in spleen and gill tissues by indirect ELISA.
Innate immune response, mediated by lysozyme, was reported in
several fish species.
Prebiotics are non digestible functional fibres that beneficially affect
the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the
metabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria
in the intestinal tract, thus improving the hosts intestinal. Beta-glucan
is a particulate carbohydrate that consists of glucose and mannose
and is the main constituent of the yeast cell wall (Schimitt et al., 2013).
Several studies confirming the potent immune stimulatory properties
of beta-glucans in many fresh and seawater fish species documenting
the effects themon the pathogen resistance, protection, survival, and
fish specific humoral immunity have been published. Strong degranulation of neutrophils was observed in fathead minnow after dietary
administration of beta-glucans. The lysozyme activity increased after
4 weeks of feeding the whole yeast cells at a dose rate 10g/kg ration
to gilthead seabream. Enhanced phagocytic activity, respiratory burst
activity, and bactericidal action in the head kidney macrophage were
observed in the groups that received dietary immune stimulants.

Yeast Cell Wall - Immunity and Resistance

to AeromonasHydrophila Infection

Several studies with ImmunoWall (ICC) were carried out in Sari

Agriculture University (Ebrahimi, 2011). ImmunoWall is a natural
product containing various stimulating compounds such beta-glucan,
complex carbohydrates, and MOS, glucomannoprotein complexes,
which have been used as feed additives in animal production. Both
are components of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Appropriate or low levels of beta glucans were stated to be efficient
stimulators of non-specific immune functions in fish.

Material and Methods

The fingerlings were adopted for 2 weeks and then reared in

triplicate groups in 250-l tanks (n = 15 per tank with average initial
weights of 11.12 0.55 g), and divided into five groups that received
experimental diets (isonitrogenous and isoenergetic) containing different levels of ImmunoWall (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 g prebiotic/ kg diet)
thrice a day (until apparent satiation) for 8 weeks.

Experimental Results

Both feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio significantly

(p < 0.05) increased with increasing ImmunoWall levels from 0.5
to 1.5 g/kg diet. The highest protein content (p < 0.05) was found
September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 19

FEATURE
in the fish fed a diet containing 2.5 g/kg prebiotic. Haematological
parameters and plasma total protein concentration were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the fingerlings fed diets containing 1.5 and
2.5 g/kg prebiotic in relation to the control.
The control fish contained the highest mean of total bacterial
counts. The lowest mean (p < 0.05) of total bacterial counts were
observed in the fish fed the diet containing 2.5 g/kg ImmunoWall.
The present study reveals that a dietary ImmunoWall supplementation from 1 to 1.5 g/kg is capable to improve the feed efficiency and
growth performance of C. carpio fingerlings as well as their resistance
to A. hydrophila infection and the ImmunoWall levels from 0 to 2.5
g/kg diet revealed no mortality throughout the experiment.

Discussion

It has recently been shown by Jafar Nodeh (2010) that supplementing the diet of the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fingerlings with
the commercial prebiotic ImmunoWall considerably modified the
intestinal microflora. The author also reported that Lactobacillus (lactic
acid bacteria) population in the intestine of the fish fed a diet containing
2 g prebiotic/kg, was higher than that of other supplemented groups,
while total counts of bacteria steadily declined with an increase in the
prebiotic levels up to 2 g/kg diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it has been
confirmed, in a number of studies, that lactic acid bacteria as one of the
common probiotics have beneficial effects on the improvement of host
nutrition through the production of supplemental digestive enzymes;
they also produce bacteriocins that inhibit specific fish pathogens.
It seems that changes in villi morphology and density in the common
carp fingerlings fed with the prebiotic ImmunoWall are probably one
of the remarkable factors involving in the increased potential nutrient
capture thereby increased feed efficiency.
The increase in WBC (White blood cells) count might be due
to stress suffered by fish as a result of daily feeding on beta-glucan.

Harikrishnan et al. (2003) also reported increased WBC counts in

C. carpio after herbal treatment with Azardicha indica. The observed
increases in the leucocyte and total protein levels as well as lower
mortalities resulting from the pathogenic A. hydrophila infection
appear to be signs of enhanced health status of the prebiotic-fed fish.
Moreover, high concentrations of serum proteins including humoral
elements of the non-specific immune system are likely to be results
of an enhancement in the non-specific immune response of the fish.
The improved health condition in the C. carpio fingerlings is probably
due to the beta-glucan and MOS components of the ImmunoWall.
Glucans can modulate the activity of phagocytes and other components of the innate immune system in fish (Robertsen et al., 1994).
The administration of glucans in the diet of fish has been represented
to improve the respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, lysozyme value
and resistance vs. pathogens in some cultured fish (Ogier de Maulny
et al., 1996; Li and Gatlin, 2004). Rodriguez et al. (2007) found that
b-1, 3/1 6- glucans would modify the immune response of P. vannamei juveniles, influencing the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
prevalence and shrimp survival in ponds. Li and Gatlin (2004) observed
that hybrid striped bass fed glucan and/or chitin from brewers yeast
showed extracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney
macrophages. This prebiotic supplement also improves the fish resistance to A. hydrophila infection, thereby acting as a potent immune
stimulant. Notwithstanding, extra dosage of ImmunoWall seems to
hinder enhancements of feed utilization and growth of the fingerlings.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, supplementation of

ImmunoWallat levels of 11.5 g/kg was beneficial on immune
system, increasing the performance and the survival of C. carpio
fingerlings.
Full citations and references available on request

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de

20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

www.akahl.de

FEATURE

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL

ET-249A.indd 1 AQUAFEED | 21

6/10/14 2:49 PM

FEATURE

The Chinese
Conventional
Freshwater Fish
Industry

Figure 7

Figure 6

by Ge Xianping and Miao Linghon

hina has one of the greatest

fishing industries in the world.
At present, China has developed
into an industrial system with
breeding, fishing, processing, distribution as
well as research and education supporting
each other.
Chinese conventional freshwater fish
mainly consists of seven species of black
carp (Mylopharyngodonpiceus), grass carp
Figure 1

(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp

(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix), bighead carp
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), common carp
(Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius
auratus) and bream (Megalobramae) (Fig. 1),
which are the major species of Cyprinidae fish
aquaculture in China and account for a larger
part in the inland aquaculture production.
They are an important part of Chinese
food safety. Carp are also one of the main
sources of animal protein occupying an impor-

tant position in the structure of Chinese

people's food. According to statistics in 2013,
the total production of the above seven species was 18.738 million tonnes, accounting for
67.0 per cent of the freshwater aquaculture
production in China (Fig. 2).
Among them, the yields of grass carp, silver
carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian
carp were all above 2.5 million tonnes (Fig. 3),
ranking top 5 in the fish aquaculture in China.
The main producing provinces of conventional
freshwater fisheries are Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan,
Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong,
Guangxi, Liaoning and so on (Fig. 4).

Contribution of Chinese
conventional freshwater
fish industry

Figure 2

Chinese conventional freshwater fish are

the main farmed species of aquaculture in
China. It occupies a very important industrial
position. First of all, the yields of the seven
species of black carp, grass carp, silver carp,
bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp and
bream account for 51.4 per cent of Chinese
fish yield, playing a key role in the effective
supply for ensuring Chinese food security and
satisfying the aquatic products of urban and
rural markets.
Secondly, as a healthy food with high-protein, low-fat and rich nutrients, conventional
freshwater fish has functions of strengthening
brain and body, promoting longevity, as well
as improving health and beauty, which make
an indispensable contribution to the improvement of the nutritional level of citizens as well
as enhancing national fitness.
Thirdly, conventional freshwater fish is a
key point for the growth of important industry
in rural economy as well as rural incomes,
also playing an important role in boosting the
development of related industries. Fourthly,
the food chain of conventional freshwater
fish is short with high feed efficiency, in which
22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE
and promotion of improved varieties of conventional freshwater fish
By mass selection, gynogenesis, hybridisation, marker-assisted breeding and other
breeding techniques, six new species have
passed the national validation, which are
Allogynogenetic crucian carp ZhongKe No.3
(Fig. 5), Songpu mirror carp (Fig. 6), FFRC
strain common carp (Fig. 7), Changfeng silver
carp (Fig. 8), Furong hybrids of common carp
and crucian carp (Fig. 9) and Songpu red
mirror carp (Fig. 10). It also bred new strains
of blunt nose black bream and grass carp.
Farming promotion of these improved species
has been carried out in most places in China,
resulting in huge economic and social influence. By the end of 2012, there were more
than 20 new improved seed multiplication
bases for 6 new species, in which over 30 billion high-quality seeds have been propagated.

Figure 10

Figure 5

Figure 8

filter-feeding fish accounts for 38 per cent,

herbivorous fish accounting for 30 per cent,
omnivorous fish accounting for 29 per cent,
who are all the model of food-saving fishery.
The most conventional freshwater fish
adopts an integrated multi-mode multi-species ecological culture mode, which stabilises
the ecological communities and balances ecofauna by matching silver carp, bighead carp
and other planktonophage fishes. Thus, it plays
an irreplaceable role in improving the water
environment.

Research progress on national

conventional freshwater fish

Cultivation, propagation, demonstration

Disease prevention and control

technologies and applications

Through an extensive investigation on the

diseases of conventional freshwater fish in
China, major diseases and pathogens endangering these species have been determined.
As such, corresponding diagnostic techniques
have been established, for example, molecular diagnostic techniques and immunology
diagnostic techniques for viral diseases and
bacterial diseases, morphology diagnostic
techniques regulations for important parasitic
diseases.
Research on immune disease prevention
and control techniques, drug prevention and
control technology as well as ecological prevention and control techniques have been
conducted. The developed Grass carp hem-

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104.08.14 11:20
September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED |514580_Intl._AQUA_FEED_47x270_gb.indd
23

FEATURE
Figure 9

orrhagic disease vaccine and Aeromonas

hydrophila Sepsis inactivated vaccines
obtained the production number in 2011,
which has been delivered to related enterprises for production and now has been
widely applied in China. The screened herbs
for carp hematopoietic necrosis disease and
carp herpes disease prevention also achieved
good results in the trial. The developed
replacement drug for Saprolegnia disease has
significant effects.

Initial establishment and

application of aquaculture
mode and feeding techniques

Based on the aquaculture methods of

conventional freshwater fish, research on the
affecting mechanisms of micro-flora, algae and
water quality physicochemical in ponds have
been conducted, which focus on the dissolved
oxygen, light, temperature, pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other important factors,
and strengthen the built on primary productivity and beneficial microbial communities with
engineered means.
It forms ectopic and situ pond ecological
control techniques and engineering facilities,
which can effectively control water quality and
reduce emissions; enhance primary productivity, reduce fertiliser inputs, ease bottom sediment, improve water quality and reduce feed
coefficient. With the parameters improvement, the practicality of these technologies
improves continuously and has become the
core technology for pond reform and healthy
aquaculture. Some of the methods, like plants
floating bed facilities, have been widely used
by the majority of farmers.
Through research on the rules of fish
feeding-growth, focusing upon the dynamic
relationships between fish intake and the
nutritional needs, environmental factors during different growth stages have been initially
established. This has helped to gradually clarify

the changing rules of nutritional needs, food

intake, food intake frequency, food intake
rhythm, nutritional supplements, nutritional
compensation and so on, so as to build precise feeding technology for Allogynogenetic
crucian carp, black carp, grass carp, and common carp.
Through the rational feeding system, 0.86
tonnes of feed inputs and 31kg ammonia
emissions can be reduced for producing 1
tonne of fish products. A new feeding model
for black carp based on the high-quality
expanded pellet feed reduces the feed coefficient by 0.93. The application of a reasonable
feeding system reduces the input amount of
feed, improves the feed efficiency and water
quality, which is of obvious economic and
ecological benefits.

Circulation, trade and

consumption of conventional
freshwater fish

Chinese conventional freshwater fish is an

important part of aquatic products in China. It
accounts for a large proportion of household
food consumption with a great impact on the
entire development of fisheries. Conventional
freshwater fish belongs to perishable agricultural products, which are mainly in the form of
fresh consumption. Thus, its circulation structure should minimise the entity circulation
and improve marketing efficiency. According
to investigations, the methods of circulation
and marketing for conventional freshwater fish
in China have diversified, and the wholesale
market is the main distribution link.
The conventional freshwater fish is mainly
reserved for national consumption. The international trade scale is relatively small in the
whole industry. However, with the rapid
development of the Chinese aquaculture
industry and the demand of Asian immigrant
communities on conventional freshwater fish
in the world, the development of international

trade for Cyprinidae fish (including national

conventional freshwater fishery) is great.
In 2012, the total export of Cyprinidae
fish in China reached to 42,500 tonnes, with
an export value of 132.4 million dollars. From
the export market distribution, Hong Kong,
Macau, and South Korea are the top three
export markets for China. In 2012, the total
export of Chinese Cyprinidae fish to the
above three markets was 42,400 tonnes,
with an export value of 132.1 million dollars,
accounting for 99.82 per cent and 99.83 per
cent of the total export of Cyprinidae fish and
total export value of China, respectively.
From the source of export provinces,
because of the convenient conditions for
exporting to Hong Kong, Cyprinidae fish
export and export value of Guangdong
reached to 38,900 tons and 122 million
dollars respectively, accounting for 91.6 per
cent and 91.93 per cent of the total export
of Cyprinidae fish and total export value. In
addition, provinces with export volume over
800 tonnes also include Hunan, Liaoning and
Shandong.

Prospects

Over a 30-year period of increased growth

and development, the aquaculture technology
of conventional freshwater fish is becoming
mature. In turn, this has formed a complete
industrial chain and technology system integrated with breeding, culturing, processing
and marketing. China is the country with
the best aquaculture technologies for conventional freshwater fish in the world. In the
future, China will further improve industrial
quality, strengthen input of scientific research,
develop and promote standardised production technology, maintain sustainable development of the conventional freshwater fish, so
as to make contribution to the realisation
of resource-saving and environment-friendly
aquaculture.

24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE

TX-3000 RAISES ThE BAR ON AQUATIC FEED PRODUCTION

Our business in life is not to get ahead of others, but to get ahead of ourselves.
Stewart B. Johnson, Dutch Artist

Leave it to Wenger to redefine aquatic feed production

via twin screw extrusion. Based on the proven Wenger
Magnum twin-screw series, the new TX-3000 features
barrel geometries that allow greater capacities than
any other extruder in its class.
The combined features allow increased production
capacity of up to 30 percent compared to previous
and competitive aquatic machines totally
redefining cost/benefit. The TX-3000 can be equipped

with either the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) or

the High-Shear Conditioner (HSC) to match specific
process and capacity requirements, making it ideal
for processing a full range of aquatic feed products.
Contact us now. With new concepts and visionary
leadership, were ready to help you select
the right tools for your extrusion and
drying needs.

Turning ideas into opportunities.

PROGRESSIVE AQUAFEED PROCESSING

Imagine the possibilities

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part of:

Aquatic China 2014

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ChINA

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21-22 Kuntai Hotel

Beijing, China
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2014

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Throughout the world consumers behaviour

and attitude towards food has been
changing and, as a result, the industries
supplying food need to focus on the
exchange of information in order to meet
these new demands.
The emphasis of the Aquatic China 2014 two-day
conference is creating an opportunity pathway for those in
Chinas aquaculture industry to connect with some of the
worlds experts on aquaculture research, science, nutrition,
feed formulation, economic production, food safety,
quality assurance and certication.

www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina
September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25

PHOTOSHOOT
Our new editorial executive,
Olivia Holden was invited to
take part in the second annual
Breizh Algae Tour hosted by
Olmix, France
It was a pleasure to attend the second annual Breizh Algae Tour held in
Nantes, Rennes and Brehan, September 14th-17th 2014. The tour, entitled
Algae and Nutrition: a new approach to health brought together leading
scientific experts and researchers to enshrine Olmixs message that Algae
is one of the ways to meet the challenge of feeding nine billion people
sustainably by 2050 while respecting the fragile balance of our ecosystems.
Over 43 nationalities and 500 delegates were present at the tour which
explored in great depth the use of algae in plant, human and animal care.
The Breton spirit was alive throughout the tour. Delegates were treated to
traditional Breton music and cuisine.
Of particular interest were the talks and workshops given on algae for
aquaculture. Faced with the challenge of an ever-increasing population,
aquaculture is fast becoming the most sustainable source of protein for
human consumption notably in Asia. Coupled with this is the challenge of
sourcing raw materials for use in feed.
Equally, a further challenge facing aquaculture production is that of health.
An illuminating talk was given by Dr Loc Tran, one of the scientists
responsible for the discovery of the pathogen responsible for Early
Mortality Syndrome (EMS). The innovative and revolutionary use of algae is
now part of the solution in tackling this problem.
In this photoshoot you can find some of the highlights from the tour,
including The Great Elephant, an artistic, touristic and cultural project
based in Nantes. Furthermore, the launch of M Feed + was an exciting
opportunity for Olmix to showcase to a worldwide audience their everincreasing innovative range of products. In our next edition we bring you a
full report of the tour.

26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FISH FARMING

TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT

Recirculation
aquaculture
systems
All go for
Aquaculture
Europe 2014!

Technical aquaculture
conference
- focus on the Mediterranean

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

RAS
Recirculation aquaculture systems

ecirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) represent an

exciting, eco-friendly and unique way to farm fish. Instead
of the traditional method of growing fish outdoors in
open ponds, net cages or tanks, this system rears fish at
high densities within an operator controllable rearing environment
inside a building. Recirculation systems filter and clean the water for
recycling back through the fish culture tanks. New water is added
to the tanks only to make up for water loss due to splash out and
evaporation and to replace that used to flush out fish waste materials
to storage tanks.
RAS designs have several system process technologies, all of which
work together to ensure minimum loss of water, heat and of course
fish stocks, while constantly cleaning and re-using the fish tank water.
RAS farms can be designed to various levels of complexity, however
all true water recirculation designs involve the use of equipment to
remove and safely store wastes, clean and re-use water and maintain
rearing conditions at or near optimum for the species of fish being
raised.
In contrast, many older style tank farming systems that have been
used to grow fish are termed open or flow through systems

because the water makes only one pass through the tank and then
is discarded. Although several improvements can be added to older
designs to reduce water usage and create hybrid types of operations,
these are not exactly true water recirculation farms.

Benefits of Water Recirculation

Aquaculture System Designs

Fish farmed in any facility must be supplied with the correct

conditions necessary to remain healthy and grow with a good Feed
Conversion Rate (FCR). Fish need a continuous supply of clean water
at an appropriate temperature and dissolved oxygen content that is
optimum for good growth.
Water recirculation farms accomplish these tasks. A mechanical
and biological system is necessary to purify the water and remove
or detoxify harmful waste products and uneaten feed. The fish must
be fed a nutritionally complete feed on a daily basis to encourage
fast growth and high survival. With that in mind, it is now possible
to review the potential benefits of using a Recirculation Aquaculture
Systems.

Low water Requirements

Because RAS farms recycle most of their water, they consume

considerably less than other types of culture systems and are especially
well suited to areas with limited water supplies. The required quantity
of water needed to successfully grow fish varies with the species of
fish selected, size of the farm system, and the unit process equipment
design. As a general rule, a minimum water volume of one-five gallons
is needed for every pound of fish reared and minimum new water
flows of five-20 gallons per minute are needed to grow 50,000 - 75,000
pounds of fish per year.
A properly designed and operated recirculation system requires
a minimum daily input of water, just enough to clean the waste
from the filters and to replace water lost to evaporation. This
allows construction of fish farms in areas where ground water
is limited and even opens the possibility of an operation being
located in an urban area to use de-chlorinated municipal water.
Such a production facility could be located close to the market.
By comparison, a recirculation system which produces the same
number of pounds of fish as 1000 acres of ponds (about 4.8
million pounds of fish) would require only about 4000 gallons of
fresh water each day or 1.5 million gallons per year. However, to
fill 1000 acres of ponds averaging just 5 feet in depth, once only,
would require 1.6 billion gallons of water. That is just to fill the
ponds and does not include any water added to maintain levels or
freshen the ponds after the initial filling.

Less Land Requirements

Since fish in a recirculation system are reared in tanks, with oxygen

being supplied and their metabolic wastes removed by constant recirculation of water, fish can be safely stocked and grown in high densities.
Currently the goal, which designers are striving to attain, is 1 pound of
fish per gallon of water. However, many people consider 0.5 to 0.75
pounds of fish per gallon of tank water as being acceptable. In pond
aquaculture, the common maximum density is about 0.003 pounds
of fish per gallon of water. Therefore, a recirculation system can be
located in areas where large amounts of level land (to build ponds) are
not available. The low land requirement also permits the facility to be
located in areas where the soil cannot hold water or, again, in urban
areas, or housed in vacant farm or warehouse buildings converted to
fish farming.

Control of Water Temperature

The low water requirement of recirculation systems opens up

002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

the possibility of economically controlling temperature which, next

to the lower water amounts need, controlling water temperature
(and the resulting stock growth rates) is one the greatest benefits of
these systems. Control of water temperature allows the aquaculturist
to produce a fish species, which could not normally be raised in a
given geographic area. It also permits the water temperature to be
maintained at the optimum level to maximize food conversion and
provide optimum growth. Growth can also occur throughout the year,
maximising production and allowing rapid turnover of the product. In
theory, marketing of the product is also enhanced, since fish can be
supplied each week.

environment. By maintaining dissolved oxygen at optimum levels,

the fish have better food conversion and are less stressed, which
translates into greater disease resistance, less wasted feed and
faster stock growth.
In addition, the fish are isolated from potential environmental
contaminants such as off-flavor caused by algal blooms that can affect
cages and from any potential pollution resulting from soil run-off or
residual pesticides into the water that the fish are held in. This results in
a high quality product. In many cases where the fresh water is supplied
by wells, the likelihood of disease outbreaks are greatly reduced and
medications are not required.

Protection From The Elements

and Potential Predators

Summary

There are various designs for recirculation systems and most will
By rearing the fish indoors, the farmer is no longer limited by work effectively if they accomplish oxygen and aeration, removal of parweather conditions where a sudden cold spell can wipe out a years ticulate matter, biological filtration to remove waste ammonia and nitrite
production by killing the larval fish or disrupting the normal spawning of and buffering of water pH levels. These processes can be achieved by
the brood fish. In addition, pond and cage culturists can lose their crop using the simple units, that use combination filters which are often used
to low oxygen during the summer or winter and have greater difficulty in small farm systems. In the case of larger farms filtration will often be
controlling predators. Having the fish indoors also permits harvest at carried out using several interconnected components and unit processes.
Land based fish farms that use RAS technologies are indeed an
times when heavy rain, snow or ice would stop the harvest of pond
fish or cage, creating a definite market advantage to the indoor farmer. alternative to pond and cage culture systems. As with any technology
Indoor RAS farms are designed to prevent stock escapement, meaning or any other business the operators must have the knowledge and
less potential for loss and mitigation of potential conflicts with regula- the inclination to manage the business and undertake the daily tasks
required.
In RAS farms
staff must A
care| for
and manage
tions governing
water
bodiesHatchery
and fish escapements.
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Inc.
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not
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operating a farm without having the training and experiWith recirculation systems, the aquaculturist has the opportunity to control water quality, to the benefit of the live fish stock ence required. Water recirculation farms are also generally more costly
and to the final product sold in the supermarkets and to the to build and more complex to manage.

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Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

RAS

technology overview
Pentair
DSF Series Drum Screen Filters: Rotary Micro Filters
In demanding aquaculture applications, drum screen filters have
proven to be highly efficient and reliable in removing solids from
volumes of water large and small. Pentair Aquatic Eco-Sytems is
product to offer our DSF Series line of drum screen filters, with a
wide range of models, sizes and micron ratings to meet the specific
needs of nearly any field application. Featuring a field-proven design
and the highest quality materials available, the DSF Series follow
the simple, robust and time-tested principles of drum screen screen
filter operation.
Water containing solids enters the rotary drum in the front of
the system. Water passes through the micro-mesh filter, which
filters out solids (for increased durability, stainless steel wedge-wire
filtration material is also available). As the filter mesh or wedge-wire
material becomes increasingly loaded with solids, the water level
within the drum increases to the point that it triggers the cleaning
process. As the drum starts to rotate, the spraybar nozzles scour
the filter mesh or wedge wire with high-pressure water, returning
the screen to its original permeability. This allows the internal water
level to drop and stop the cleaning process. Solids that are cleaned
from the water are collected in a trough and transported away from
the drum screen filter.
www.pentair.com/en/solutions/advanced-filtration-and-desalination

WATER proved
WATERproved develops, delivers and installs aquaculture systems
for all kinds of application.
Careful planning, precise calculation and simulation of the set up
make you safe money when it comes to energy efficiency and ease
of maintenance.
Selling state of the art technology, we develop all projects completely in house - from basic calculation to 3D model farm design.
We know what we are doing-all our staff have practical farming
background in recirculation and flow through systems.
We worked with Trouts, Chars, Salmons, Sturgeons, European
Perch, Pike Perch and Cyprinids.
WATER proved is working together with notable suppliers such
as Hydrotech, Lykkegaard and Ultra Aqua. All individually manufactured devices in plastic or steel are made in Germany and from
highest quality.
WATER proved will join Aquaculture Europe in San Sebastian
on booth No. 25. We consider the show an excellent place for
exchanging with international scientists, farmers and business partners. There are already lots of meetings arranged with customers
during the exhibition. From the venue San Sebastian we hope to
get into contact with new customers from Europe and especially
France and Spain. Our French representative, Mr. Sylvain Delord
from Smart Aqua, will also join us during this show.

Primzone Ozone
Research shows that water treatment with ozone increases productivity at RAS aquaculture systems.
Three reasons why ozone in aquaculture improves water quality
and increases aquaculture productivity.
As recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by reusing
the fish tank water it is essential to control the water quality. Many
studies show that treating RAS systems with ozone increases productivity as fish health and survival is increased.
At RAS the organic load tend to be high and the homogeneous fish stock leads to a high risk of infections and problems with
bacteria, fungi and viruses. Although ozone is not primarily used for
disinfection at RAS the reduction of solids and DOC often creates
an environment that is less favourable for bacterial growth and thus
creates a reduced need for disinfection.
1. Removal of colloidal solids with ozone micro flocculation
The organic load is a constant concern for RAS systems,
especially when the fish density is high and the water exchange
rate low. Ozone has the ability to cause clumping or micro
flocculation of fine and colloidal solids, which in turn facilitates
removal by filtration and sedimentation.
2. Removal of dissolved organic compounds
Ozone changes the characteristics of the dissolved organic
compounds (DOC) by oxidation and precipitation that makes
it easier to remove the DOC by bio filtration and sedimentation.
3. Turn lethal nitrite into harmless nitrate with ozone treatment
A high organic load is a favorable environment for nitrite
growth. When reducing the organic load with ozone treatment the risk of nitrite growth is also reduced. Ozone also has
the ability to oxidize nitrite to nitrate.
Suffer with any of the above problems with water quality at your
RAS plant? Contact our Aquaculture Specialist Dan Johansson.
How Primozone can help you increase productivity with ozone
water treatment
Primozone offers unique solutions for water treatment of recirculating aquaculture. We offer ozone generators and ozone water
treatment systems that are especially designed for the aquaculture
market. The Primozone OM-series ozone generators have several
advantages that applies to aquaculture fish farming such as:
compact in size
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004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

HydroTech
The highest levels of filtration efficiency
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Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 005

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Technical
aquaculture
conference
- Focus on the
Mediterranean
by Ruby Bircher

Tom Blacker from

International Aquafeed
Magazine attended the
recent conference entitled
Tendencies in Aquaculture
Value Chain. The full-day
conference took place at the
FutureFish Eurasia exhibition
in Izmir, Turkey, on Friday
6th June 2014. EuroFish
organised seven separate
talks with questions and
answers.

Best Aquaculture practices:

BIOSAFETY- The new objective
of modern farming

uroFish, in association with Turkish

Food, Agriculture and Livestock
Ministry delivered an interesting
programme. International Aquafeed,
following the attendance of Tom Blacker
report from three talks given by presenters
at the conference.
At the welcome address it was highlighted
that aquaculture in Turkey has grown to worldwide propor tions with Izmir at its centre.
Izmir acts as an important hub for the Turkish
aquaculture sector said Mr Carak from
the Turkish Food, Agriculture and Livestock
Ministry. Turkish aquaculture is growing rapidly,
partly because of consumer dietary demands
for animal protein and omega 3 as well as
Turkeys noticeably increasing population. It
is encouraging to see how dynamic aquaculture is in this country, with huge trade flows
between Europe and Turkey. Equally, competitors from emerging markets are growing as
well and internal factors relative to Turkey
are also creating new challenges. All industry
organisations, companies and par ticipants
must partake in aquaculture actively, share
experiences and ask questions.

by Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello
Veterinary Fish Pathologist
Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello, an early pioneer from
Mediterranean marine aquaculture who has
been in the industry for twenty years spoke.
He gave an informative presentation on how to
modernise fish farming, stating that, Aquaculture
cannot be reinvented as [in] the past. In order
to achieve this, a new approach must be found.
Following a holistic approach, the welfare of the
workers, the welfare of the animals, the protection of the environment and food safety are all
vital factors to be considered in reaching this
goal. By improving and regenerating the trade,
Dr Patarnello says that Turkey will be the leader
of aquaculture in the Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean is a diverse ocean for
fish farming from west to east, with dedicated
industry sites spread throughout. However,
Turkey has to take more care than they are
currently doing with regards to environmental
impact. Currently, minority species fish are
being developed at the same level and in the
same way that bass and sea bream were in the
early 2000s. Choice of feed, water control and
sanitation must be bettered to see the industry,
as a whole, improve. Sanitary control, in particular, is critically importantpathology is just
the tip of the iceberg. Diseases easily develop
in water and, in the aquaculture industry it

006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

is pivotal that they are stopped before mortality rates in fish increase. The speed at which
technology is now allowing industries to work
at is saving both time and, resultantly, money.
Because of this, any technology used needs to
be ensured that it is clean and safe.
Finishing remarks focused on the importance of the control at the production stage.
Using a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
is a good way to achieve this. In the 1990s,
skeletal deformities in fish were a problem
at the production stage. Practices around
improvements at this stage are so vital for
good quality products. Standards in production can lead to standards in the end product,
such as certifying and tracing the route to
the consumer. Throughout the stages, Dr
Pierpaolo Patarnello said, feed choice is absolutely essential for success.
On the whole, International Aquafeed
Magazine found the talk very topical and interesting. It raised other wider ranging issues such
as how much longer is it expected to take
in order for Turkish aquaculture to develop?
There are currently 4 standards internationally for fish and Turkey must follow one.

Technological Developments in
the Open Seas in Fish Farming
- by Darko Lisac of Refa Med Italy
Darko Lisac of Refa Med Italy has been
in aquaculture for thirty-five years. In 1977,
the first trials of marine cage farming in the
Mediterranean began, creating an early-stage
cage. This later developed into steel cages,
however, it was found that the strength of
the waves caused the metal to crack. Cages
with flexible structures fit for absorbing the
force of the waves and environmental conditions were soon produced however, a new
challenge arose where, in the open seas, the
waves are even greater. Circular cages were
later manufactured to solve this problem as it
was found that it could withstand the severe
exposure.
New nets are also now being tested,
using high tenacity polyolefin (plastic) to
produce knotless nets. As Tom Blacker from
International Aquafeed saw at an earlier show
this year-Aquaculture UK, W&J Knox are just
one of the companies who manufacturer
these products. However in Turkey, these nets
are excellent in local conditions because of
the following reasons:
No water absorption
UV protection
The waxy surface reduces the amount
of fouling
Easy to clean in situ in which it is resistant to abrasion
High tensile strength- the fibres are
woven together tightly
Mr. Lisac then moved on to talk about other
equipment such as grid mooring farms and
the challenges facing them: big storms, the

domino effect (if one goes wrong so do the

others when the cages are adjoined)as well
as the existence submersible PE cage models,
Bonnar Engineering and Dunlop cages made of
submersible rubber material. Open Sea cage
systems such as the Ocean Spar sea station
(USA) and the Subflex system were discussed
also. The Refa Tension Leg Cage (TLC) was
mentioned. The TLC is another Open Sea
cage system that, during the build-up of waves,
can sink by itself, catching fish easily with very
little maintenance required.
Darko Lisac concluded that, Refa Med works
with farmers to overcome the environmental
and operational constraints in the open seas
and deliver functional technical solutions.

Health Management in Marine

Finfish Production
by Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello
Veterinary Fish Pathologist
This was the second presentation Dr
Patarnello gave at the conference in which
the concern for sanitation in fish farming was
addressed. To an extent there is always some
biological risk in intensive farming where infectious, as well as environmental diseases can
manifest. Stress in cultured fish is also a major
problem that exposes them to disease due
to the metabolic stress condition to which
they are subjected. This refers to the uncomfortable habitat in which they live, including:
high density, intense feeding and a small environment.
It is impor tant that disease in aquaculture is controlled not only to save the fish
product itself but also the wild species. A
recurring problem of marine farmed fish
is that the cages often attract those from
the wild. The promise of food and shelter
encourages the wild fish to get into the
cages by slipping through available holes
and gaps. Any possible diseases carried by
these fish then infiltrate the water infecting
the surrounding farmed fish. Dr Patarnello
describes pathology as the alteration of one
or more physiological aspects in a living
organism which appreciably compromises its
biological functions until the extreme consequences of death. Pathogens are exchanged
between the fish, spreading disease, and,
potentially, inciting an epidemic. However,
the risk is not only limited to fish- in some
cases, diseases are zoonotic, allowing them
to be passed to humans, putting the farmers
in danger of infection as well.
Several diseases that can develop were
mentioned, including:
Vibriosis-results in skin and visceral
haemorrhages. In some cases, strains
of the bacteria have appeared that are
resistant to drugs/chemicals used to
treat the disease.
Lymphocystis-it is found that this viral
disease commonly manifests when fish

are under stress. Small, white growths,

occasionally mistaken for Ich, appear
on the fishs skin, growing until the
fish eventually dies. While there is no
known cure, some recommend surgery
in serious situations.
Pseudotuberculosis- this is an example
of a zoonotic bacteria that is common
in South America. In fish, the disease
causes the spleen, liver and lymph nodes
to inflame as well as cells in tissues to
die.
Streptococcus-this disease, also zoonotic, is prone to appearing in fish that
live in stressful conditions, resulting in
inflammation of the brain. Side effects
can include lethargy, dorsal rigidity, and
erratic swimming behaviour; death follows in a matter of days. One way
to control the infection is to decrease
the quantity of feed given to the fish;
some antibiotics have also been proven
successful.
As has been mentioned, there are some
ways to cure these diseases. But is there
a way to manage the risk so that the
fish dont become infected in the fir st
place?
Dr Patarnello reveals that control is the key.
It is important, he says, to always keep sanitary
conditions under control, to be vigilant and
willing to increase and adapt the conditions
as and when problems arise. Other advice,
regarding technical and strategic control,
was relayed to the audience. The application of health monitoring programmes by
fish farm managers can help to assess which
best practices should be enacted. Prevention
was described as a proactive type of treatment:
Increase the control over the management level of farms
More attention to sanitary requirements
of new seeds
More attention to prophylactic standards for infectious diseases
More attention to the feeding and to the
growth of cultured species
The presentation concluded that the continuous environmental monitoring of fish
farms is vital in controlling the spread of
diseases. To do so requires specialized veterinarians to carry out the surveillance as
well as making a routine of investigating the
fish, water and feed. Dr Patarnello finished
saying, According to 2006/88, all European
aquaculture companies must implement
Sanitary Surveillance programs, aimed not
only to control the epidemiological risk of
disease spread, but also to minimize the
use of disinfectants and chemotherapies
for a future production that is increasingly
healthy and safe for our fish, for our environment, and for our children as future
consumers.

Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 007

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 27

FEATURE

TRENDS

in global compound
aquafeed production

by Albert G.J. Tacon PhD, Aquatic Farms Ltd, USA

t is estimated that the total production of the major non-filter

feeding finfish and crustacean species groups fed industrially
compounded or farm-made aquafeeds was about 35.7 million
tonnes in 2012, with total global industrial compound aquafeed
production estimated at approximately 39.6 million tonnes; the
compound aquafeed sector growing at an average rate of 10.3
percent per year.
In terms of global aquaculture
production in 2012, the major compound feed fed finfish and crustacean species groups included:
Chinese carp at 12.47 million
tonnes (excluding silver carp and big
head carp) with an estimated total
compound aquafeed requirement
of 11.03 million tonnes or 27.8
percent of total global compound
aquafeed production), followed by
Tilapia at 4.51 million tonnes
with an estimated total compound aquafeed requirement
of 6.67 million tonnes or 16.8
percent of global aquafeed
production;
Shrimp at 4.33 million tonnes
with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 6.18
million tonnes or 15.6 percent
of global aquafeed production;
Catfish at 3.91 million tonnes
with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 4.27
million tonnes or 10.8 percent
of global aquafeed production;
Salmon at 2.29 million tonnes
with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 2.98
million tonnes or 7.5 percent of
global aquafeed production;
Marine fish at 2.18 million
tonnes with an estimated total
compound feed requirement
of 2.98 million tonnes or 7.5
percent of global aquafeed
production;
Other miscellaneous freshwater
and diadromous fish at 2.13 million tonnes with an estimated
total compound feed require-

ment of 1.31 million tonnes or 3.3 percent of global aquafeed

production;
Freshwater crustaceans at 1.83 million tonnes with an estimated
total compound feed requirement of 1.80 million tonnes or 4.5
percent of global aquafeed production;
Milkfish at 943,259 tonnes with an estimated total compound
Table 1. Estimated total global
production of compound
aquafeeds (values given in
thousand tonnes)
Total
production1

Total
feeds
used

1995

9,136

7,526

1996

10,361

9,001

1997

11,071

10,297

1998

11,790

11,398

Year

Figure 1: Top compound feed fed farmed fish and

crustaceans in 2012, average annual percent growth from
1995 to 2012, and estimated value of total production
(data calculated from FISHSTAT, FAO, 2014).

1999

12,942

12,175

2000

13,943

13,837

2001

15,192

15,150

2002

16,208

16,648

2003

18,601

19,284

2004

19,443

20,620

2005

20,892

22,241

2006

22,719

24,012

2007

24,892

26,698

2008

26,723

29,006

2009

28,395

31,257

2010

30,414

33,494

2011

32,862

36,092

2012

35,717

39,617

2015

43,233

49,736

2020

56,226

65,401

2025

71,104

87,136

1Total reported species group

Figure 2: Estimated total compound aquafeed production by

major fed species group in 2012, and predictions for 2020
and 2015 (values given in million metric tonnes).
28 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

production for 1995 to 2012 taken

from FAO (2014), and estimates
for 2015, 2020 and 2025 are
calculated based on expected
growth. 2Mean annual percent
growth. 3Estimated percent of
total species group production
fed on commercial aquaculture
feeds. 4Estimated average species
group economic feed conversion
ratio (total feed fed / total species
biomass increse). 5Estimated total
species group aquaculture feed
used (total species group production
x FCR (feed conversion ratio))

FEATURE

G
in

in G

ermany M
a

de

Figure 3: Estimated total compound aquafeed production

by major species group from 1995 to 2012 (values given in
x 10,000 metric tonnes).

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Figure 4: Growth and projected increased in production of

total compound aquafeed production by major species group
from 1995 to 2025 (values given in thousand metric tonnes).

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feed requirement of 890,000 tonnes or 2.2 percent of global

aquafeed production;
Trout at 878,985 tonnes with an estimated total compound
feed requirement of 1.14 million tonnes or 2.9 percent of global
aquafeed production; and
Eel at 241,285 tonnes with an estimated total compound
feed requirement of 370,000 tonnes or 0.9 percent of global
compound aquafeed production.
It is currently estimated that about 35.7 million tonnes of farmed
fish and crustaceans (39.5 percent of the total global aquaculture
production in 2012) is dependent upon the supply of industrially compounded aquafeeds. Total industrial compound aquafeed production
increased more than five-fold, from 7.5 million tonnes in 1995 to 39.6
million tonnes in 2012, with production growing at an average rate of
10.3 percent per year. Aquafeed production is expected to continue
growing, with production increasing at a more modest rate of 6.2
percent per year, reaching similar rate to 49.7 million tonnes by 2015,
65.4 million tonnes by 2020, and 87.1 million tonnes by 2025.

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info@leibergmbh.de

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 29

FEATURE

TRADE SHIFTS
AND PRICE VOLATILITY
PREDICTION

he global Salmon industry has just

been through one of the regular
reviews that only an organisation like Rabobank can give. They
analyse all aspects of the diverse industry
and gather data and comments from
expert reviewers and put together a very
detailed briefing document under reference
Rabobank Industry Note #453.
Gorjan Nikolik, Senior Analyst, and his
team have just finalised this report on Salmon
headlined This Time Its Different commenting that the industry is reverting to the highcycle scenario emphasising that this has been
an unusually long-lasting period of under supply and high prices which is likely to continue
for another two years.
Over the next few years, Rabobank
believe the salmon industry will focus on
issues related to biosecurity, sustainability, cost
control, certification and technological innovations. They also predict that increased global
demand will support the high price environment and strong profitability of farmers and,
if this remains correct, even with the Russian
trade issues it will likely create large-scale
trade shifts and price volatility.
The emphasis of the report is based on
Norwegian production primarily because that
country controls over 50 per cent of the
global Atlantic salmon production but it does
articulate the challenges and opportunities of
the whole industry.
In Norway there is a legal production
limit for salmon, which is controlled by the
maximum allowable biomass (MAB) per
licence. The majority of harvesters are rapidly
approaching this limit. This is especially the
case during late summer and early autumn/
fall period. The issue has been a topic of
discussion between the industry and government for some time as with a small change in
whether MAB was applied to annual average
rather than a single point of time could create
an additional 12-15 per cent within existing
licences.
The potential downside for Norwegian
harvesters is twofold if they were successful
in their discussions. There could be a drop in
price due to extra supplies being available and,
probably more importantly, the additional
product could create a sanitary risk.

The favourable environmental growing

conditions experienced in 2014 also suit
the harvesters biggest current risk issue, the
parasite, sea lice. It is one of the reasons the
Norwegian Government policy has been to
ensure that parasites and diseases are under
control before pushing the increased volume
buttons.
On the sea lice issue, the Norwegian
Government have put forward an interesting
proposal to the salmon farmers which enables them to purchase a one-off 5 per cent
increase to their MAB providing lice numbers
are controlled within certain parameters and
a limit on lice treatments as adhered to. This
innovation in regulations is only likely to be
able to be taken up by 15-20 per cent of
the industry. This sort of risk versus reward
approach could be expanded in the future.
Also adding to the Norwegian
Governments novel approaches is the prospect of more issuances of so-called green
licences. This could add another 70,000MT
(note just 5 per cent of Norways salmon
current production but as far as say Australia
is concerned is actually more than Australia
currently produces) over the next few years.
Extra volume could be obtained by
improved husbandry skills, lower mortality
and improving genetics but overall there is a
prediction that growth in the next three years
will be in the range of 3 to 5 per cent.
In Chile, the emphasis on growth limitations is more biological than legislative. This
has been detailed in previous Rabobank
reports but effectively relates to legislation
that forced farmers experiencing poor biological performance to reduce farming density in
their next production cyclemany aspects are
similar to Norwegian 5 per cent MAB process.
There will be an impact based on this in
2015 but, on the one hand, the industry is
only utilising 374 of the 1277 producer owned
seawater concessions that suggests there is
plenty of capacity for growth. The Chilean
position is more complicated than described in
Norway but what is good is that the producers
and regulators have together reversed a negative trend and natural growth has improved
throughout 2014. Lessons have been learned
during the various issues experienced in the
region and that augurs well for the future.
The report highlights that Regions X and Xl
are the main areas in Chile for salmon production and whilst they are getting close to their
maximums the future seems to be with Region
Xll, which only accounts for 10 per cent of the
Chilean Atlantic Salmon biomass. This region
has potential to treble its output whilst maintaining low density of production. The lack of
infrastructure, labour and hatcheries and higher
transport/storage costs will have an effect on
how quickly the area can grow.
Salmon is riding the lower supply growth
and positive demand train so no matter what

the product, the likelihood is the prices will

remain on the higher side. The report gives
more insights into EU, USA and Japan markets.
Of course the current political issues
relate to Russia and the various bans on
trade both ways. It is likely that over 100,000
MT of Norwegian salmon will need to find
markets in other directions as Russia enforces
its own embargoes and they will then need
to cover their purchases with product from
Faroe Islands and Chile. Will sufficient supply be available from those areas? Where
will the Norwegian product go? These are
potential issues but even with re-shuffling the
Russian situation does not change the overall
high-cycle scenario even though prices are
expected to come down somewhat after
2016 global supply improves.
The marketing of salmon is still emerging
as countries develop and the middle class
numbers rise. Those economies of so called
smaller markets consumed less than 20 per
cent of Atlantic salmon production but during this year that figure will be closer to 35
per cent which is twice the size of the USA
market. It is within the globalisation that
growth will comemarkets such as Brazil and
Mexico in Latin America; global population
giants India and China; Indonesia, Taiwan,
Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea in Asia
and the Middle Eastthrough promotion as a
premium, healthy and trendy protein.
Integration is another subject discussed in
this report as it highlights that larger players
like Marine Harvest and LeRoy Seafoods have
made acquisitions in salmon processing and
there is a strong feeling that this trend will
continue. This will make it difficult for specialist
processors in the future.
Feed and aquaculture equipment operators will likely lose out in the coming period
as their core buyers will expand slower than
previously. In the case of feed, as a major cost
of production, every farmer will be aiming to
use less, especially of feed that uses higher
quantities of fish meal and fish oil. Feed in the
industry grew from 2011 to 2014 by nearly
50 per cent and that sort of growth will be
curtailed.
Parasites and disease alleviation innovation
is happening and feed innovation is under
way so there are challenges in continuous
improvement but importantly they are not
blank pages.
With increased profitability in the industry
Rabobank predicts the major investments
will be in biosecurity. The lice issue has been
incentivised by the new regulation innovations
in both Norway and Chile and its simply good
business to put effort in this direction.
The Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) is a
group comprising the majority of the worlds
largest salmon producers who currently
account for about 70 per cent of the global Atlantic salmon production. They have

30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE
announced by 2020 that all of their farms will
be Aquaculture Stewardship Council certified.
This will enable the industry to display sustainability credentials exceeding virtually any other
modern aquaculture or livestock industry. The
aim for GSI is to highlight how truly committed they are in harvesting a product that is as
healthy to humans as it is to the environment.
Interestingly the report highlights that
few salmon farmers have made significant
investments in other species in aquaculture
and possibly suggests that organisations may
believe that knowledge and experience in
salmon farming does not equate to potential
success in other species.
The suggestion by Nikolik is that a potentially more synergetic opportunity could be
the aquaculture of algae and seaweeds, a
sector receiving increasing attention from
academia, investors and the salmon industry.
The diversity of algae and seaweeds opens
up many conceivable markets beyond human
consumption. Research to date has shown
that seaweed fields grown adjacent to the
salmon farms enable small fish to shelter, and
some of those (example given is the lumpfish,
Cyclopteridae family) prey on the sea lice.
There is still some way to go with this before
suggesting it is a solution but it is certainly a
promising development.
Cost control is essential. As mentioned
feed costs, pest and disease control and

certification costs are the major issues but

non-feed issues such as administrative and
legal expenses should not be forgotten. Issues
outside the control of the industry e.g. a
record soybean harvest expected in 2015
have impacts on feed costs. Chile, the report
suggests, is seeing a major turnaround with
strong momentum expected in 2015.
Research continues to show successful
outcomes in increasing the size of the smolt
before re-location in the main farming areas.
This is seen as a modernisation of the process
and the outcomes have indicated lower
mortalities.
Open water farming will create new challenges on exposed sites and the barriers
to this seem to be more legal than technological, as the industry has already invested
in advanced ocean farming requirements. On
paper, at least, open ocean farming could
bring the best out of the industry and create
the ideal situation relating to costs and negative impacts. Maybe, the report suggests, this
is a decade away but does open the prospects
to the future.
Countries like Iceland, Ireland and Russia
are seeing rapid expansion of their salmon
farming businesses but continued expansion
is not guaranteed and it will be hard to see
any material impacts from these regions on
the global position. In Scotland, currently the
third largest producer, the aim is to increase

its current production of 150,000 MT to

above 200,000 MT by 2020 and whilst this is
significant in one country it still only represents
2.5 per cent growth of the global scene.
Land salmon farming is discussed but not
seen as currently being the overall answer but
if prices continue to strengthen and that trend
continues then the opportunity will exist. Of
course, land farming techniques are also going
through technical improvements and the
whole business case is always on the drawing
board as a potential. How the industry works
through its biosecurity improvements will also
add to that equation in the coming years.
The report does cover the potentially
controversial issue of genetic improvements.
It highlights that GM feeds are already in
production and are used in animal feeds and
is seen as a cost improvement opportunity.
The Atlantic salmon industry is predicted
to reach 3 million MT by 2020, which is 1
million MT more than 2013 and is 2 million
MT more than was produced in 2005. This for
a young sector with one of the best demand
functions of any protein based on the back of
high prices will see investments in the sector
accelerate finding solutions to current bottleneck issues.
Clearly salmon is leading the blue revolution and although there are still more tests
for the industry ahead the progression and
prospects appears very bright.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 31

EXPERT TPIC

EXPERT TOPIC

CARP
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT TPIC

12

Global overview

by Ross Jelfs, Lower Berryfield Fisheries

yprinus Carpio are the most commonly produced fish

in aquaculture, the tonnage of common carp in China
produced every year alone exceeds that of salmon and
trout worldwide.

Carp are a source of food in many parts of the world, especially

central Europe. It is perceived to be a Christmas tradition and delicacy
in some countries such as Poland. In such countries common carp can
be purchased in supermarkets and taken home just like a goldfish in
the UK.
For hundreds of years the Japanese have been producing Koi Carp
(Cyprinus Carpio) for garden ponds and water features. These domesticated fish are now produced not only in Japan but also all over Asia,
Europe and America. These koi carp are bred to such a high standard
in Japan and Israel that enthusiasts travel from all over the globe to the
all Japan show every year for an opportunity to witness the carp and
often purchase fish themselves.
These koi carp can cost up to 80,000 for top quality fish and
fish over 5,000 are very commonplace.
In Western Europe, carp production is
relatively on the smaller scale, as we do not
produce fish for the table due the fact we
are closer to seas and saltwater fish is more
of a staple diet.
The carp we produce in the UK are
required for the sport and leisure industry,
these fish are stocked into inland lakes, riv-

ers and canals. In the UK carp grow to weights in excess of 60lb and
dedicated anglers spend days, weeks, months and sometimes years just
trying to out wit their target fish, these carp can come in all shapes and
sizes with varieties including common, mirror and leather carp.
Here in the UK the demand for carp is ever on the increase with
avian predation at every stage of a young carps life and otters making
a successful come back in the wild.
In the UK with the demand for quality carp being so high, we dedicate such large areas of land to the construction of mud ponds, lakes
and huge re-circulation farms with hundreds of tanks loaded with high
end filtration and top quality diets trialed for the best for feed conversion rates possible so that we can grow the carp as quickly as possible
with out it being detrimental to the fish themselves.
As producers we are able to breed millions of fish, during the hatchery stage we cross specific brood stock to ensure the scale patterns
that are most desirable to the customers, such as fully scaled mirror
carp, zip linears and true leather carp and, of course, the traditional
common carp.
However, carp (Cyprinus Carpio) are actually found to be more of
an invasive species in other parts of the globe, due to their successful
breeding nature. In some countries such as Australia they are seen as
vermin only fit to feed crocodiles.
On the whole, carp are a very valuable fish within aquaculture.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33

2
EXPERT TPIC

HAMPSHIRE CARP HATCHERIES

Investigation into
alternative commercial
diets for carp (Cyprinus
carpio) production on
their rates of growth
and feed utilisation

t Hampshire carp Hatcheries we

sell over 200,000 1st and 2nd
year carp to the ornamental and
restocking markets. We dedicate
over half our farms surface area to their
production. Feed has always been the major
variable cost of production. Year on year
as feed prices rise we look to see how we
can optimise the production gross margin
by using the most cost efficient diets. Over
the last couple of years our neighboring fishfarmer John Paton at Fishers Pond Fishery,
who specialises in the production of carp for
the restocking market, has been co feeding
his normal expensive aquacultural diets with
a number of cheaper agricultural diets.
We decided to investigate the potential
benefits of this strategy, so in collaboration
with Coppens International and Fishers Pond
fishery, we carried out an 6 week feed trial on
carp (C.carpio) at Sparsholt Colleges National
Aquatics training centre. The carp were fed
four commercial diets in triplicate so that their
commercial performance could be measured.
Key parameters that were measured were:
growth
feed utilisation
economic performance

Because the agricultural diets are not complete formulated feeds for fish we combined
them at a ratio of 2:1 with a bespoke fish
diet to ensure that all nutritional requirement
were met.

ences using a one way anova. There was no

significant difference in bulk weights.(p>0.05,f
= 0.04,d.f.3,8)
The fish were feed the most energy rich
trout diet @ 2.4% body weight a day. The

Materials & Methods

Experimental materials and procedure
Table 1 Formulation specification of trial
diets
The trial was conducted in twelve aquaria
(dimensions 90x30x30cm) in a recirculation
Diet Protein Lipid
Price
%
%
Euro/Kg
unit. Each aquaria maintained a flow of 1litre
min-1 at 20oc. Each morning the aquaria were
cleaned by siphoning any suspended solids
Distillers meal
30
9
0.196
and faeces. Water was replenished from a
Trout
46
16
1.14
reservoir of standing dechlorinated water.
Carp
32
11
1.12
Ammonia levels were routinely monitored
Layers (Chicken)
16
4.5
0.312
throughout the trial.
Prior to the start of the
trial, the carp were accli- Table 2 Adjusted diet specifications
matised to the aquaria for
Trial diet Ratio
Adjusted
Adjusted
Ad. price
two weeks whilst being fed
protein %
Lipid %
Euro/Kg
on a maintenance ration.
At the start of the trial
2 distillers +1
2.1
35.3
11.3
0.51
each aquaria was randomly
trout
stocked with 10 x 14.5
Trout
1
46.0
16.0
1.14
(+/- 0.5) gram carp. The
Carp
1
32.0
11.0
1.12
mean values of the bulk
weights of the fish on each
2 layers + 1 trout
2.1
26.0
8.3
0.59
diet were tested for differ- 2:1 = 2 of the trial diet +1 of trout

34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT TPIC

SPECIALIST
IN FISH FEEDS

oppens International bv is specialised in developing, producing and marketing of

fish feeds. Our experienced specialists guarantee innovative fish feed programs
of high quality. Coppens uses knowledge to develop the right feed per species
of farmed fish in all their life stages. The Coppens Research Centre plays an
important role in this. For many years, Coppens has been recognised as a prominent player
in the fish feed sector.
Coppens International employs more than 160 people in its headquarters in Helmond
(Netherlands) and the production plant in Nettetal (Germany). The Coppens Research
Centre is based in Valkenswaard (Netherlands). Out of the headquarters in Helmond,
the sales of the self-developed fish feed is realised as well as customer contact. From the
production facility in Nettetal planning, transportation and procurement of raw materials is
provided. Coppens is active in and outside Europe. Coppens works with quality conscious
personnel, a high product quality and widespread network of specialized agents and distributors. Coppens fish feeds are currently sold to more than 60 countries around the world.

arp farming is one of the oldest forms of fish farming and today common and
mirror carp are still farmed for the table all over the world. Another important
segment is farming carp for restocking natural waters and commercial fisheries
for angling purposes.

other diets feed rates were adjusted to achieve

standard protein intake. (see table 2)
The daily ration for each tank was pre-weighed
and divided into two roughly equal feeds that
were fed at 08.30am and 4.30pm. The fish were
fed just 6 days each week. On the seventh day
the fish were bulk weighed and counted. New
rations were calculated each week based on the
new bulk weights.

Results

During the course of the trial all of the feed fed

was observed to be eaten. There were no mortalities and the water parameters were recorded
the same for all aquaria.

Diet utilization and Growth

The tanks ate between 181gr and 306gr of

food over the trial. FCRs varied from 1 to 2.2,
PERs varied from 1.4 to 2.1, % Weight Gains
varied from 69% to 126% and SGRs varied from
1.9% to 2.9%
There was a very highly significant difference
in the diets FCRs. (p>0.001,f = 123,d.f.3,8) The
Trout diet had a highly significantly lower Food
Conversion ratio (FCR) than all the other diets
(p<0.01) The Distiller diet mix had a significantly
lower Food Conversion ratio (FCR) than the
Layer diet mix. (p<0.05)

Carp are characterised by the lack of a stomach and have a long intestine. This type of
digestive tract fits an omnivorous lifestyle in which zooplankton, invertebrates and
fibrous plant material play a large role. The longer gut length is required to deal with a
high level of less digestible material in the natural diet of the fish. A much longer exposure
period to the digestive enzymes within the gastric tract is required for an efficient digestion.
Since the protein intake is relatively low, carp function well without having a real stomach
that normally is important for the first step in the protein digestion. These characteristics
are important considerations for making feed formulations and are the starting point for the
Coppens carp feed program. All the formulations not only meet the nutritional requirements
of carp in the respective life phases but are made with ingredients selected for digestibility
and palatability. By extruding the feeds the digestibility and the water stability of the pellets
is further improved.
After the winter carp have used up much of their energy reserves. In early spring they
need to gain back their condition quickly and prepare themselves for the spawning season.
Therefore a nutritious diet with sufficient protein and oil is required and ample vitamins
and minerals. This will help the carp to recondition and gain weight while building up their
gonads. A good choice is CarpCo Basic Select or even TroCo Prime-18 which meet these
requirements and are very tasty to carp. These feeds are available in many pellet sizes to suit
all sizes of carp. These pellets have good water stability so that also in cold water the carp
have enough time to find them. It is recommended to feed in fixed spots or confined areas
at certain times so that interested carp know where and when to check those places.
CarpCo Basic Select and TroCo Prime-18 are also the right feeds to feed through the summer
and in autumn to help achieve good growth rates. The higher oil level fulfils the fishs demand for
energy and reserves the protein for growth so that less ammonia is formed which helps to maintain a good water quality. It also helps to built up some energy reserves during autumn when carp
still eat well which is essential to help them through the cold winter period. In summer and autumn
once per day or per 2 days can be fed depending on stocking density and natural food availability.
Late autumn, when the water temperature sinks below 10-12 C, and during the winter
a different feed can be given. The metabolism and digestion of carp slows down when the
water gets colder and a less concentrated feed or a lower feeding level is required. CarpCo
Excellent is a good choice now. This feed has a lower oil level that can still be well digested at
low water temperatures. The cereal rich CarpCo Excellent is suitable to help maintain a good
condition. Feeding should be done once per 2 or 3 days till the temperature goes below 6-8
C. Feed a rather small size giving a large number of pellets per volume so that all carp have a
fair chance to pick up their share. While calculating the amount of feed, the amount of natural
food and what will be fed by the fishermen have to be taken into account.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

EXPERT TPIC

There was a very highly significant difference in the diets PERs.(p>0.001,f =70,d.f.3,8)
The Trout diet had a highly significantly higher
Protein Efficiency ratio (PER) than all the
other diets (p<0.01) The Layer diet mix had
a significantly higher protein efficiency ratio
(PER) than the Distiller diet mix and the Carp
diet. (p<0.05)
There was a very highly significant difference in the diets SGRs.(p>0.001,f =66,d.f.3,8)

Layers diet had a 23% daily

advantage and co feeding
the Distillers diet had a 4%
daily advantage.

Conclusion

The Trout diet significantly out performed the

other alternative diets in
growth, F.C.R., P.E.R. and
economic
effiTable 3 Trial feed rate guidelines
ciency. Co feeding
with the Layers
Trial diet Protein Lipid % feed Available Available
diet gave significant
%
%
rate
protein
lipid
better growth and
protein efficiency
Dist/Tr 35.3
11.3
3.1
110.24
35.4
than using the Carp
Trout 46.0
16.0
2.4
110.40
38.4
or Distillers wheat
Carp 32.0
11.0
3.5
110.40
38.0
diets and would be
Lay/Tr 26.0
8.3
4.3
110.50
35.4
the best co-feed
alternative. Overall
the implications in
The Trout diet had a highly significantly intensive farming environhigher Specific Growth rate (SGR) than all ments are that there is a sigthe other diets (p<0.01) The Layer diet mix nificant benefit from using a
had a significantly higher Specific Growth rate bespoke high performance
(SGR) than the Distiller diet mix and the Carp fish diet.
However, in less intendiet. (p<0.05)
sive systems where there
is a considerable amounts
Economics
The Carp diet performed least well eco- of natural feed there may
nomically. The Trout diet had a daily eco- be scope for these cheaper
nomic advantage of 49%. Co feeding the supplementary alternatives.
36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

Figure 1 Mean Cumulative FCR

Figure 2 Mean Cumulative PER

Figure 3 Mean SGR %

EXPERT TPIC

Table 4 Summary of the mean performance of each diet after 6 weeks (+/- 95% C.I.)

"The Trout diet significantly

Diet Feed rate %

Food fed (gr)

FCR

PER

% Weight gain

SGR%

out performed the other

alternative diets in
growth, F.C.R., P.E.R. and
economic efficiency"

Dist/Tr

3.12

211(+/-5)

1.95(+/-0.37)

1.46(+/-0.28)

75%(+/-17)

2%(+/-0.3)

Trout

2.40

183(+/-13)

1.02(+/-0.02)

2.13(+/-0.04)

124%(+/-5)

2.9%(+/-0.1)

Carp

3.45

237(+/-13)

2.06(+/-0.08)

1.52(+/-0.06)

80%(+/-4)

2.1%(+/-0.1)

Lay/Tr

4.25

301(+/-5)

2.17(+/-0.16)

1.77(+/-0.13)

96%(+/-12)

2.4%(+/-0.2)

F/V/G(Island):2015

Hampshire Carp
Hatcheries

Pat Haughton has carried out

nutritional trials for 30 years in
his role as lecturer at the fisheries
department at Sparsholt College.
These were for feed companies
and student dissertations.
He has retired as a lecturer
but runs, in partnership with
Chris Seagrave, Hampshire
Carp Hatcheries the UKs largest cyprinid fingerling producer.
Hampshire Carp Hatcheries produce 8 species of cyprinids (chub,
barbel, ide, tench, carp, goldfish,
gudgeon,and sticklebacks) and 20
colour varieties of these species.
Their website (www.hampshirecarp.co.uk) is regularly updated
to feature the farming operations
and all areas of research and
development.
The author would like to thank
Coppens International and Fishers
Pond Fishery for their collaboration with this research.

11/8/14

09:57

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

3
EXPERT TPIC

Feed and
feeding
practices of
Carp in India
by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development
Officer, Department of Fisheries, India,
e-mail: laxmappaboini@gmail.com

he carp is a common name for

various species of freshwater fish
of the family Cyprinidae, a very
large group of fish native to Asia
and Europe. Cyprinids particularly the wide
variety of carp species, represent a cheap
source of protein for subsistence aquaculture
in warm temperate and subtropical countries.
Carp production is increasing tremendously
throughout India and it is most likely that
these carps will be able to cater to the
tastes of all classes of people ranging from
aristocratic consumers to poor people.
India is the second-largest aquaculture producer in the World. Freshwater aquaculture is
an integral part of the agriculture in India. It is
one of the fastest growing sub-sectors in the
country, which has registered a growth rate
of 5.1 per cent per annum in last 60 years.
During this period, the fish production in
the country has increased from 0.75 million
tonnes (mt) in 1950 to 8.5 mt in 2011 of
which the major contribution has been from
aquaculture.
India is a carp country from aquaculture
point of view. There has been a phenomenal
expansion of commercial carp culture in constructed earthen ponds in certain Indian states
such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.
In several other states viz. Odisha, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu commercial carp culture is also
gaining momentum. Indian freshwater aquaculture is mostly based on few species, for e.g.
about 80 percent of production is contributed

Table.1: Commercially cultured Carp species

in India.
Category

Indian
Major
Carp

by Indian major carps viz., Catla, Rohu, Mrigala

and some exotic carps (Table 1).
Globally, fed aquaculture constitutes about
75 percent of the current production from
aquaculture. In China, more than 90% of the
aquaculture production comes through feed
based aquaculture, but in India, the fed fish
culture is less than 30 percent. With an adoption of the carp culture technology the mean
fish production level across the country has
crossed 2.9 t/ha/year, while several farmers
are able to achieve much higher production
levels (8-10 t/ha/year). Nutrient requirements
of commercially important freshwater fish
viz. carp led to the development of generic
feeds for the different life stages of these fish.
Most carp production occurs in extensive,
polyculture systems throughout India. But, in
the last 20 years, carp production has intensified in several parts of India. The traditional
polyculture has given way to the dominance
of one or two species Labeo rohitaandCatla
catla. Typical pond yields range from 3-8
tonnes/ha/year. Farm mixed feed comprising
of rice bran and a plant protein source such

Exotic
Carp

Common
Name

Scientific Name

Catla

Catla catla
(Hamilton)

Rohu

Labeo rohita
(Hamilton)

Mrigala

Cirrhinus mrigala
(Hamilton)

Silver
carp

Hypophthalmichthys
malitrix (Valenciennes)

Grass
carp

Ctenopharyngodon
idella (Valenciennes)

Common
carp

Cyprinus carpio
(Linnaeus)

as groundnut oil cake or cottonseed oil cake

is given to the fish.

Feed resources

Several agro-based ingredients have been

identified and analyzed for their use in fish
feeds. The ingredients that contain less than
20 percent protein and 18 percent fibers are

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT TPIC

Ingredients

Moisture
(%)

Crude
Protein (%)

Crude Fat
(% DM)

Fibre (%
DM)

Carbo
hydrates
(% DM)

Ash
(% DM)

Rice bran

7-10

12-16

12-14

8-12

40-45

5-8

De-oiled rice bran

8-10

15-18

1-2

10-15

45-50

8-12

Groundnut cake

7-10

40-43

4-8

6-7

30-33

8-10

Sunflower cake

10-12

30-32

4-8

15-18

30-35

8-10

Mustard cake

11-12

32-38

5-7

11-15

30-35

6-7

Cotton seed cake

7-10

32-35

6-8

12-16

35-40

8-12

Table 3: Major feed ingredients available in India during the year 2007-08

Ingredients

Quantity
(million
tonnes)

State producing major quantity

5.70

Andhra Pradesh, Asom, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka Kerala,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

Groundnut cake:
Arachis hypogaea

6.00

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,

Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Odisha.

Sunflower cake:
Helianthus annuus

1.00

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,

Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.

Mustard cake:
Brassica nigra

3.78

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya

Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, North East Region.

Cotton seed
cake: Gossypium
herbaceum

8.50

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.

Mycofix

to

x i n Ri

sk

Myco

Rice bran:
Oryza sativa

classifies as energy supplements. The ingredients that contain 20 percent or more protein
are grouped as protein supplements (Table 2).
Among the different nutrients in fish feed, the
protein is considered as the costliest one and
is essentially required for growth, tissue repair,
reproduction and health of fish. It is reported
that about 40-80 per cent of the feed cost is
due to protein alone and therefore, the success of aquaculture depends on the efficient
utilization of dietary protein. But the utilization
of dietary protein by an organism depends on
types of diet, source of protein, digestibility of
dietary protein, its amino acid profile, the ratio
of energy to protein in diet and the amount of
protein supplied.
The total volume of manufactured feed
sold in the country in 2010 was 60,000 tonnes
of pelleted fish feed and 3,72,000 tonnes of
extruded floating feed. The fish feed ingredients are the finite resources and many of
these ingredients are having multiple users by
other animal production systems such as dairy
and poultry and it is envisaged that there will
be acute shortage of ingredients in the days
to come. The fish feed resources are mainly
comprised of the by-products of the agroprocessing industries and the availability of
these by-products depends on the production
of the main crops like oilseeds, cereals and
pulses which in turn depend on the success/
failure of monsoon (Table 3).

M YC OF I

en
t

Table 2: Chemical composition of some feed ingredients in percent dry matter (DM)

nag eM

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Mycotoxins decrease performance and interfere
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Mycofix is the solution for mycotoxin risk management.

mycofix.biomin.net
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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39

EXPERT TPIC
Table 4: Generally suggested feeding rates
for industrial pellets for Indian major carps
(Bharat Lux Indo Company)
Sinking pellet (18-20% crude protein) Extruded floating pellet (28% crude protein)
Fish size
(g)
<100

% body
weight
per day

Fish size
(g)

3.0

<100

% body
weight
per day
2.8

101300

2.0

101-150

2.3

301500

1.5

151-200

1.8

501700

1.2

201-250

1.6

701900

1.0

251-500

1.3

0.8

5011000

0.8

>900

Table 5: Indias extrusion feed mills

Sl.
No.

Company

Indian Broiler Group

Ananda Feeds

Uno Feeds

Growel Feeds

Kwality Feeds

C. P. Feeds

Rudra Techno Feeds

Mulpuri Feeds

Nexus Feeds

10

Deepak Nexgen Feeds

11

ABIS Fish Feed

12

Cargill Fish Feed

13

Rasoya Proteins Ltd

The important plant ingredients include

wide range of oil seed residues, cereals,
millets, etc. These are available to a tune
of 48.85 million tonnes (2009-10) as feed
concentrates in India. There are nine major oil
seeds produced in India. These are groundnut,
soybean, mustard, sesame, castor, sunflower,
linseed, safflower and niger. Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan and Gujarat produce more than
half of the total oil seed production in India.
Cereal by-products/cereals such as rice bran,
wheat bran, maize, sorghum, bajra and millets
are the major source of carbohydrate and
energy in fish feed.

Feeding practices

There are two types of feeding practices

in India. The first one is pole or rope feeding
method in which the feed ingredients are
mixed (mash feed), and 38 kg of the mixture
is placed in used perforated fertilizer/cement
bags. Holes are made in the bags, usually
in four rows, about one inch size from the
bottom of the bag. The bags are transported
to the middle areas of the pond, and tied to
fix feeding poles or ropes. The simplicity, efficiency and popularity of this feeding method

are evidenced by the fact that it is the only

major farm management practice that has not
changed for the past 30 years in the country.
The second one is broadcast feeding
method in which the commercial pelleted
(extruded) feeds are directly broadcasts in
the culture pond. There was a high degree
of variability in the total quantity of feed
that the farmers were feeding to a given size
class of fish each day. For example, fish up to
250 g were fed between 11.5 and 5.15.5
percent of body weight per day. Larger fish
(11.25 kg) were being fed between 1.62.0
and 5.15.5 percent of body weight per day.
There are no standard feed guidelines describing feeding rations that are based on animal
size and stocking density. At present, farmers
base their feed rations on their personal
experience.
The commercial aqua feed manufacturers
provide feed tables to assist farmers to optimize their feed management. Typical feeding
rates that are recommended by the commercial aqua feed (sinking pellets and floating
pellets) manufacturers for Indian major carps
are presented in Table 4.
There is no published information specifi-

cally pertaining to the optimization of ration

size in semi-intensive Indian major carp production systems that solely use pelleted feeds.
The feeding rates that are advocated by the
commercial feed manufacturers do not take
into consideration the role of natural feeds
in the production systems. Currently, Indian
major carp farmers base their daily feeding
regimes on a number of factors. These primarily include monthly growth parameters,
the number of days that the fish have been
cultured, the standing biomass, and the average fish weight.
A number of the farmers that used a
combination of floating pellets and mash
feeds reported feeding twice a day at morning
6am to 8pm and again during the evening at
2pm to 4pm. Under this feeding regime, the
mash was fed in the morning and the floating
pellets in the evening. While there was no
technical or scientific rationale for feeding in
the morning, it became a standard practice as
it was a convenient time for the farmers and
farm workers to feed. Generally, the farmers
monitor the feed preparation, feeding, and
feed response, and provide instruction to
their workers.

40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT TPIC
The supplementary feed used in
aquaculture generally consists of
rice bran and groundnut oilcake
which are compounded in 1:1 or
2:1 and some farmers use mustard oilcake in place of groundnut oilcake. Cake-bran mixture in
conjunction with natural fish-food
organisms is still a practice for semiintensive carp farming in India. This
mixture is not nutritionally balanced, and
is normally used to supplement protein and
energy. Plankton plays a major role in sustaining fish growth and optimizing feed conversion
ratio (FCR). Stocked species about 50 percent
protein, 8 percent lipid and 27 percent carbohydrate and 4 Kcal/g gross energy from natural
food organisms like plankton and of animal
origin. Phytoplankton provides high quantities
of n-3 and n-6 poly- unsaturated fatty acids.
Owing to non-availability of commercial
feeds and economic reason, more than 90%
farmers use farm-made feeds of cake-bran
mixture or improved version of the feed
mixture in carp culture. The farm-made feeds
are prepared based on ingredient availability
and feeding experiences. In Andhra Pradesh,
farmers use defatted rice bran and groundnut
oilcake in 7:3 ratio with feed additives mineral
and vitamin mixtures. And a farmer in Punjab
is reported to enrich his traditional cake-bran
mixture with animal protein sugar industry

by-product rich in minerals and feed is further

supplemented with vitamins and minerals.
Inter-linking of artificial feeding with natural
fish food organisms has been found beneficial
as influences dietary efficiency and economic
utilization of former. There has been a rapid
shift from traditional feeding to pellet feeding
of nutritionally complete diet.

Fish feed industry

Until recently, India was an insignificant

player in the global fish feed sector due to
its reliance on traditional feeding based on a
few nutritionally poor agriculture by-products
and the use of animal manure for plankton
production. American Soybean AssociationInternational Marketing (ASA-IM) decided in
2003 to create a niche for better aquaculture
feeds, linking the development to an array

of better aquaculture practices to grow fish.

Initial work focused on commercial feeding demonstrations that showed economic
returns to the industry.
Stakeholders and potential entrepreneurs
were also exposed to feed-based technologies in practice elsewhere in Asia. As a result
of these efforts and excellent participation by
private companies and entrepreneurs in the
fish-farming sector, India has emerged as a
significant producer of soy-based extruded,
floating feeds, as well as sinking pellets for
fish. The industry has invested in imported
extrusion machinery to produce the floating

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41

EXPERT TPIC

Aquaculture America 2015

Aquaculture Center of the Plate

February 19-25, 2015

New Orleans Marriott
New Orleans, Louisiana
THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

Associate Sponsors

Americas Tilapia Alliance

American Veterinary Medical Association
Aquacultural Engineering Society
Aquaculture Association of Canada
Catfish Farmers of America
Global Aquaculture Alliance
American Veterinary Medical Association

International Association of Aquaculture

Economics and Management
Latin American Chapter WAS
Striped Bass Growers Association
US Shrimp Farming Association
US Trout Farmers Association
World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association

For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager
P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA
Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003
Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org

fish feeds. Presently more than a dozen feed mill operations with
an installed monthly capacity close to 36,000 mt (Table 5). This
major expansion will have to find a larger user base to which it
can sell feed products.

Conclusion

Carp is the mainstay in Indian aquaculture. Being herbivorous,

Carp can very efficiently use the plant feed resources. Several
nutrient-rich plant products have assumed great importance for
aquaculture. Proper combinations of different plant ingredients
and incorporation/fortification of deficient amino acids, vitamins
and minerals not only balance the nutrients but also act upon
their deficiency-compensation mechanism. During the last
decade, the price of the most of the fish feed ingredients had
increased significantly to the tune of 3-4 times in the country.
Therefore, identification of alternate feed ingredients and their
use in the fish feed would be one of the major challenges in the
future. To better utilize and also to save the much-valued fish
feed resources, proper feed and feeding strategies are required.
Feed constitutes more than of 60 percent of the production cost and efficiency. Feed use has a strong bearing on the
cost-benefit ratio of the aquaculture operation. Earlier, sinking
pellets were produced in the country particularly for feeding
the brackish water shrimp and freshwater prawn, while use of
feed concentrate for carp farming was almost negligible. Though
realisation of better nutrition and higher biomass yield in carp,
fed with a balanced diet is a well-known fact, the practice has
not yet flourished in the carp farming sector owing to several
reasons including the higher cost of pellet feed compared to the
conventional feed mixture.
Reluctance to invest in feed and lack of technical awareness
on benefit of feeding fish are the other reasons that restrict the
supplementary feeding. As a result, freshwater fish farming in
India till recent years has been relying on the use of conventional

42 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE

The worlds leading trade fair for animal production

"Carp is the mainstay in Indian

aquaculture. Being herbivorous,
Carp can very efficiently use
the plant feed resources.
Several nutrient-rich plant
products have assumed great
importance for aquaculture"

Fish & More

Marketplace for Aquaculture
11 14 November 2014
Hanover, Germany
mixture of certain feed ingredients such as oil cakes and brans of
cereals as the protein and carbohydrate sources, respectively with an
approximate FCR of 3-4. The supply of these ingredients for aquaculture is again getting stiff competition from the dairy and poultry
sectors leading to an increase in the feed cost. With the growing
aquaculture activity in the country, the situation may become more
adverse for aquaculture if timely steps are not taken to increase the
feed use efficiency.
Fortunately use of balanced feed for fish is becoming increasingly
popular among the commercial farmers for reaping better harvest.
At present, pelletized feeds with balanced nutrition are used mainly
in commercial aquaculture activity of two groups of fishes, i.e., major
carps and catfish like Pangasionodon, and freshwater prawn and have
proven to enhance biomass yield. About 44 million tonnes of concentrate feeds are manufactured in the country at present for the different
animal husbandry sectors, whereas the demand for concentrate feed is
around 143 million tonnes, with a huge current deficit of 69.3 percent.
The aquaculture sector is currently using about 20 percent of total
available concentrate feeds. Therefore, sustenance and further expansion of the aquaculture activity needs promotion of the production
of concentrated feed rather than relying on the conventional feed
mixture. While promoting establishment of feed mill, efforts should
also be made to encourage finding alternate ingredients. Since use
of extruded floating feed pellets for freshwater fin fishes have shown
efficacy in terms of better feed consumption, low wastage and efficient
feed management, feed mill should be promoted for production of
this form of feed to save the ingredient resource.

References

Innovations for modern sh

farming and water treatment
New practical approaches
for practical applications
at Forum Aquaculture
Answers to your questions
at the Aquaculture Advisory
Centre
Get-together for the industry
Showcase Growth in Water
www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
Hotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: expo@DLG.org

Feeding and feed management of Indian major carps in Andhra Pradesh,

India- FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper: 578
Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture 2011Published by ICAR, New
Delhi.

Dieses
Projekt
This project
is wird
von
derco-fi
Europischen
being
nanced
Gemeinschaft
by the European
kofinanziert.
Community

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 43

RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1

including

Decentral

03.07.14 1

INDUSTRY EVENTS
3-5 September 14

9th Shanghai International Fishery &

Seafood Expo (SIFSE2014), Shanghai
New International Expo Centre,
2345 Longyang Road, Shanghai,
China
Web: www.sifse.com

9-10 September 14

International Conference on
Fisheries and Aquaculture (ICFA),
Hotel Galadari 64 Lotus Road,
Colombo 1, Sri Lanka- 2014
Web: http://aquaconference.com

18-19 September 14

4-7 October 14

Latin American & Caribbean

Aquaculture 2014, President
Intercontinental Guadalajara
Web: www.was.org

11-14 October 14

EuroTier 2014, Messegelnde

Hannover, Germany
Web: www.eurotier.com

14-17 October 14

Aquaculture Europe 2014, San

Sebastian, Spain
Web: www.easonline.org

7th Protein Summit 2014, Hilton

Rotterdam, Weena 10, 3012
CM.Rotterdam
Web: www.bridge2food.com

22-24 October 14

21-22 September 14

22-25 October 14

Aquatic China (in conjunction with

VIV China), New China International
Exhibition Center (NCIEC) Beijing,
China
Web: www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquticchina

23-25 September 14

VIV China, New China International

Exhibition Center (NCIEC), Hall
West 1 and 2, 88 Yu Xiang Road,
Tianzhu Area, Shunyi district, Beijing,
China
Web: www.viv.net

6-7 October 14

INDUSTRY EVENTS

ILDEX Myanmar 2014, Tatmadaw

Exhibition Hall, Yangon, Myanmar
Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com

FIGAP 2014, Expo Guadalajara,

Guadalajara, Jalisco Mxico
Web: www.figap.com

AquaSur 2014, Puerto Montt, Chile

Web: www.aqua-sur.cl

22-27 October 14

Vietstock 2014, Saigon Exhibition

and Convention Center, Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam
Web: www.vietstock.org

12-14 November 14

ILDEX Cambodia 2014, Phnom

Penh Hotel, Cambodia
Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com

26-30 May 15

World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju Island,

Korea
Web: www.was.org

6-7 October 14

Myanmar Aqua Fisheries 2014,

Tatmadaw Hall Yangon Myanmar
Web: www.myanmar-aquafisheries.com

Find event information visit

www.aquafeed.co.uk/events.php

ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview

LDEX Cambodia will be your

gateway to connect your livestock business in new country.
ILDEX Cambodia 2014, 12
13 Nov 14, Phnom Penh Hotel,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Southeast
Asia is one of the most promising
regions for the development of an
intensive livestock industry. For
nearly a decade, ILDEX Exhibitions
have proved to be a successful
gateway to entering livestock
business in Southeast Asia. In
2014, ILDEX Cambodia will be
introduced as a new platform for
market opportunities in the new
country. It aims to bring in new
international technologies while
maintaining a localised approach.

Why Exhibit?

Meet your target groups

Find new international business contacts
Manage your sales networks: agents, dealers and
distributors
Set up and develop sales

Participe en
VIII VERSIN
22 al 25 de Octubre de 2014
Puerto Montt, Chile.

CHILE

La feria ms grande del

Hemisferio Sur
ms de

14re ci.0nt0o fe0riaml

channels with business partners

Increase your company
image and get more attention to your products and
services
Strengthen customer relations

Why Visit?

Related topics in Livestock

industr y will be presented in
seminar in order to ser ve the
domestic market to produce
more with quality
Table-top platform will be concurrently organised
This show will be developed in
cooperation with Department of
Animal Health and Production
Cambodia, Royal Univer sity
of Agriculture Cambodia and
Federation of Asian Veterinar y
Associations in developing topics
and inviting delegates

When and Where

12 13 Nov 14, Phnom Penh

Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

PARA RESERVA Y
VENTA DE STAND
Viviana Ros
vrioso@editec.cl
(56-2) 2757 4264

More Information:

42

pases
participantes

ms de

1.000

compaas

ms de

19.000
visitantes

LA EDITORIAL TCNICA Y DE NEGOCIOS LDER DE CHILE

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 44

Ms.Achara Kongkaew
Tel + 662 6700900 Ext 106
Email: achara.kon@vnuexhibitionsap.com
Web: www.ildex.com

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquaculture
once again
at this years
EuroTier

anufacturers, equipment
suppliers and organisations
from home and abroad
International forums for
discussion Advisory Centre From 11
to 14 November 2014 in Hanover
The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture report (SOFIA 2014), published in May 2014 by the UN Food and
Agriculture Organization, reveals evidence
of further growth for the aquaculture industry. The report indicated that in 2012, for
the very first time, the controlled cultivation
of water-bound organisms provided more
than half of fish for human consumption
worldwide.
In 2012 total fishery production worldwide was 158 million tonnes. Whereas

wild catch stagnated, aquaculture accounted

for 90 million tonnes of this amount. This
includes not only fish but also other aquatic
organisms. 24 million tonnes, more than a
quarter of aquaculture production, come
from farmed aquatic plants. Fish is gaining
traction and is playing an increasingly important role in feeding the world. In the past
50 years, average per-capita consumption
has nearly doubled worldwide to reach its
current level of around 19kg per year.
Since 2002 aquaculture has been an
integral part of EuroTier, the worlds flagship

The worlds leading trade fair for animal production

Fish & More

Marketplace for Aquaculture

trade fair for animal husbandry. At this years

event, on from 11 to 14 November at the
Hanover Fairgrounds, once again the leading
technology and equipment companies and
a number of other suppliers and institutions
from the areas of aquaculture, mariculture,
inland fishery and environmental technology
will be represented. Biomass from the water
and the exploitation of nutrient cycles will
be a key future-oriented topic at EuroTier
2014. The special presentation Growth in
Water will be showcasing the latest developments in this area, and in particular the
production and utilisation of seaweed and
other water-based plants.
In addition to the exhibitors, EuroTier 2014
will feature an aquaculture Advisory Centre. At
the aquaculture forum experts from academia
and business will be joining industry professionals
to talk about the latest trends and developments.
Further information is available from
the German Agricultural Society (Deutsche
Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft / DLG). Your
contact is Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber, tel:
+ (49)69 2478 8307 or email: b.schmidtpuckhaber@dlg.org. Information is also available online at
www.eurotier.com/aquaculture.

11 14 November 2014
Hanover, Germany
Innovations for modern sh
farming and water treatment
New practical approaches
for practical applications
at Forum Aquaculture

REGISTER TODAY!
20% Early Bird Discount
Ends 31 July

Answers to your questions

at the Aquaculture Advisory
Centre

Adding Value

Get-together for the industry

Donostia San Sebastin

SPAIN
October 14-17, 2014
www.easonline.org

Showcase Growth in Water

www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
Hotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: expo@DLG.org
Dieses
Projekt
This project
is wird
von
derco-fi
Europischen
being
nanced
Gemeinschaft
by the European
kofinanziert.
Community

RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1

For registration and more

information, go to
www.summit2014.org/registration

Decentral

03.07.14 14:45

cover artwork courtesy of AZTI-Tecnalia

www.summit2014.org

including

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 45

Organised by
the European Aquaculture Society
in cooperation with AZTI-Tecnalia

INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquatic China 2014
Beijing from September 21-22, 2014

Links to conference pages and information:

FishFirst: http://www.fishfirst.cn/article-35906-1.html
The 12-page IAF supplement being mailed with FAM magazine
http://www.gfmt.co.uk/digital_media/IAF140_chinese_special_12.pdf
Conference page in English (http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina)
and in Chinese (http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchinachina)
Registartion link English:
http://www.registration.ciec.com.cn/rs/srt_91049_01/en/login.htm
Registration link Chinese:
http://www.registration.ciec.com.cn/rs/srt_91049_01/cn/login.htm

Aquatic China 2014 'Media Corner at VIV China

Sponsors

Visit the Aquatic China 2014 'Media Corner' at the VIV China Exhibition from
September 23-25, 2014. If you'd like to follow-up with questions and comments
on aquaculture please visit our 'Media Corner' at the show. You may also want
to visit companies exhibiting to explore some of the latest equipment and nutritional developments related to fish farming. VIV China 2014 exhibition is
being held in the New China International Exhibition Center (NCIEC),
Hall West 1 and 2, 88 Yuxiang Road, Tianzhu, Shunyi District, Beijing
101318

Aquatic China

INDUSTRY EVENTS

quatic China 2014, co-organisted by International

Aquafeed magazine and VIV China, has a full two-day
program of scientific and commercial speakers that will
prove of vital interest to fish farmers throughout China
and the Asian region.
We feel there is a great opportunity for the leading fish farming
country to meet with scientists and commercial leaders to discuss the
latest developments in fish farming nutrition and technology, says coorganiser Roger Gilbert, publisher of IAF magazine.
IAF is working closely with Professor Kangsen Mai of the Ocean
University of China in Qingdao, Shangdong Province to develop a
program that will engage both Chinese and non-Chinese fish farming
countries in an international program that will encourage the exchange
of information on fish health, feeding and farming.
China produces almost 85 percent of all farmed fish globally, yet
much of the research and development of technologies around fish
farming is occurring in other regions of the world.
In conjunction with VIV, which is co-organising the event to run
concurrently with its two-day China Summit prior to the opening of VIV
China 2014 in Beijing from September 23-25, 2014, the overall aim is
to align fish farmers in China with the technology of the future and the
scientific resources that they will need to achieve increased production
in terms of quality and quantity, says Mr Gilbert.

Im convinced that the global fish farming industry can learn a lot
from China and its scientific depth of knowledge when it comes to
managing and feeding farmed fish. Im just as convinced that global
research and development has a lot to offer the Chinese industry. This
is a venue that brings all these players together.
Supporting the event is the premier sponsor Evonik. Others include
local companies such as Hangzhou Kingtechina Feed Company, Atech,
Guangzhou Hinter Biotechnology Co., while international supporters
including (some yet to confirm): Jefo, LSF, Rabo Bank and Skretting Nutreco.

Brief Introduction to Aquatic China 2014 by Dr Kangsen Mai

It is generally accepted that the only way to meet the increasing demand for fish and shrimp is
through aquaculture. China has more than 3000 years of history in aquaculture. It is not only is a
pioneer in aquaculture, but has also become the biggest aquaculture country, with an annual production
accounting for more than 70 percent of global output. However, after recent 30 years of rapid development, China's aquaculture faces a series of challenges. Lack of resources, the environmental deterioration and the safety of aquatic products are considered to be the most critical factors that impede
the sustainability of China aquaculture. Most challenges to the sustainable development of globe aquaculture are usually first
faced by China. Therefore, the "2014 China Aquaculture Summit" (Beijing), pre-held in the "2014 China International VIV", is an
excellent communication platform for global peer experts to explore. issues of aquaculture sustainability. Welcome to "2014
China Aquaculture Summit".

www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina

9%

of space still
available

VIII VERSION
October 22 to 25,
Puerto Montt, Chile.

DU
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to make your company stand may be present in AquaSur 2014

INDUSTRY EVENTS

All go for Aquaculture

Europe 2014!

INDUSTRY EVENTS

ince 2007, when the EAS Board decided to implement a

new strategy to develop our annual Aquaculture Europe
events, we have worked hard to build an event that encompasses a scientific conference, a trade event and a series
of industry-orientated forums and workshops that link the two, to
make Aquaculture Europe the major place to catch up on the latest
research in all areas of aquaculture development and to address
industry issues that can be addressed by scientific knowledge.
From attendance of 300-350 prior to 2007, recent AE events have
attracted around 1000 participants from more than 50 countries.
We plan our events three or more years in advance, and invite
EAS members to team up with local partners to bid for the event
to be held in their country. For more than two years now, EAS has
been working with AZTI-Tecnalia, a technological centre specialised
in marine and food Research, to organise the Aquaculture Europe
2014 event. One of our indicators of success is the number of submitted abstracts of new science that will be presented during the event.
AE2014 has received more than 820 abstracts to date, making it the
most solicited EAS event ever! Final attendance is expected to be in
excess of 1100.

Welcome to DonostiaSan Sebastin!

AE2014 will be held from October 14-17, 2014 in the beautiful

city of DonostiaSan Sebastin in Spain. The city is in the north of the
Basque Country and on the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay. Its
beautiful coastline and town beaches make it one of Spains top beach
resorts. It is also renowned for its Basque cuisine and gastronomy,
with a high concentration of restaurants boasting Michelin stars and
many bars in the old town with tasty snacks similar to tapas and called
pintxos.
Gold sponsored by BIOMAR, with session sponsors Aquasoja and
Tereos Syral and support from the Fisheries and Education depart-

ments of the Basque Government, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food

and Environment of the Spanish Government, the Donostia-San
Sebastin Convention Bureau, Donostia-San Sebastin City Hall and
BasqueTour, AE2014 will not only be the spotlight for European aquaculture in October, but also for Spanish aquaculture in general and the
Basque Country in particular.
The cultural and gastronomic heritage of DonostiaSan Sebastin
fits well with the theme of Aquaculture Europe 2014Adding Value.
We can add value at all stages of the value chainfrom production
to processing. We can also add value to research by producing
knowledge products that can be used by others and in research
management by harmonisation in programming, by better use of infrastructure and by nurturing our human resources. Finally, we can add
value to societal, environmental and natural resources, by generating
new economic activity products based on environmental services, or
diversifying existing ones.

Plenary sessions

In the opening plenary session, the renowned chef from DonostiaSan Sebastin, Mikel Gallo will prepare some special dishes based on
different aquaculture species, and his show cooking will be interspersed
with information related to the aquaculture of such species.
On day 2, Michael T. Morrissey, Director of the Oregon State
University Food Innovation Center will present The Future of Fish
Protein: Beyond Sustainability reviewing the current situation in fish
protein availability for human consumption and its future role in meeting growing demand. This will be followed by a case study from Carlos
Luna Castillo, Managing Director of Angulas Aguinaga that produce a
range of convenience products based mainly on surimi-based dishes,
but also including prawns, salmon, octopus and mussels.
Finally, on day 3, Professor Anil Markandya, Executive Director of
the Basque Climate Change Research Centre and one of the core
team that drafted the IPCC 4th Assessment that was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, will look at the opportunities and challenges of climate change scenarios on primary food production, with a
focus on European aquaculture.
There are also more than 30 parallel sessions including a very strong

INDUSTRY EVENTS
focus on feeds and nutrition. In fact, we have had so many abstracts on
these subjects (and actually for almost all of the sessions) that the chairs have
had to make difficult decisions on which submissions to accept for oral or
poster presentation. On the one hand, this can put authors of presentations
in a difficult position when scarce travel budgets are only approved for oral
presentations. On the other hand, it can be seen as a certain quality control
that heightens the level of the science that is presented.

The exhibition, industry events and tours

The AE2014 trade event has attracted more than 65 exhibitors to

present their latest products and services. Within the trade show areas,
we have organised three research/industry workshops to address
industry issues and provide a forum for discussion.
On October 14th, the European Percid Fish Culture (EPFC)
workshop (originating from an EAS Thematic Group) will continue
to look at issues relating to the culture of pike perch and other percid fish species. These include genetic improvement programmes
and country case studies and experiences from France, Ireland and
Turkey.
On October 16th, EAS teams up with
the European Aquaculture Technology
and Innovation Platform (EATiP) for a
special one-day event to address the production performance of the sea bass and
sea bream sector by providing a forum for
discussion of some of the important technical challenges that underlie the lack of
improvement (and maybe even a regression) in production performance. The
event targets industry leaders, production,
hatchery, technical and health managers,
feed manufacturers and other suppliers,
scientists and those that follow developments in the sector.
Also on October 16th, the University of
South Bohemia and the EU AquaExcel project
will present a repository for large data sets for
biology, food safety and other biologic applications. Total participation of industry representatives is expected to be in excess of 250.
A social programme of tours for AE2014
delegates has also been developed with
pintxo hunting in the old town of San
Sebastian; a catamaran tour through La
Concha bay; a tour of the coastline of the
French Basque Country; visits to AZTI and
to INRA and finally a visit to the offshore
experimental facilities for mussels and oysters in the Spanish Basque Country.

move forward on identifying areas of common research interest

within the ecosystem approach to aquaculture.
Finally, EU projects on nutrition, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, welfare, and the biology of gametes and all have sessions or part
of sessions dedicated to disseminating their latest findings.
Aquaculture Europe 2014 will also feature a student workshop and
reception, the annual EAS General Assembly, and special meetings
of EATiP, FEAP and JACUMAR (the working group of the Spanish
General Secretary of the Sea).
All of the above underline the growing importance of Aquaculture
Europe as the major European forum, as the event continues to be
developed since that EAS Board decision back in 2007.
Information and updates on the event are posted at the AE2014 page
of www.easonline.org and registrations are going very quickly. Hotels are
also filling up quickly, so dont wait too long to book your stay.
Please also note the dates of our AE2015 in Rotterdam from
October 20-23 on Aquaculture, Nature and Society and AE2016 in
Edinburgh from September 20-23 on Blue Biotechnology.

Adding Value
Donostia San Sebastin
SPAIN
October 14-17, 2014
www.easonline.org

As with most of our recent AE

events, the European Commission DG
Research will organise a half-day session to present the latest news in
HORIZON 2020 and other research
initiatives linked to this. The EC is also
looking to organise a special event, just
prior to the conference, that will bring
together the EU, US and Canada within the Trans-Atlantic Ocean research
Alliance-Aquaculture sub-group to

cover artwork courtesy of AZTI-Tecnalia

EU projects showcased

Organised by
the European Aquaculture Society
in cooperation with AZTI-Tecnalia

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 49

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our
friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)

Additives
Chemoforma
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com

www.stifnet.com

Westeel

VAV

+1 204 233 7133

+31 71 4023701

www.westeel.com

www.vav.nl

Elevator & Conveyor Components

4B Braime
+44 113 246 1800

+31703074120

www.liptosa.com

www.sonac.biz

+33 2 41 72 16 80

www.tsc-silos.com

GMP+ International

+34 902 157711

+31 499 364800

STIF

+31 543 473979

Certification

Liptosa

Sonac

TSC Silos

www.go4b.com

www.gmpplus.org

Enzymes

Conveyors

Ab Vista

Vigan Enginnering

+44 1672 517 650

+32 67 89 50 41

Analysis
R-Biopharm
+44 141 945 2924
www.r-biopharm.com
+43 2272 6153310

www.buhlergroup.com

Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com

Animal Health & Nutrition

+1 450 799 2000

Bhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11

Amino acids

JEFO

Colour sorters

Romer Labs
www.romerlabs.com

www.abvista.com

www.vigan.com

www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale

ExtruTech Inc

Satake

+1 785 284 2153

+81 82 420 8560

www.extru-techinc.com

www.satake-group.com

Computer software

Event organisers

Adifo NV

Eurasia Trade Fairs

+32 50 303 211

+90 212 3471054

Cenzone

www.adifo.com

www.eurasiafairs.com

+1 760 736 9901

Format International Ltd

www.cenzone.com

+44 1483 726081

Bags

www.formatinternational.com
Mondi Group

Colour sorters

Extruders
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl

+43 1 79013 4917

SEA S.r.l.

www.mondigroup.com

+39 054 2361423

Amandus Kahl

www.seasort.com

+49 40 727 710

Bin dischargers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11

Coolers & driers

www.akahl.de

Consergra s.l

Andritz

+34 938 772207

+45 72 160300

www.consergra.com

www.andritz.com

Bentall Rowlands

FrigorTec GmbH

Brabender

+44 1724 282828

+49 7520 91482-0

+49 203 7788 0

www.bentallrowlands.com

www.frigortec.com

www.brabender.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd

Geelen Counterflow

+44 1621 868944

+31 475 592315

www.chief.co.uk

www.geelencounterflow.com

Croston Engineering

Muyang Group

+44 1829 741119

+86 514 87848880

www.croston-engineering.co.uk

www.muyang.com

Silo Construction Engineers

Wenger Manufacturing

+32 51723128

+1 785-284-2133

www.sce.be

www.wenger.com

www.denis.fr

Bulk storage

Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com

Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
50 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
Insta-Pro International
+1 515 254 1260
www.insta-pro.com
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com

Palletisers

Feed
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com

+55 11 4873-0300

www.ehcolo.com

www.kepler.com.br
Obial

+34 973 21 60 40

Tel.: +351 249 435 145

Wynveen International B.V.

Kepler Weber Group

+45 75 398411
PAYPER, S.A.

SPAROS
Website: www.sparos.pt

Silos
Ehcolo A/S

+90 382 2662120

www.payper.com

www.obial.com.tr

Pellet binders

MYSILO

Akzo Nobel

+31 26 47 90 699

+90 382 266 2245

+46 303 850 00

www.wynveen.com

www.mysilo.com

www.bredol.com

Hatchery products

Symaga

Borregaard LignoTech

+34 91 726 43 04

+47 69 11 80 00

Reed Mariculture

www.symaga.com

+1 877 732 3276

www.lignotechfeed.com

www.reed-mariculture.com

PellTech

Tornum AB

+47 69 11 80 00

+46 512 29100

www.pelltech.org

www.tornum.com

Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87

Pest control

+1 402 434 9102

+886 2226 96789

www.fine-tek.com

+33 2 97 89 25 30

www.rentokil.co.uk

www.aqualabo.fr

Pipe systems

Agromatic

Jacob Sohne

www.binmaster.com
FineTek Co., Ltd

Aqualabo

+44 0800 917 1987

Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls

Sensors

Rentokil Pest Control

www.bastak.com.tr

+41 55 2562100

+49 571 9580

www.agromatic.com

www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Dol Sensors

Used around
all industrial
Plants
sectors.

+45 721 755 55

www.dol-sensors.com

Andritz

Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Vega

Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45

72 160300

www.andritz.com

+44 1444 870055

www.vega.com/uk

Moisture analyzers

+31 318 545 754

+41 71 955 11 11

www.dishman-netherlands.com

+33 14 1475045

Muyang Group

www.chopin.fr

+86 514 87848880

Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770

Probiotics

www.nir-online.de

Packaging

Vacines

Recruitment
JCB Consulting

www.seedburo.com

+49 6227 732668

+44 7805 092067

www.cbpackaging.com
Mondi Group
+43 1 79013 4917
www.mondigroup.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com

Ridgeway Biologicals
+44 1635 579516
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum

+44 161 427 2402

Wynveen International B.V.

www.jcb-consulting.com

+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com

Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
OJ Hojtryk
+45 7514 2255

CB Packaging

www.nabim.org.uk

www.biomin.net

+1 312 738 3700

NIR-Online

+44 2074 932521

+43 2782 803 0

Seedburo

NIR systems

nabim

Biomin

Hydronix
www.hydronix.com

Training

www.muyang.com

www.doescher.com

+44 1483 468900

Dishman

Buhler AG
www.buhlergroup.com

CHOPIN Technologies

Shrimp feed additives

www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Safety equipment

Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030

Rembe

www.leibergmbh.de

+49 2961 740 50

Lesaffre Feed Additives

www.rembe.com

Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk

+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 51

The aquafeed interview

The aquafeed interview

C

arlos Diaz, 45 years, is a Veterinarian and holds an MBA with specialisation in Marketing & Commercial Management. He joined
BioMar Chile in 2000 as General Manager, when BioMar took over the local Chilean fish feed company Ecofeed, where he has
worked since 1994. He became Vice-President in 2006, when BioMar introduced a regional structure and in 2009 he changed his
position as Vice-President for BioMar Americas with the position as Vice-President for BioMar Continental Europe. In 2013 he again
took over the responsibility of BioMars markets in South and Central America as well as business development and holds today the
title as Vice-President for Continental Europe, Americas, and Business Development for BioMar.Carlos Diaz will assume the position
as CEO of BioMar towards the end of 2014 replacing the actual CEO Torben Svejgard.

What is BioMar's involvement as a

sponsor for Aquaculture Europe?
R&D is at our heart in BioMar, and we know deep R&D
expertise and continued improvement are prerequisites for the
further development both of the aquaculture industry as such
and of BioMar. Without a strong R&D foundation, the industry
and BioMar or any other feed company cannot survive long
term. One of the ways to continue to improve the industrys
R&D knowledge is to share results and experiences among
R&D people and here the Aquaculture Europe Conference
has a big role to play. We have supported the conference for
several years and we have so far signed up as main sponsor for
the next three years.

How are Biomar responding to the

challenge of feeding 9 billion people by
2050? Will fish play a crucial role?
Fish will certainly play an important role, and as we all know
fish farming will have an increasing role. This requires a
continued strong effort in R&D. We need to ensure that
we can use a still wider range of raw materials in the feed
to secure environmental sustainability in the aquaculture
production and at the same time we must further improve
production performance and secure a profitable business for
the aquaculture industry. We need to develop completely new
ingredient types for example, alternative sources for EPA/DHA
that are already in short supply and which is a major selling
argument when promoting fish to consumers.
We need to develop new solutions for preventing diseases
and other health issues in aquaculture productionwe know
from the land animal production that the intensification of the
production has given new health challenges and we see the
same pattern in aquaculture. We must be ready with solutions
ahead of the problems and it is a tremendous challenge. Still
investments in aquaculture research are small compared to
what is invested in research in land animal production. We
must secure that new farming technologies are developed and
applied to prevent the industry from becoming nomads who
are forced to migrate for environmental or aesthetic reasons.
This requires also new feed solutions that are adequate to use
with the new technologies.

How do BioMar personally feel that

the partnership with the Sagun group
will benefit European customers?

technology, and market structure. By having a strong presence

in such diverse markets we can cross utilise know how
between markets. A good example is our ORBIT range for
recirculation farming, which was originally developed for Danish
trout farmers, who were pioneers in introducing recirculation
aquaculture systems (RAS). Today the ORBIT product range is
gradually being developed for new species and introduced all
over Europe including for salmon in Norway and also further
away in Chile as the RAS technology gains importance in more
and more countries.
In Turkey, we have found in Sagun a good partner, which
through local knowledge and a strong network complements
the strengths of BioMar in a very good way. The primary
focus for this new project is the Turkish market, but there
will probably be opportunities in the neighbouring countries
towards the east. By entering the Turkish market we will add
diversity and thereby further develop our know how and
at the same time, we will add scale needed for continuous
investments in research and product development to the
benefit of customers not just in Turkey but in all parts of the
world.

BioMar recently announced another

big investment in Norwaywhat is the
background for this investment and how
does it fit in BioMars global strategy?
The Norwegian aquaculture industry is at the forefront in
the technological development within fish farming. It is a
very competitive market, where highly skilled customers
are continuously pushing for more advanced feed solutions.
This creates a good dynamic development that benefits the
aquaculture industry globally. Further, with the initiatives taken
and underway focusing on a sustainable development of
the industry, we believe the Norwegian fish production will
continue to grow in the coming years, and we want to be well
positioned in the Norwegian market. So it is natural that we
also continue our investments in Norway.
At the same time we are also diversifying geographically, with
the recent investments in Central America and Turkey as good
examples. In Central America we have entered the market with
a new shrimp grower diet and we are also expanding sales of
larval diets for both shrimp and marine fish. In Asia, we recently
expanded our production facility for larval diets in France. All
these initiatives will give BioMar more strings to play on in the
years to come and that is important in an industry where we
see cyclic ups and downs.

The European market accounts for roughly two thirds of our

business, so it is a tremendously important area. It is also a very
diverse area in terms of fish species, climatic conditions, farming
52 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 53

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES
Dr Dimcho Djouvinov joins AB Vista

n response to continuing growth in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Russia, AB Vista is pleased
to announce that Dr Dimcho Djouvinov will provide additional technical support to AB Vista customers
and distributors across the EMEA region. Dr Djouvinov expands the AB Vista technical team following a
strong increase in sales during the past 12 months, and the recent launch of the companys revolutionary
Quantum Blue phytase.
With a PhD from the University of Zootechnics and Veterinary Medicine in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, Dr
Djouvinov has extensive animal nutrition experience across all key livestock production species. He also held at
one time the position of Associate Professor (Animal Nutrition) at the veterinary faculty of Trakia University,
Bulgaria. Recent work has included a role as technical manager for Cargill Animal Nutrition Bulgaria and a focus on poultry nutrition
with Premier Nutrition.
Its not enough to have great products, you also need great people to provide the dedicated support customers have come to
expect from a company like AB Vista, states Dr Rob ten Doeschate, AB Vista Technical Director for EMEA.
Dr Djouvinov fits into that role perfectly, and will be a great asset in helping our customers get the maximum value from their
investment in AB Vista products and services.
Initially concentrating on the Russian-speaking countries within EMEA, Dr Djouvinov will also provide support to other CEE markets, as needed, and were looking forward to working with him as we continue to expand sales throughout the region.
For more information, contact AB Vista on +44(0)1672 517 650 or info@abvista.com.

Iain Shone To Continue With GAA As Development Director

he Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) is delighted to announce that long-time supporter Iain
Shone will continue with the organisation, acting as its Development Director. Shone has been
committed to GAAs mission of responsible aquaculture for 15 years, supporting the development
the Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) third-party certification program from the outset and guiding the
organizations evolution as a Director on the Board. Previously, Shone served on GAAs Executive Committee,
representing Lyons Seafoods Ltd. He acted as the UK suppliers Director of Sourcing until stepping down last
month.
Effective August 26, Shone will be joining GAA on a part-time basis to support the development of GAA
and BAP activities. He will report to GAA Executive Director Wally Stevens.
His experience and knowledge of the full seafood supply chain as a member of Lyons management team, his recognition as an
industry statesman and his understanding and enthusiastic support for the work of GAA will be of great value to the organization as it
moves forward, said Stevens.
We are delighted that Iain will remain with GAA as its Development Director, he added. He is an asset for continuing to advance
our program development.
Added Shone, GAA is a tremendous organization. It has achieved so much positive change throughout the globe for our industry.
Its an honour to continue to serve and to help contribute to improving and developing responsible seafood production.

Heather Jones has been appointed as CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture

Innovation Centre Board (SAIC)

he SAIC, which was launched in June, brings together industry and research to provide innovative
solutions with the aim of growing the already substantial contribution aquaculture makes to the
Scottish economy. Heather, a native of Ayrshire, brings 25 years' experience in national and
international policy making as a senior advisor to the UK Government. Heather Jones said: I am
delighted to be invited to be the CEO of the new Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre.
I look forward to working with industry large and small, academic institutions and Government. Together we can
identify, create and commercialise technological innovations. I share the aspiration of the SAIC board that Scotland's
academic institutions and industry be world class, by channeling our creativity and innovation to support a growing aquaculture sector and a prosperous Scottish economy.
After a Geography degree at Edinburgh University, Heathers career began in 1989 in the Scottish Office where she worked in a range
of posts from setting up Scottish Natural Heritage and dealing with environmental policy, to being Private Secretary to Lord James
Douglas-Hamilton, MP Scottish Office Minister for Education, Housing and the Highlands and Islands. Heather then worked as Principal
Team Leader in marine fisheries in Cabinet Secretariat in the first Labour-Liberal Coalition Government in Scotland.
Heather has experience working outside government: in the late 1990s, following her MBA, Heather led Locate in Scotland's operations in Houston, Texas, where she secured 45m of foreign direct investment to the benefit of Scotland's economy.
On promotion to the Senior Civil Service in 2001, Heather worked with Scotland's further and higher education sectors, and supported skills and lifelong learning. In her role as Deputy Director in Marine Scotland in 2009, she oversaw the production of the Strategic
Framework for Scottish Aquaculture, set up a new industry-led body, Scotland Food and Drink, and negotiated in international fora in
Norway and Canada on behalf of Scotland's aquaculture industry.

54 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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