Simon Juleovenz L.

Garnace 8 Jasmine Assignement in ADTech II Resistor Bands

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This
relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured
across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is
called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary
resistors working within their ratings.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in
an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to
the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application.
The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications.
Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the
anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power
electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat
sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage
of the resistor. While there is no minimum working voltage for a given resistor, failure to account for a
resistor's maximum rating may cause the resistor to incinerate when current is run through it.
Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be
important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics
of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are
mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified
individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of
discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the
position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.


Resistor Color Code Bands
& Other Component Identification
Resistor Color Code Identification


While these codes are most often associated with resistors, then can also apply to capacitors and other
components.

The standard color coding method for resistors uses a different color to represent each number from 0
to 9: black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, grey, and white. On a 4 band resistor, the
first two bands represent the significant digits. On a 5 and 6 band, the first three bands are the
significant digits. The next band represents the multiplier or "decade". As in the above 4 band example,
the first two bands are red and purple, representing 2 and 7. The third band is orange, representing 3
meaning 103 or 1000. This gives a value of 27 * 1000, or 27000 Ohms. The gold and silver decade bands
divide by a power of 10, allowing for values below 10 Ohms. The 5 and 6 band resistors work exactly the
same as the 4 band resistor. They just add one more significant digit. The band after the decade is the
tolerance. This tells how accurate the resistance compared to its specification. The 4 band resistor has a
gold tolerance, or 5%, meaning that the true value of the resistor could be 5% more or less than 27000
Ohms, allowing values between 25650 to 28350 Ohms. The last band on a 6 band resistor is the
temperature coefficient of the resistor, measured in PPM/C or parts per million per degree Centigrade.
Brown (100 PPM/C) are the most popular, and will work for most reasonable temperature conditions.
The others are specially designed for temperature critical applications.





Alpha-Numeric Code Identification


With the sizes of resistors and other components shrinking or changing in shape, it is getting difficult to
fit all of the color bands on a resistor. Therefore, a simpler alphanumeric coding system is used. This
method uses three numbers, sometimes followed by a single letter. The numbers represent the same as
the first three bands on a 4 band resistor. On the above SIL network, the 4 and 7 are the significant digits
and the 3 is the decade, giving 47 x 1000 or 47000 Ohms. The letter after the numbers is the tolerance.
The different representations are: M=20%, K=10%, J=5%, G=2%, F=1%.



Naming Convention
To simplify the writing of large resistor values, the abbreviations K and M are used for one thousand
and one million. To keep the convention standard, R is used to represent 0. Because of problems in
seeing the decimal point in some printed texts, the 3 letters: K M or R are used in place of the decimal
point. Thus, a 2,700 Ohm resistor is written 2K7 and a 6.8 Ohm resistor is written 6R8.

Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.diyaudioandvideo.com/Electronics/Color/