Chapter 3

Molecules, Compounds, and

Chemical Equations
Elements and Compounds

The properties of the compound are totally
different from the constituent elements
Chemical Bonds
Compounds are made of atoms held
together by bonds

The bonding attraction comes from
attractions between protons and electrons
Bond Types
Two general types of bonding between atoms
found in compounds, ionic and covalent
Ionic bonds
! generally found when metal atoms bond to nonmetal
atoms
Covalent bonds
! generally found when nonmetal atoms bond together
ionic compounds
the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
Formula of Ionic Compounds
Al
2
O
3

CaBr
2

Na
2
CO
3
What are the formulas for compounds made
from the following ions?
K
+
with N
3!

Ca
2+
with Br
!

Al
3+
with S
2!


Formulas Describe Compounds
A compound is a distinct substance that is composed
of atoms of two or more elements described by the
number and type of each atom in the simplest unit
Molecular View of
Elements and Compounds
Molecular Elements
Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds
Propane contains
individual C
3
H
8

molecules
made of covalent bonds
Table salt contains
an array of Na
+
ions
and Cl
-
ions
made of ionic bonds
Classify Each of the Following as Either an
Atomic Element, Molecular Element,
Molecular Compound, or Ionic Compound
Aluminum, Al
Aluminum chloride, AlCl
3

Chlorine, Cl
2

Acetone, C
3
H
6
O
Carbon monoxide, CO
Cobalt, Co

Naming Compounds
gypsum
CaSO
4
2H
2
O
Calcium sulfate
dihydrate
Naming Monatomic Nonmetal Anion
Determine the charge from position on the
Periodic Table

Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
! often a metal + nonmetal
! anion (nonmetal), add ide to element name
SrCl
2

CaO
KMnO
4

NH
4
Br
Transition metal ionic compounds
! Some metals can have different charge states
! indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals
Lets name some more"
PbCO
3

HgI
HgI
2

Fe
2
O
3

Molecular compounds
nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
common names
" H
2
O, NH
3
, CH
4
, C
60



element closest to bottom of group is
1
st
if more than one compound can be
formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each
kind of atom

HI
NF
3

SO
2

N
2
Cl
4

NO
2

N
2
O
Molecular Compounds
Name the following compounds
1. KCl
2. MgBr
2
3. Al
2
S
3

Some Common Polyatomic Ions
Name the Following Compounds
1. NH
4
Cl
2. Ca(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
3. Cu(NO
3
)
2

What are the formulas for compounds made
from the following ions?
aluminum ion with a sulfate ion
chromium(II) with hydrogen carbonate
Molar mass
SO
2

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO
2
64.07 amu
For any molecule
molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams/mol)
1 molecule SO
2
= 64.07 amu
1 mole SO
2
= 64.07 g SO
2

Molar Mass
Molar Mass of Compounds
The relative masses of molecules can be
calculated from atomic masses
1 mole of H
2
O contains 2 moles of H and 1 mole
of O so
How many moles are in 50.0 g of PbO
2
? (Pb =
207.2, O = 16.00)
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
How many formula units are in 50.0 g of
PbO
2
? (PbO
2
= 239.2)
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
A molecular formula shows the exact
number of atoms of each element in the
smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula
molecular empirical
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
C
2
H
6
O
%C =
2 x (12.01 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 52.14%
%H =
6 x (1.008 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 13.13%
%O =
1 x (16.00 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 34.73%
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
Percent Composition of Compounds
Find the mass percent of Cl in
C
2
Cl
4
F
2
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
Benzaldehyde is 79.2% carbon. What mass of
benzaldehyde contains 19.8 g of C?
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
Conversion Factors in Chemical Formulas
Chemical formulas have inherent in them
relationships between numbers of atoms and
molecules
!
These relationships can be used to convert
between amounts of constituent elements and
molecules
!
Find the mass of sodium in 6.2 g of NaCl
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
Find the mass of hydrogen in 1.00 gal of water
Check:
Solution:
Conceptual
Plan:

Relationships:
Given:
Find:
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO
2
and 13.5 g H
2
O
Experimental Determination of Empirical
Formulas
mass mass
g CO
2
mol CO
2
mol C g C
g H
2
O mol H
2
O mol H g H
g of O = g of sample (g of C + g of H)
6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Collect 22.0 g CO
2
and 13.5 g H
2
O
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Factor =
Molar mass
Empirical mass
=
47 g/mol
(2 x 12) + (6 x 1) + 16
=
47 g/mol
46 g/mol
~ 1
Molecular formula = C
2
H
6
O
Empirical formula C(0.5) H(1.5 ) O(0.25)
divide by the smallest subscript
empirical formula is C(2) H(6) O
molar mas is 45 to 47 g/mol, calculate the molecular formula
Molecular Formulas
The molecular formula is a multiple of the
empirical formula
To determine the molecular formula you need
to know the empirical formula and the molar
mass of the compound

Benzopyrene has a molar mass of 252 g and
an empirical formula of C
5
H
3
. What is its
molecular formula? (C = 12.01, H=1.01)
Combustion of 0.844 g of caproic acid produced
0.784 g of H
2
O and 1.92 g of CO
2
.

If the molar
mass of caproic acid is 116.2 g/mol, what is the
molecular formula of caproic acid?
moles
g
0.0145 0.0870 0.0436
0.232 0.0877 0.524
O H C
3 ways of representing the reaction of H
2
with O
2
to form H
2
O
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation
reactants products
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction
How to Read Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O
2
2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O
2
makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O
2
makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O
2
makes 80.6 g MgO
IS NOT

Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.