Energetics Notes Tutorial 1 Kajana

AS level Chemistry Revision Notes - Energetics 23.09.
2014

AS level Chemistry Revision Notes - Energetics 23.09.2014
Colombo Ladies College Kajana Sivarasa 1

Energetics Enthalpy Changes

! Enthalpy Changes

When chemical reactions happen, some bonds are broken and some bonds are made. The
change in energy in this reaction is the enthalpy change.

! Two Types of Reactions

Exothermic reactions give out energy - !H is negative temperature goes up.

o Example : Oxidation reactions
The combustion of fuels like methane
CH
4(g)
+ 2O
2(g)
"CO
2(g)
+ 2H
2
O
(l)
!H
o
c
= -890kJ/mol

o Enthalpy Profile Diagram

# Reactants are less stable than products, the less energy the
reactants or products have the more stable they are.
# Many exothermic reactions are spontaneous (itll carry on going)-the
reactants are less stable than the products.

Enthalpy Change, !H ( kJ/mol), is the heat energy transferred in a
reaction at constant pressure.

Energy released to
the surrounding
!H is negative



Endothermic reactions absorb energy !H is positive temperature falls.
o Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
CaCO
3(s)
"CaO
(s)
+ CO
2(g)
!Hf
f
= +178kJ/mol

o Enthalpy Profile Diagram

# Reactants are more stable than products, the less energy the
reactants or products have the more stable they are.
# Many endothermic reactions are not spontaneous under standard
conditions because the reactants are more stable.

! Different types of !H

1) Standard enthalpy change of reaction, !H
o
f
, is enthalpy change when the reaction
occurs in the molar quantities shown in the chemical equation, under standard conditions
in their standard states.

2) Standard enthalpy Change of formation, !H
o
f
, is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of
a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
e.g. 2C
(s)
+ 3H
2(g)
+
!
!
O
2(g)
" C
2
H
5
OH
(l)

3) Standard enthalpy change of combustion, !H
o
c, is the enthalpy change when one mole
of an element or compound reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.
e.g. C
(g)
+ O
2(g)
"CO
2(g)

4) Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation, !H
o
neut
,is the enthalpy change when 1
mole of water is formed from the neutralisation of hydrogen ions by hydroxide ions under
standard conditions
e.g. H
+

(aq)
+ OH
-
(aq)
" H
2
O

5) Standard enthalpy change of atomisation, !H
o
at
, is the enthalpy change when 1 mole
of gaseous atoms is formed from the element in its standard state,
e.g.
!
!
Cl
2(g)
" Cl
(g)



Practice Questions

(a) explain that some chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes that can
be exothermic (!H, negative) or endothermic(!H, positive);

In exothermic reactions, heat energy is ................. This causes the temperature of

the surroundings to ....................... . . The internal chemical energy (enthalpy, H) of

the chemicals .......................... The enthalpy change (!H) of the reaction is therefore

................................ In endothermic reactions, heat energy is ...................... This causes

the temperature of the surroundings to ....................... . . The internal chemical energy

(enthalpy, H) of the chemicals .......................... The enthalpy change (!H) of the

reaction is therefore ................................

(b) describe the importance of oxidation as an exothermic process in the combustion of
fuels and the oxidation of carbohydrates such as glucose in respiration;

Equation for one important exothermic reaction:.................................................................

Reason for importance of reaction: ..........................

Equation for another important exothermic reaction:...........................................................

Reason for importance of reaction: ......................................................................................

Type of reaction: First reaction: ............................... Second reaction: .........................

(c) describe that endothermic processes require an input of heat energy, eg the thermal
decomposition of calcium carbonate;

Explain why most endothermic reactions need to be heated before the reaction can take
place:

.....................................................................................................................................

Equation for one endothermic reaction: ...................................................................................

Type of reaction: .........................................................



(d) construct a simple enthalpy profile diagram for a reaction to show the difference in
the enthalpy of the reactants compared with that of the products;

Construct an enthalpy profile diagram, with the activation energy and enthalpy change
clearly labelled, for:

- The combustion of methane

- The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

(e) Explain qualitatively, using enthalpy profile diagrams, the term activation energy;

Explain the meaning of the term activation energy............................................................

................................................................................................................................................

(f) Define and use the terms:
(i) Standard conditions,
(ii) Enthalpy change of reaction,
(i) Enthalpy change of formation,
(ii) Enthalpy change of combustion;



Define standard conditions: ..........................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

Define enthalpy change of reaction: ..............................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

Define enthalpy change of formation: .............................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

Define enthalpy change of combustion: ..................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

(g) Hydrogen Peroxide,H
2
O
2
,can decompose into water and oxygen.
2H
2
O
2
" 2H
2
O
(l)
+ O
2(g)
!H
o
f
= -98kJ/mol

1.Draw an enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction. Mark on the activation energy and
!H. [3 marks ]
2.hydroegen peroxide can be stored for long periods of time, without decomposing.
I. What does this tell you about the stability of the reactants and products?
[2 marks]
II. Suggest one reason why the reaction is not spontaneous. [1 mark]



(h) Methanol,CH
3
OH,when blended with petrol, can be used as a fuel.
!H
o
c
[CH
3
OH] = - 726 kJ/mol

I. Write an equation, including state symbols, for the standard enthalpy
change of combustion of methanol.
[2 marks]
II. Write an equation, including state symbols, for the standard enthalpy
change of formation of methanol.
[2 marks]
III. Liquid petroleum gas is a fuel that contains propane, C
3
H
8
.
Give two reasons why the following reaction does not represent a standard
enthalpy change of combustion.
[2 marks ]

2C
3
H
8(g)
+ 10O
2(g)
" 8H
2
O
(g)
+ 6CO
2(g)
!H
o
f
= -4113 kJ/mol



! Enthalpy Change from experiments
The energy transferred in a reaction can be calculated from
o the temperature change of the system (if in solution) or
o a measured mass of water (in calorimeter experiments)

Energy change in surroundings,q = m x c x !T
o q = heat lost or gained (joules)
o m = mass of water in the calorimeter or solution in the
polystyrene beaker
o c = specific heat capacity ( for water,c is 4.2J/g/K)
o !T = change in temperature of the water or solution

This energy change = enthalpy change for reactions at constant pressure

Example 1 : Using a spirit burner and copper can calorimeter, a student heated 200g
water from 22
o
c
to 52
o
c
by burning 1.8g ethanol. Calculate the enthalpy change of
combustion of ethanol.

Energy transferred to the water = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

= 200g x 4.2J/g/K x (52-22)K

=25.2kJ

Energy produced by 1.8g of ethanol = 25.2kJ

Molar mass of ethanol = 46g/mol

Energy produced per mole ethanol = 25.2kJ/1.8g x 46g/mol
=644 kJ/mol

This is an exothermic reaction so the enthalpy change is = -644kJ/mol

The value !H
o
c
calculated above is much lower than the accepted (data book) value of -
1371kJ/mol

A number of assumptions have been made in the calculation
o All the energy produced by the burning ethanol is transferred to the water
o No heat is absorbed by the calorimeter
o There is no heat loss to the room or from the surface of the water
o The fuel has combusted completely partial combustion lowers the amount of
energy release.



Example 2 : Using an insulated Coffee-cup calorimeter a student mixed 50cm
3
each of
2.0mol/dm
3
HCL and 2.0mol/dm
3
NaOH.They both started at 23.2
o
c
and the final temperature
was 36.5
o
c
.Calculate the enthalpy change of neutralisation per mole of acid/alkali

The temperature rise was 13.3oc or 13.3K
The total mass of the solution can be taken as 100g,so the energy required for this temperature
rise is given by

E = mc !T
=100g x 4.2g/K x 13.3K
=5.6kJ

The amount of acid in 50cm
3
of 2.0mol/dm
3
HCl

=Volume x Concentration
=
!"!!
!
!"""!!
!
x 2.0mol/dm
3

=0.10mol

The amount of alkali in 50cm
3
of 2.0mol/dm
3
NaOH is the same,i.e. 0.10 mol.
The equation for the reaction is HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
! NaCl
(aq)
+ H2O
(l)

Therefore, 0.10mol HCl reacting with 0.10mol NaOH will produce 0.10mol H
2
O.

So the enthalpy change per mol =
!!!!"
!!!!"#

=56.0kJ/mol

This is an exothermic reaction so the enthalpy change is -56.0kJ/mol.


Practice Questions

(i) calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental results directly,
including use of the relationship: energy change = mc!T;

25 cm
3
of 1.0 moldm
-3
HCl and 25 cm
3
of 1.0 moldm
-3
NaOH were mixed together in a
polystyrene cup. The temperature increased by 6.8
o
C.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the following reaction:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) " NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)

50 cm
3
of 1.0 moldm
-3
HCl was added to an excess of magnesium powder in a polystyrene cup.
The temperature increased by 41.2
o
C.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the following reaction:
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) " MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(l)

A spirit burner containing ethanol was lit and used to heat 100 cm
3
of water in a copper can by
30
o
C. After the reaction, the mass of the spirit burner had decreased by 1.5 g.
Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.



(j) In a laboratory experiment,1.16g of an organic liquid fuel was completely burned in
oxygen. The heat formed during this combustion raised the temperature of 100g of water
from 29.3K to 357.8K.
Calculate the molar enthalpy of combustion, !H
o
c,
of the fuel. Its Mr is 58.

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AS level Chemistry Revision Notes - Energetics 23.09.

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