Waterloo SOS

Psych 101
Midterm
Review Package
This package is meant to provide additional
practice and notes for your success.
Included are three parts. 1) Questions with
no answers, which are meant to test
general understanding of important topics.
The answers to this part should e
relatively easy for you to discuss with your
friends. If not, please review the te!took.
") Questions with answers. This part has
more detail#oriented $uestions, which
would challenge those who aim to e even
more prepared for the midterm. %)
&dditional material on drugs, which was not
covered in the review lecture ut may e
useful to review. Please let us know if you
need additional assistance. 'e wish you the
est of luck. (incerely,
Sian Tsuei
2011/2/7
Part I: Practice questions for maor themes! "o ans#ers are
$ro%ided! If in dou&t or una&le to ans#er 'uently( $lease re)
read the rele%ant $ortion*s+ of the te,t&oo-!
'hat)s the study of psychology*
+!plain the io#psycho#social model using depression as an
e!ample.
+!plain the ,ittle &lert e!periment, outlining speci-cally the
.nconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned
stimulus, and conditioned stimulus.
+!plain the Pavlov)s dog e!periment, outlining speci-cally the
.nconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned
stimulus, and conditioned stimulus.
+!plain hindsight ias.
'hat are the two main heuristics* &nd under what circumstances
should we move away from using heuristics to using algorithms*
'hat is a schema* /o we accommodate or assimilate a new
e!perience into a previously estalished schema*
'hat)s the di0erence etween interneuron, motor neuron, and
sensory neuron*
1ow do we perceive light*
1ow does signal transduction occur*
+!plain the 2oung#1elmholt3 trichromatic theory. Please also de-ne
the three asic colours.
+!plain the opponent#processing theory.
+!plain social learning theory and gender schema theory)s take on
estalishing someone)s gender identity.
+!plain 1arrow)s mother)s e!periment.
+!plain the (trange (ituation e!periment.
'hat are the four principles of grouping*
R+4 sleep stands for* 'hy is this important*
Rapid +ye movement. It)s when memory is organi3ed.
/e-ne each cycle of the sleep and the waves associated with each.
'hy might hypnosis work*
(ome people who are not very certain of themselves can succum
to the power of suggestion rought on y the hypnoti3er. 5ne
speci-c aspect of hypnosis that seems to help is posthypnotic
suggestions6suggestions that continue to e!ert e0ect on the
hypnoti3ed after the session of hypnosis.
/e-ne the spacing e0ect.
+!plain tolerance and addiction.
'hat are the three stages of memory creation according to the
&tkinson#(hri7n)s %#stage theory*
Part II: Practice questions #ith ans#ers
,ink the following psychologists with their relevant school of thought
a) +dward 8radford Titchener i) (tructuralism
) 'illiam 9ames ii) :unctionalism
c) Ivan Pavlov iii) 8ehaviourism
&nswer; <a, i)= <,ii)= <c,iii)
1umanistic psychology is focused on;
a) 1ow people associate their ehaviours with outcomes
) 1ow people associate unrelated events with outcomes
c) The overall values and concerns for humans
&nswer; c
>ature vs. nature deate is;
a) ?oncluded, and nature has een shown to e the dominating
factor
) ?oncluded, and nurture has een shown to e the dominating
factor
c) Inconclusive, and neither have een shown to e useful
d) Inconclusive, and oth have een shown to e useful
&nswer; /
?ognitive >euroscience;
a) :ocuses on how di0erent parts of the rain correlates with their
functions
) :ocuses on the neuronal pathways and how it forms thoughts
c) :ocuses purely on the neuronal growth and conduction
d) & and ?
e) & and 8
&nswer; +
5perational /e-nitions are;
a) /e-nitions that link variales to facts
) @eri-ed y replications
c) Important for rain operations
d) & and 8
&nswer; /
?ase studies are good for A<a) . (urveys are good forA<) .
>aturalistic oservations are good forA<c) .
i) (tudying one person in#depth
ii) (tudying one culture in#depth
iii) (tudying a general phenomenon in depth
&nswer; <a, i)= <, iii)= <c, ii)
'hen people go sur-ng in the summer, and they also uy ice#
cream, this is demonstrating a . 'hen I take tylenol, my headache
goes away, which is demonstrating .
i) ?orrelation
ii) ?ausation
&nswer; <a,i)= <,ii)
Identical vs. fraternal twins;
'hich one came from the same fertili3ed egg*
Identical twins.
'hich type of neuron is the most aundant*
Interneuron.
4yelin sheath allows for AAAAA connection.
(altatory <salterfrench for Bto CumpD)
BI have more pie now that it)s cut into twoED 'hat stage of childhood
development is this oy at right now*
a+ Preoperational &+ concrete operational c+ sensorimotor d+
formal operational
&nswer; a)
4om; B,ook, there)re cows hereED
9immy; B5f course they)re hereE They knew I)d e comingE
&ppro!imately how old is 9immy*
a) &round 1
) &round F
c) &round G
d) &round 1"
&nswer;
'hat trait was 9immy showing in the previous e!ample*
a) 5Cect permanence
) +gocentrism
c) ?onservation
d) 4athematical transformations
&nswer;
If you take away a piece of lego, and the child elieves that the lego
really disappeared from the face of this planet, what has the child
not yet learned* 'hen will the child learn it*
a) (tranger an!iety, around " years old
) &stract logic, after 1" years old
c) ?onservation, etween H to 11 years old
d) 5Cect permanence, around " years old
&nswer; d
'hat is concrete operational stage associated with*
i) (ensory learning
ii) Representing things with word and images
iii) &stract reasoning
iv) Irasping analogies
v) ,ogical reasoning
a) iii and v ) iii, iv, and v c) ii, v d) ii, iii, iv, v e) iv and v
&nswer; e
'echsler)s intelligence test has;
a) G areas
) % areas
c) 11 areas
&nswer; c
'ho came up with the Trichromatic theory*
&nswer; 2oung#1elmholt3
TJ:; ?olour#de-cient people are lacking all the cone cells.
&nswer; :alse, they)re only missing red or green#sensitive cone cells,
which means that their vision is dichromatic, not trichromatic.
'hat does +(P stand for*
&nswer; +!trasensory perception
.$$endi,: .dditional material not co%ered
'hat is working memory* & newer understanding of short#term
memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming
auditory and visual#spatial information, and of information retrieved
from long#term memory
Recall is the aility to retrieve information not in conscious
awareness= a -ll#in#the#ank $uestion tests recall.
Recognition is the aility to identify items previously learned= a
multiple choice $uestion tests recognition.
Relearning is the aility to master previously stored information
more $uickly than you originally learned it.
Retrieval cues catch our attention and tweak our we of
associations, helping to move target information into conscious
awareness.
Priming is the process of activating associations <often
unconsciously).
1K."; What are depressants, and what are their efects?
Depressants, such as alcohol, barbiturates, and the opiates,
dampen neural activity and slow ody functions. &lcohol tends to
disinhiit#it increases the likelihood that we will act on our impulses,
whether harmful or helpful. &lcohol also slows nervous system
activity and impairs Cudgment, disrupts memory processes y
suppressing R+4 sleep, and reduces self#awareness. .ser
e!pectations strongly inLuence alcohol)s ehavioural e0ects.
1K.%; What are stimulants, and what are their efects?
Stimulants#ca0eine, nicotine, the amphetamines, cocaine, and
ecstasy#e!cite neural activity and speed up ody functions. &ll are
highly addictive. >icotine)s e0ects make smoking a di7cult hait to
kick, ut the percentage of &mericans who smoke is nevertheless
decreasing. ?ontinued use of methamphetamine may permanently
reduce dopamine production. ?ocaine gives users a 1F to %K
minute high, followed y a crash. Its risks include cardiovascular
stress and suspiciousness. +cstasy is a comined stimulant and
mild hallucinogen that produces a euphoric high and feelings of
intimacy. Its users risk immune system suppression, permanent
damage to mood and memory, and <if taken during physical activity)
dehydration and escalating ody temperatures.
1K.M; What are hallucinogens, and what are their efects?
Hallucinogens#such as LSD <acid) and mariCuana#distort
perceptions and evoke sensory images in the asence of sensory
input. The user)s mood and e!pectations inLuence the e0ects of
,(/, ut common e!periences are hallucinations and emotions
varying from euphoria to panic. 4ariCuana)s main ingredient, THC,
may trigger feelings of disinhiition, euphoria, rela!ation, relief from
pain, and intense sensitivity to sensory stimuli. It may also increase
feelings of depression or an!iety, impair motor coordination and
reaction time, disrupt memory formation, and damage lung tissue
<ecause of inhaled smoke).
1K.F; What are near-death experiences, and what is the
controversy over their explanation?
4any people who have survived a rush of death, such as
through cardiac arrest, report near-death experiences. These
sometimes involve out#of#ody sensations and seeing or travelling
toward a right light. (ome researchers elieve that such
e!periences closely parallel reports of hallucinations and may e
products of a rain under stress. 5thers reCect this analysis.
1K.N; Why do some people become regular users of
consciousness-altering drugs?
Psychological factors <such as stress, depression, and
hopelessness) and social factors <such as peer pressure) comine to
lead many people to e!periment with#and sometimes ecome
dependent on#drugs. ?ultural and ethnic groups have di0ering rates
of drug use. (ome people may e iologically more likely to
ecome dependent on drugs such as alcohol. +ach type of
inLuence#iological, psychological, and social#cultural#o0ers a
possile path for drug prevention and treatment programs.