Teach yourself Greek language

introductory & basic

By H. Kheir, Bsc., P.Eng

"Kheir method" for learning a new language

1

Learn modern Greek

Each lesson will have 3 sections, a section for vocabulary, a section for grammar and finally the
conversation (in the question and answer format) section. This introductory/basic level will have 15
lessons/units.
:
Consonants:
v as in voice
the as in there
z as in zebra
th as in thin
l as in lamp
m as in mother
n as in new
p as in pie
r as in run
s as in steady
t as in tall
f as in fiber
when followed by an e or i sound y as in year other wise is pronounced gh ()
when followed by an e or i sound sh as in shut other wise is pronounced kh ()
when followed by an e or i sound k as in kite other wise is pronounced ck as in lock
Two-letter consonants:
when is initial sound, is preceded by a consonant or when the same combination exists more than
one time in a word the pronounciation is b like in boy, while in the middle of the word is mb.
when is initial sound, is preceded by a consonant or when the same combination exists more than
one time in a word the pronounciation is d like in dog while in the middle of the word is nd.
when is initial sound or when preceded by a consonant is g like in goat and when in the middle of
the word is ng like in being.
is pronounced ng.
Vowels
like a in father
i as in ink
i as in ink
i as in ink
e as in pen
o as in lot
o as in lot
Dipthongs:
, i as in ink
e as in pen
oo as in book
::
1) : af and : ef before , , , , , , , .
2) , : av, ev before a vowel, , , , , , .
2

3) : before , , , , , , , .
4) Final is pronounced:
When followed by initial: >nb, >nd, >ng, >ngz, >nbz.
5) When is preceded by , the latter is pronounced as n.
Unit 1

An introduction to Greek language:

Greek language uses noun and adjective declension method to indicate the part of speech of a word
(function of a word in a sentence). It uses personal endings approach to indicate the person and number
of a verb, thus the verb conjugation shows the appropriate ending for each person/number. Thus, the
use of a personal subject pronoun deemed unnecessary, though it used for certain purposes. The
language has 4 cases (the noun/adjective endings change with case, number, gender) nominative (when
the noun or its representative as well as the modifying adjective, if any, are the subject of the sentence,
the action doer), accusative (direct object of the verb or after a preposition as well as to indicate time),
genitive (to indicate possession as well as date and age), vocative (for calling others).
Nouns in Greek have number, singular and plural (while ancient Greek has the dual number as well)
and gender, masculine, feminine and neuter. in general, nouns that end (in the nominative case) in any
of the following (sing)/ (pl), /, / are masculine, nouns that end in any of the following
/, / are feminine and those end in any of the following /, /, / are neuter.
Verbs in Greek have tense, voice and mood. tenses are used to indicate whether the action is taking
place in the present, has taken place in the past or will take place in the future. The voice forms are
active, medio-passive and passive. Certain verbs have the active meaning but has the passive form with
no active form (deponent verbs). Th verb ending/particle ahead of the verb differentiate between the
indicative mood, the subjunctive and the imperative. it uses the approach of personal ending to indicate
the person, the number, the tense and the mood. There are six different personal endings, 3 mainly for
the present (3 groups of verbs a1, b1 & b2), simple future/active voice as well as future perfective/
medio-passive forms , one for the past forms, two for the medio-passive forms.
groups for endings:
1) , , , , , .
2) , , , , , .
3) /, , /, /, , .
4) , , , , , .
5) , , , , /, .
6) , , , /, /, /.
First method of classification:
3 groups with active & passive voices (there are some exceptions where some verbs will not have the passive
voice) plus 1 with passive verbs only:
1) /
2) /
3) /
4)
The second method:
It classifies the verbs into seven groups depending on their endings, 3 in the active voice and 4 in the passive
voice.
) -
1) -
2) -
1) -
2) -
3) -
3
4) -

Vocabulary 1:
m: masculine, f: feminine, n: neuter.
balcony: (n)
ball: (f)
blind: (f)
book: (n)
box: (n), (f)
carpet: (f)
ceiling: (n)
chair: (f)
country: (f)
curtain: (f)
door: (f)
drawer: (n)
fan: (m)
harbour: (n)
key: (n)
lake: (f)
lamp: (f)
large balcony, porch: (f), (n)
language: (f)
lock (of a door): (f)
mirror: (m)
oven: (m)
paper: (n)
pen: (n), (f)
picture: (f)
sign: (f), (m)
soap: (n)
switch: (m)
table: (n0
towel: (f)
tower: (m)
town: (f)
toy: (n)
umbrella: (f)
wall: (m)
window: (n) : from
: where

Grammar 1:
/definite article
nom. case: , , , , ,
acc. case: (), (), , , ,
genitive case: , , , , ,

: I am called

 /indefinite article
nom. case: , ,
acc. case: (), ,
gen. case: , ,
personal pronouns: they are generally not used. there are 2 types, the emphatic and the weak. in
general when they are used, their position with respect to the verb differs.
nom. case strong (weak): , , (), (), (), , , (),
(), ().
acc. case strong (weak): (), (), (), (), (), (),
(), (), (, ), ().
gen. case strong (weak): (), (), (), (), (), (),
(), (), (), ().
possessive pronouns: , , //, , , .
demonstrative pronouns:
nom. case: /, /, /; /, /, /.
acc. case: /, /, /; /, /, /.
gen. case: /, /, /; /, /,
/.
interrogative pronouns: , , , .
nom. case: , , , , , .
acc. case: , (), , , , .
gen. case: , , , , , .
Example for verb conjugation in the present indicative active voice:
: to live, to stay
Present tense: , , , , , .
: to be: , , , , (), .

Conversation 1:

; what is your name? (informal)

;/ ; what is your name? (formal)

// ... ... (my name is for masc. names or for fem. names.....)

; from where are you? (informal)

; from where are you? (formal)

5

 () () (I am from...()...for masc. Names of places, countries, cities or () for

feminine names or neuter names )
/
/ ; where do you live? (informal & formal, respctively
..............
........... I live on ..street number.....
/
/ ; Are you married? (informal & informal)
/
, , / .
no, I am not, I am single

; do you have any brothers and sisters?
/
, /, . No, I on not have, or I have a brother and a sister
:
; what is you name chick?
Unit 2

Vocabulary 2:
clothing:
sock, stocking: (f), socks: (f, plural):
jacket: (n):
tie: (f):
shirt (long-sleeve): (n):
skirt: (f):
shoes: (f):
trousers: (n):
dress: (f):
blouse long-sleeve): (f):
blouse (short-sleeve): (n):
underwear, tight, pentyhose: (n):
vest/undershirt: (n):
suit: (n):
hat: (n): ,
sandal: (f):
more vocabulary: clothing:
bleach: (f)
cotton: , (n)
department store: (n)
dressing room: (n)
fashion: ((f)
fashion show: (m)
6

glove: (n)
handkerchief: (n)
material: , , (f, m, n)
money: (f)
needle: (f)
overcoat: , (n)
pair: (n)
pijamas: (f)
pin: (m)
scissors: (n)
shop: (n)
silk: (n)
sweater: (n)
tailor: (m)
thread: (f)
wool: , (n)
Verbs:
to adapt/adjust:
to try:
to wash:
to put: ,
to put/try on:
to put down:
to put aside:
to put right:
to put forward:
to put up with:
to put in order:
to put together:
to put a stop/an end to:

Grammar 2:
First group verbs (group a1):
: i have (to have)
: i live, i stay
: i work
: i want
: i open
: i close, i shut
: i leave
: i arrive
: i begin, i start
: i finish

Conjugation of certain first group verbs

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ,
masculine nouns, singular, plural in the different cases.
Nouns ending in the nominative case sing. and plural with: ,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing: , vocative, plural:
Nouns ending in the nominative case sing. and plural with: ,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing.:
vocative, plural:
Nouns ending in the nominative case sing. and plural with:: ,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing.:
vocative, plural:
Nouns ending in the nominative case sing. and plural with:: ,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
8

accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing.:
vocative, plural:
Nouns ending in the nominative case sing. and plural with: ,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:

Conversation 2
/
/ ;
/
, /,

;

()

.....

;

.........

 /
( )/ (
, ,
, ,

Unit 3

Vocabulary 3:
Colours, past & future: , .

red:
yellow:
green:
white:
black:
brown:
orange:
grey: ,
blue:
traffic lights::
yesterday: ,
before yesterday: ,
this year: ,
last year:
year before last:
last week:
last month:
a few days before:
three weeks before:
a few months before:
three years before:
tonight:
tomorrow:
after tomorrow:
next year:
this week:
this month:
10

next week:
next mnth:
in a few days:
in three weeks:
in a few weeks:
in three months:
in a few months:
in three years:
in a few years:
Grammar 3:
Second group verbs (group b1):
: i speak
: i love
: i pass, i spend
: i ask
: i answer
Conjugation of certain second group verbs

for group 1:
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

feminine nouns, singular, plural in the different cases.

,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
11

accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plu.:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:

vocative, plural:
neuter nouns, singular, plural in the different cases.
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plu.:
,
12

nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
//, / /
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plu.:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:
,
nominative, sing.:
nominative, plural:
13

accusative, sing.:
accusative, plural:
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing:
vocative, plural:

Conversation 3:

/
()/ ()

()
/
(), , /,
/
/
/ / / /
/ / / /
/

()
///
/ ///
//( ) //
/ / //

;
/////
/////
/ / ///
//// /
Unit 4

Vocabulary 4:
Dimensions, directions and places/shops: , , /
long:
short:
14

wide:
narrow:
small:
large:
width:
height:
depth:
meter:
kilogram:
kilometer:
street, road: ,
avenue:
up the street:
down the street:
east:
west:
north: ,
south:
right:
left:
straight ahead:
behind:
infront:
across:
corner:
next to:
close to:
far from:
maybe, you know where is the.......?: //.......;
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
\ :
:
:

15

Grammar 4:
Third group verbs (group b2):
: i can
: i drive
: i live, i am alive
: i am late
Conjugation of certain third group verbs

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
Fourth group verbs (group c1):
: i come
: i become
: i think
Conjugation of certain fourth group verbs

1:
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
1 and 2 are called medio passive verbs, they could have active verb forms (voice) or not (called
deponent verbs and give an active meaning).
Fifth group verbs (group c2):
: i sleep
: i regret
: i remember, i recall
: i fear, i am afraid
16

Conjugation of certain fifth group verbs

2:
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

A few irregular common verbs:

: i go
: i say, i tell
: i eat
: i hear, i listen
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ,
, , , , , .

a short word about greek verbs:

verbs can be classified in either of these 2 approaches:
first approach: there 5 groups of verbs, a, b1, b2, c1, c2, c3 & c4. the first 3 are in the active voice (in
which the first person singular in the present ends in ) and the latter 2 are in the medio passive or
passive voice (first person singular in the present end in ).
second approach: there are 3 verbs' groups, a, b1 and b2, most verbs in the previously mentioned
groups have an active voice and their corresponding passive voice plus 1 group having only passive
voice, no active voice (though sometimes it indicates an active voice meaning, deponent verbs). for
every rule there exceptions, certain verbs only have active voice, others have only medio passive or
passive voice only of which some of them infer an active meaning/sense (deponent verbs).
six sets of personal endings are used to form the different forms in Greek languge:
, , , , ().
, , , , , ().
/, , /, (), , /.
, , , , , ().
, , , , /, .
(), (), (), /, /, /.
the first 3 sets serve a variety of formations, beside they are used to distinguish the 3 verb groups in the
active voice, present indicative mood. they are used for future active forms (future imperfective and
perfective which sometimes called simple future) as well as future perfective medio passive voice.
the fourth set of endings appears in past forms (active imperfective and perfective as well as medio
passive past perfective). the fifth and sixth endings are found only in medio passive forms. the fifth are
found in c1 & c2 verbs, medio-passive in the prent indicative mood and the sixth is used exclusively
for past imperfective medio-passive forms.

Conversation 4:
17

? /
;/ ;
? ........
()
?
;
? /
'/ / ;
/
/
, ' /, ' /, ' .
?
;


?
;

'
Unit 5

Vocabulary 5:
jobs & professions:
:/
/ :
:
:
:

18

 :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:

: ,
:

:
:
:

:
:

:
:

: to judge :

Grammar 5:
19

Adjectives:
4-1) , , /, ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural: , ,
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plural: , ,
4-2) , , / , ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural: , ,
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plural: , ,
4-3) , , / , ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural: , ,
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plur.: , ,
4-4) , , / , ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural: , ,
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plu.: , ,
4-5) , , / , ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.:
genitive, plural: , ,
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plural: ,
4-6) , , / , ,
20

nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plural: , ,
4-7) , , / , ,
nominative, sing.: , ,
nominative, plural: , ,
accusative, sing.: , ,
accusative, plural: , ,
genitive, sing.: , ,
genitive, plural:
vocative, sing: , ,
vocative, plural: , ,

Conversation 5:
; ;

; ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

/;
\
; ;

21

5:30 . 6:30.

. .

.

7:00 .

, .

.

, , , ,
.
, ,
, .

, , .

, .

, , ' .

,

Unit 6

Vocabulary 6:
family:
:
:
:
:
:/
:/
:
:
22

 :
:
:
:
: \
:
: \ \
: \ \

Grammar 6:

More about verbs, tenses, aspects & stem:

There are 3 distinct moods, the indicative, the subjunctive an the imperative (while ancient greek have
an additional one, optative mood). each verb has 2 aspects the perfective and the imperfective, has 4
stems, 2 for the active (perfective and imperfective) and 2 for the medio passive, 8 tenses. the
imperfective verb forms are used to express: incomplete actions, ongoing or continuous actions ,
habitual or repeated actions on the other hand perfective verb forms expresses a single action that has
been successfully completed. thus the present would always take the imperfective stem, whilethe past
simple (past perfective) would take the perfective verb stem. the 8 main tenses in the indicative mood
are present, present perfect, past perfective, past imperfective, past perfect, future perfective, future
imperfective and future perfect.
example, verb:
present tenses:
present: active, medio passive: , .
present perfect: active, medio passive: , .
future tenses:
future perfective, active, medio passive: , .
futute imperfective, active, medio passive: , .
future perfect, active, medio passive: , .
past tenses:
simple past, aorist or past perfective: , .
past imperfective: , .
past perfect: , .
perfective aspect stem in the active voice: .
perfective aspect stem in the medio passive voice: .
imperfective aspect in the active voice: .
imperfective aspect in the medio passive: same as above with an additional character or two between
the stem and the personal endigs, , , , .
reference: , keys to Greek grammar, ...., , 2003

Conversation 6:




23











,

;







Unit 7

Vocabulary 7:
Food:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
24

:
:
:
:
: tea-pot,
:
:
:
:
:
:
: saucer,
:
:
:
:

Grammar 7:
Verb to have:
:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future; , , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , ,

To get a flavour of the difference between ancient and modern greek, verb to be in the
present, past and future, indicative mood, active voice is given in both side by side:
Present tense
Ancient/modern:
/
/
()/
///
/
()/
Past (imperfect)
, /
/
/
,
,
/,
/,
25

/()
Future
/
,/
/
///
/

/
Conjugation of a few common verbs of the first group in the present tense, past
(aorist) and simple future, the first uses the imperfective stem and the second and
third use the perfective stem in the indicative mood, active voice:
:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future tense: , , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , , ()

:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future tense: , , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , , ()

:
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , , ()

:
, , , , , .
, , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , ,

()
:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Smple future: , , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , ,

()

26

:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Future tense: , , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , , ()

:
Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , .
Simple past (past perfective): , , , , , ()

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
Simple past: , , , , , ()

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , , .
, , , , , ().

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , ,
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

27


, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , ,, ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

, , , , , .
, , , , .
, , , , , .

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , .

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

28


, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , ().
29


Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: [, , , , , ]
Simple past: , , , , , ().

, , , , ,
[, , , , , ]
, , , , , ().

, , , , ,
, , , , ,

, , , , , ()

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ]
, , , , , ().

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , .

Conversation 7:
;

.

; ;

. I saw them both

;

.

30

.

...........
.
.......

;

.

, .

.

, .

, .

.

......

.

;

.

.

.

31

 .

.

Unit 8

Vocabulary 8:
Travel:
: tickets
: thd boat
: the aeroplane
: for
: one way, simple
: round trip
;: what name?
: first class
: cash
: credit catd
: you are set
: have a nice trip
: maps
: the airport
: area
: view
: hotel
: sea
: single bedded room
: 2-bed room
: price
: i prefer
: i.d.
: passport
: things
: key
: baggages
: the other
: pedestrian's street
: pedestrian

Grammar 8:
Second group verbs
Conjugation of a few common verbs of the second group in the present tense, past
(aorist) and simple future, the first uses the imperfective stem and the second and
third use the perfective stem in the indicative mood, active voice:
32


Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , .
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future; , , , , ,
.
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , .
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , ,
.
Simple past tense: , , , , ,
()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , ,
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , , .
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

Present tense: , , , , , .
Simple future: , , , , ,
.
Simple past tense: , , , , , ()

:
33

, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ().

Conversation 8:
Greek conversation1
: ,
: ,
: ;
:
: ;
: , , , ,
: , .
:
: , .
A: the menu, please
b: of course, here you are
a: do you serve breakfast
b: certainly
a: what exactly does the breakfast have?
B: bread, butter, jam, honey, coffee or tea and orange juice
a: then, a breakfast with honey and tea and you
c: I would like a greek coffee and a croissant
34

d: a nescafe with milk without sugar and a toast with only cheese as well as a cup of water
: client (m)
: waiter
: client (f)
:
;
: ;
: ,
: . ;
: .
: ..
: ;
: , , , , .
, .

: ;
:
what shall we eat?
A: what shall we take?
B; for a start, one aubergine salad and a cucumber/tomato salad
a: mini cheese pies. And for after?
B: I would like a roast beef with fries. And you
a: I shall have souvlaki
c: are you set to order?
A: well for the tart an aubergine salad, cucumber/tomato salad, mini cheese pie. And for after a roast
beef with fries and a souvlaki. And for dessert an ice cream and a pice of pastery.
C: what would like to drink?
A: water and iced coffee
Unit 9

Vocabulary 9:
Day. months, seasons weather:
What day is today? ;
Days of the week: :
Sunday to Saturday: , , , , , , .
Have a good week-end:
thanks and you: ,
morning:
breakfast:
mid-day:
lunch:
late afternoon:
evening:
35

dinner:
flight:
arrival:
departure:
months of the year: :
, , , , , , , , ,
, , .
Diary, calendar:
the four seasons of the year: :
spring, summer, fall, winter: , , , .
Have a nice summer:
area, district:
saeson, days, age:
wather, time:
sun:
age:
unfortunately:
fortunately:
how is the weather at...? , .......;
it's hot:
it's cold:
it is chilly:
it's cool:
it's windy: ()
it's sunny: ()
the sun is shinning:
it's cloudy:
it's frezing:
beautiful weather:
bad weather:
it's raining:
there are drizzles:
it's snowing:
snow:
in January it is very cold: .
In July it is always hot: .
my birthday is in October: .

Grammar 9:
Third group:
Conjugation of a few common verbs of the third group in the present tense, past
(aorist) and simple future, the first uses the imperfective stem and the second and
third use the perfective stem in the indicative mood, active voice:

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
36

, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , , , .
, , , , , ().

, , , , , .
, , , , ,
.
, , , , ,
().

,
, , , , , .
, , , , ,
.
, , , , ,
().

, , , , , .
, , , , ,
().

, , , , , .
, , , , ,
.
, , , , ,
().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
37


, , , , ,
().

:
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
.

Conversation 9:

: . ---:
: . ;
: . ----, 7 "...." 9 "....."
: 7 "---".
: ;
: .
: . ;
:
: ;
: , // ---: .
: ,
: . . ;
:
: . .
: ,
: , . ,
At the touristic office
a: good morning, I wo uld like two tickets to......
b: by plane or by boat
a: by boat, do you have trips for Monday
b: Monday to .. yes on that leaves at 7 evning name of the boat and one at 9 name of the boat
a: the one at seven name of the boat, first class with cabin.
B: one way or return ticket
a: on way as we do not yet when we shall be back
b: ok do you have a car
a: no
b: your name
a: a, maybe you know at what time it will arrive at.....
b:at five in the morning
a: you will pay csh or by a credit card
b: by credit, here you are
38

a: very well, 102. your signature here please

b: of cours
a: you are all set
b: your tickets, your card, have a nice trip
a: thanks, maybe you have maps
b; unfortunately no. the bookstore next has maps

: , ;
: .
: :
:
: .
:
: .
:
: . .
: .
At the supermarket
a: who is next please?
B: me I would like feta cheese
a: about how muxh
b: 750 grams
a: 750 grams, what else?
B: and half a kilo gruyere cheese
a: here is your gruyere, anything else?
B: a quarter yogurt
a: of course
b: you are set, anything els?
A; nothing more, thanks
Unit 10

Vocabulary 10:
:

, ,/, ,
/
, , /
, , /
/
/
/
/
39

/
/
/
/
, , /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
, , / , ,
we shall give only the neuter, below:
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
, , /, ,
/
/
/

40

Grammar 10:
Fourth group & fifth group verbs (Medio-passive & deponent verbs):

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ].

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , , .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , , .
[, , , , , )

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (),
.
[, , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

41


, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (),
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

, , , , (), .
[, , , , , ]

Conversation 10:

A: . ,
: ;
: ,
: , , .

:
: ;
; ,
: "".
: ,
: ;
at the post office
a: good morning, this letter to Ireland express and these 3 to Belgium
42

b: these will go express

a: no
b: regular
a: well, here are the stamps for the express, and these are for the 3 regular letters. All together 5.70
b: I have this parce to Australia
a: is it 2 kilos or less
b: yes, it should be around 3
a: then you have to go to the counter having parcels written on it, there across
b: ok thanks
c: we shall be waiting till?

: . --: ;
: .
: ;
: -----:
:
:
: .
: . ;
: .
: ----,
: .
at the bank
a: good morning. I want to make a deposit to account number........
b: how much you shall put
a: 352, the rent
b: your name
a: ...
b: a signature here please
a: I would like to make a withdrawal of 500
b: your bank book and your i.d.
A: excuse me, here you are
b: how much that you said you want to take, 500
a: exactly. You know I want to release my credit card
b: for credit cards you have to go to Ms. second office to the left
a: very good thanks
Unit 11

Vocabulary 11:
Apartments & living:
:
43

, : ,
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
, :
:
, :
:
:
: sitting room
, : living room,
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
: penthouse
(W.C):
:
:
: studio
: 2-room apartment
44

:
:
:
, :
:
:

Grammar 11:
Passive voice simple past
, , , , , ().
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , ,
()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , ,
()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
, , , , , ()
Imperfect (imperfective) and perfect: past & future:
Past imperfective:
Active voice (form):
Personal endings: , , , , , ()
Group a ( ):
, , , , , ().
, , , , , ()
1:
, , , , , .
2:
, , , , , .
:
: , , , , , ().
: , , , , , ().
45

: , , , , , .
Passive voice (form):
Personal endings: (), (), (), (), (), ()
1, 2:
: , , , , ,
().
: , , , , ,
().
The past imperfective describes an event which happened hsbitually in the past, occured over an
extended period of time, was in progress when something else happened. On the other hand the simple
past (past perfective) describes an event which took place at a definite time in the past or was repeated
in the past.
Past perfect:
The past perfect is used to refer back to an earlier/remote past (compared to a more recent past).
Construction: simple past of + third person future perfective
: , , , , , .
Past imperfective ():
(active voice):
:
-, , , , , .
1:
--, --, --, --, --, --.
2:
--, --, --, --, --, --().
, (medio-passive & passive voices, deponent):
(1):
--(), --(), --(), --, --, -- / -.
- (2):
--(), --(), --(), --, --, -- / -.
1 (3):
--(), --(), --(), --, --, -()-.
2 (4):
--, --, --, --, --, --.
Future imperfective & future perfect:
+ present tense of verb.
The future imperfective describes an event that will be taking place in the future
continuously/progressively, habitually.
On the other hand the simple future (future perfective) is used to describe an event that will or is likely
to tske place in the future as well to ask or to give instructions politely.
The future perfect is used for an event that will take place in the future and be completed before a
46

specific time in the future. Its construction:

+ verb in the present + uninflected verb form in (which coincides with the third person
singular of the future perfective, using the perfective stem), or it can be said differently, the simple
future of verb + third person singular of the verb in the future perfective tense.

Conversation 11:

():
():
:
:
:
: .

: ;
: 55 48
: ;
:
:
: . ;
: , .
: . ;
:
: 312. . , 8
10

:
:

.
Unit 12

Vocabulary 12:
47

ear:
teeth:
fingers:
nails:
intestine:
nose:
stomach:
forehead:
eyebrows:
skin:
cheeks:
blood:
:
beard:
lungs:
legs:
moustache:
hair:
chest:
back:
bone:
neck:
eyes:
mouth:
heart:
liver:
shoulders:
kidney:
tongue:
face:
hand:
eyelids:

Grammar 12:
Present perfect
The present perfect is formed with the present tense of verb plus the third person singular of the
future perfective (of the principal verb).
The present perfect verb form is used to describe an action completed some time in the past, the
consequences of which are related to the present situation.
Participles:
They are classified into present and past (passive) participle.
Present (active) participle:
48

The endings are: , ,

: :
1 2:
: .
: .
:
: , , .
: , , .
Past participle:
Endigs: //.
Formation:
1) transitive verbs with both active & passive voice, with some exceptions:
//, //,
//, //, //,
//, //, //.
2) For other verbs, the participle is formed by the passive perfective stem (future/past) plus the endings:
//.
//.
//.
//.
//.
//.
//.
//.
3) in cases where the stem ends in , the participles drop the , except for the cases where the active
prfective stem ends in .
//.
//.
4) some participles in can drop the :
//.
//.
5) participles for verbs that do not have the passive voice:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
49

6) more examples:
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
/ /.
Use: they decline according to number, gender and case, just like the adjectives in //.
The participle in // can modify a noun and it has to agree with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Note: the structure verb plus the past participle of verb is roughly equal the present perfect
construction (verb plus the third person singular of the future perfective.

Conversation 12:
1) ;

2) ;

3) ;

4) ---;
....
5) ;

6) / ///
/ ;
/ /// /
7) ....;
....
8) ;

9) ;

10) ;

11) ;

12) ;

13) /;
/
50

14) ;

15) ;

16) ;

17) /;
/
18) ;

19) ;

20) ;

21) ....;
..
22) ;

23) ;

24) ;

25) ;

26) /;
/( )
27) ;

28)

29) // // ;
/ / //
30) .... ;
...
Unit 13

Vocabulary 13:
rabbit:
lion:
ducks:
mosquito:
cow:
fox:
bull:
51

goat:
camel:
insect:
horse:
donkey:
pigeon:
snake:
animal:
lamb: -
pig:
bear:
chicken:
cock:
wolf:
turtle:
fly:
fish:
frog:
beef:
bird:
sheep:
deer:
crow:
mouse:
butterfly:
elephant:
monkey:
dog:
bee:
eagle:
ostrich:
ant:
cat:

Grammar 13:
Imperative mood:
It is expressed by special verb endings. The endigs for the active voice /, / (imperfective or
perfective stem). On the other hand, the medio-passive imperative mood endings are /.
Active voice:
, (sing.)
(), (plural).
Perfective:
, , (sing.)
, , .
52

 or are usually used to express repetition or duration and they denote advice rather than a
direct command.
Medio-passive voice:
Passive, imperative mood, verbs , are based on the perfective stem. The
singular form contains the active perfective stem () while the plural form contains the passive
perfective stem ().
Prohibition is expressed with the negative particle
Examples:
: ,
(): ,
: ,
: ,
: , .
More examples:
: ,
: ,
: ,
: ,
: ,
: (), ()
: ,
: (),
: , ()
: , ()
: ,
: , ()
: , ()
: (), ()
: (), ()
The use of the imperative:
1) to give commands
2) to give advise
3) to give instructions & directions
Notes:
1) the structure with , subjunctive mood (will be covered in the next unit), can be used with
imperative meaning.
2) there ars a few ways to give polite or indirect orders, rather then using the imperative mood

Conversation 13:
1) / / / ;
53

 / /
2) / / ;
/( )/
3) ;

4) ;

5) ;

6) ;
)(
7) /// ;
///
8) ;

9) ;

10) ;

11) ;

12) ;

13) ;

14) ;

15) ;
)(
16) / / ()/
() / /// ;
// / / / / /
17) / / / /
// / /
18) ...;
.....
19) ;

20) ;

21) ;

22) ;

23) ;

24) ;
54


25) ;

26) ;

27) ;

28) ;

29) .....;

30) ;

Unit 14

Vocabulary 14:
going places:
at the post office:
letter:
regular:
stamp:
other:
parcel:
around:
then:
at the bank:
teller, cashier,s desk:
money:
deposit:
account:
name:
signature:
withdrawal:
i.d.:
booklet (bank):
credit card:
to put, to place: ( )
to take out money, to withdraw: ( )
that:
a (fem.):
touristic office:
ticket:
by plane or by boat:
a moment (momentito):
55

first class:
with return:
one way:
cash:
maps:
perhaps:
of course:
you are all set (ready):
have a nice trip:
it leaves:
we arrive:
hotel:
room:
for 2 days:
1-bed (room):
2-bed (room):
one minute:
third floor:

ground floor:
next to the swimming pool:
price:
the first:
the other:
i prefer:
passport:
things:
keys:
luggage, baggages:
dinning room:
breakfast:
mezzanine:
at the doctors' clinic:
l am sick:
daisy:
diarrea:
stomach pain: ,
medical examination:
pharmacy:
anti-coughing:
prescription:
dentist:
i have tooth ache:
i have a ssollen gum:
anesthetic:
56

inflamation:
anti-inflamation:
it is tooth decay:
i want wound disinfectant:
headache:
head:
toothache:
tooth brush:
pain:
pain in the back:
heart attack:
pulse:
lung:
kidney:
liver:
gall bladder:
tired:
blood:
high/low blood prdssure: /
blood pressure:
blood sample:
blood donor:
i feel:
restaurant & coffee shops :

as a start:
taverne, restaurant:
menu:
appetizers, starters:
oil:
oi-based foods:
pasta:
cooked:
roasted, grilled:
a la minute:
seafood:
salads:
fruits:
drinks:
refreshments:
desserts, sweets:
beverages:
sandwich:
ice cream:
juice:

57



bread:
butter:

honey:
coffee:
milk:
without:
sugar:
cheese:
a cup of water:
check:
here you are:
your change/the rest:

lunch:
dinner:
salt:
flour:
pepper:
vineger:
plate:
knife:
spoon:
fork:
cup:
i would like:
i eant:
included:
lets go guys:

Grammar 14:
Subjunctive mood:
Generally, when the verb is preceded by the particle , the mood is said to be subjunctive. The verbs
in the subjunctive mood can be in the active voice as well as the medio-passive voice. The verbs can be
in any of the following tenses: present imperfective, future perfective and present perfect.
The subjunctive is used to present an event as wanted, expected or intended. It expresses a wish, an
order or request, ask for/give permission, desire, intention, probability, possibility, ability or desire.
The negative forms take the particle (instead of ) placed after the particle and before the verb
form.

Conversation 14:
1) ;

2) ;
58


3) ;

4) ;

5) ;

6) /;
\
7) / / / /;
\\\\
8) ;

9) / //// /;
\\\
10) / ;
\
11) ;

12) ;

13) / // /
;
\ \\ \
14) ;/ ;

15) /////; ;
\\\\\\
16) ;

17) ;/ ;

18) ;

19) ;/ ;/
;/ ;

20) :

21) / / /
/ / / / /
/ ;
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
22) // ....;
\ \
23) ...;/ ...;/ ;/
...;/ ;/
59

;/ ()...;/ ...;/
()...;/ ...;
... ... ...... \ .......
....
.... ... ...
24) ....;/ ;/
;
....
25) ;/ ;/
;/ -;

26) ./ ;

27) 7;

28) ;/ ;/
;/ ;/ ;/
;/ ;/
...;/ ;/ ...;


......... . ...
29) ......;/ ;/
;/ ;

30) / / / /
; -;
\ \ \ \
31) ....;/ ....;/
...;/ ;/ ;/ ;/ ( );/
;/ ...;/ (
);/ ' ;
.... .. ...
\
\ ....
32) ;/ ;/ ;/
;/ ;


33) ;/ ;/
;/ ;/ ;/
;/ ...;/ ;/ ...
;/ ;/ ;/ ;/
;/ ;/ ;/
;/ ;/ / /
/ / / / / / /
60

/ / / ;

.... ....

\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Unit 15

Vocabulary 15:
: without
: without breakfast
: valueless
: without a pass
: weightless
: disconnected
: meaningless, senseless
: risk free
: unglamorous
: unselfish
: cloudless
: unsupervised
: without success
: troublefree
: undisciplined
: uncut
: open plan
: unaware of
: unprecedented
: open minded
: generic
: from hand to mouth
: to do without, to go without
: streak
: to get/to take
: to put on weight
: to take away
: to have back
: to get a ticket
: to receive a bribe
: to take action
: to realize
: to spread
: to pluck up courage
: to take seriously
61

 : to take hostages
: to take medicine
: to position oneself
: to rally
: to get the hang of
to get a promotion
: to obtain permission
: to interview
: to dial
: to take a wrong turn
: to take for granted
: to get a birthday present
: to take shape
: to take a deep breath
: to take the plunge
: to take the law into one's hand
001 :
: to pass, to spend time, to go through, to step over
: to call in, to come over, to drop by, to come round, to go by
: to pass for
: to have a good time
: to go through a recession
: to smuggle
: to cross over
: to go under
: to go beyond the bounds of
: to roar
: to have a great time
: to put over, to get cross
: to cross the boundary
: to run a red light
: to go round a bend
: to go through a phase
: to clear customs
: to feed into

Grammar 15:
Adverbs: adverbials are words, phrases, prepositional clauses or phrases which modify a verb phrase,
an adjective, other adverbs, noyns, numerals, quantifiers or a clause. Adverbs are classified into
adverbs of manner (which answer the question how, ), of quantity (how much, ), of cause
(why, ), of place (where, ), of time (when, ). The position of the adverb is not fixed, its
position depends on what the speaker wants to emphasis in the sentence.
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Formation of adverbs:
Adj./Adv.:
, , /
, , /
, , /
, , /
, , /
, , /
, , /
Adverbs of place:
,/, /, , , , /, , , , .
Examples for adverbs:
Adverbs of time: , /, , , , , , , , ,
, , /.
Adverbs of manner: , , , , , / , , , .
Adverbs of quantity: , , , , , , / , , ,
.
Advverbs of certainity: , ,
Adverbs of negation: , , .
Adverbs of possibility:
, .
Adverbs that modify sentences: , .
Prepositions:
, , , , , .
Conjunctions: /, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
//.

Conversation 15:

, .
, . .
, ,
.
,
.
5.00. 6:00
. .
. 12:00, .
5:00 . 9:00.
. .
;
. .
63

 .
. .
. ,
. .
, 3:30 5:30.
.
. . .
, (), (), , ,
. .
.
, , .
. .
Appendix A:
Grammatical lexicology in modern greek:
Case:
Accusative case:
Active voice:
Adjective:
Adverb:
Adverbial clause:
Agent:
Agreement:
Article:
Aspect:
Clause:
Clitic pronoun:
Comparative form:
Complement clause:
Compound word:
Conditional clause:
Conjunction:
Copula verb:
Definite article:
Demonstrative pronoun:
Deponent verb:
Derivation:
Direct object:
Ditransitive verb:
Emphatic pronoun:
Ending:
Gender:
Genitive case:
Head:
Imperative:
64

Imperfective aspect: -
Impersonal verb:
Indefinite article:
Indefinite pronoun:
Indicative:
Indirect object:
Inflection:
Intransitive verb:
Main clause:
Medio-passive voice: -
Modality:
Mood:
Nominals:
Nominative case:
Noun:
Noun phrase:
Number:
Numerals:
Object:
Participle:
Particle:
Perfective aspect:
Personal pronoun:
Plural:
Possessive pronoun: Predicate of subject or object:

Preposition:
Prepositional phrase:
Pronoun:
Reciprocity:
Reflexivity:
Relative clause:
Relative pronoun:
Sentence:
Stem:
Stress:
Subject:
Subjunctive:
Subordinate clause:
Superlative:
Syllable:
Temporal clause:
Tense:
Past:
Past perfective:
Past imperfective:
Past perfect:
65

Present:
Present tense:
Present perfect:
Future:
Future imperfective:
Future perfective:
Future perfect:
Transitive verb:
Verb group: /
Verb phrase:
Vocative case:
Voice:
Singular:
Masculine:
Feminine:
Neuter:

66