Thomas Calculus Solution

80
Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

(c) We say that f(x) approaches minus infinity as x approaches x! from the left, and write lim f(x) _,
x x!
if for every positive number B (or negative number B) there exists a corresponding number $ 0 such
that for all x, x! $ x x! f(x) B.
94. For B 0,
"
x
B 0 x B" . Choose $ B" . Then ! x $ 0 x
95. For B 0,
"
x
B 0 x" B 0 x
B" x
96. For B !,
"
x#
"
x
B so that lim c
x!
"
x
"
B
"
x#
"
x#
99. y
101. y
"
x#
B ! so that lim b
x#
x1
x# %
x"
B so that lim b
x!
"
x
_.
"
B
x 2 B" x 2 B" . Choose $ B" . Then

"
x#
B 0 so that lim c
x#
"
x#
_.
B ! x 2 B" . Choose $ B" . Then # x # $ ! x # $ ! x 2
"
1 x#
"
x"
x"
$
x"
_.
B 1 x#
"
#B . Then " $ x "
"
1 x# B for ! x 1 and
x#
x"
"
x
_.
B x " # B (x 2)
98. For B 0 and ! x 1,

$
B" x. Choose $ B" . Then $ x !
2 $ x 2 $ x 2 ! B" x 2 0
97. For B 0,
"
B
"
B
(" x)(" x) B" . Now
$ x 1 0 " x $
x near 1
"
lim
#
x "c " x
"
#B
1x
#
1 since x 1. Choose
(" x)(" x) B" 1 # x B"
_.
100. y
x# "
x1
x"
102. y
x2 "
#x %
#" x "
#
x1
$
#x %
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
"
B
Section 2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs

103. y
x# 1
x
105. y
x
4 x#
x
107. y x#$
"
x
104. y
x$ 1
x#
106. y
"
4 x#
x
"
x#
108. y sin x# 1 1
"
x"$
109. (a) y _ (see accompanying graph)

(b) y _ (see accompanying graph)
(c) cusps at x 1 (see accompanying graph)
110. (a) y 0 and a cusp at x 0 (see the accompanying

graph)
(b) y 32 (see accompanying graph)
(c) a vertical asymptote at x 1 and contains the point
1,
3
2
4
(see accompanying graph)
81
82
CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. At x 1:
f(x)
lim
x "c
lim
x "b
f(x) 1
lim f(x) 1 f(1)
x 1
f is continuous at x 1.
At x 0: lim c f(x) lim b f(x) 0 lim f(x) 0.
x!
x!
x!
But f(0) 1 lim f(x)

x!
f is discontinuous at x 0.
If we define fa!b !, then the discontinuity at x ! is
removable.
At x 1: lim c f(x) 1 and lim f(x) 1
x"
lim f(x) does not exist
x"
x1
2. At x 1:
f(x) 0 and
lim
x "
lim
x "
f(x) 1
x "
At x 0: lim f(x) _ and lim f(x) _
x!
x!
x!
At x 1: lim f(x) lim f(x) 1 lim f(x) 1.
x"
x1
x"
But f(1) 0 lim f(x)

x1
If we define fa"b ", then the discontinuity at x " is
removable.
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
lim a3fatbb 3 lim fatb 3(7) 21
t t!
t t!
lim afatbb# lim fatb a(b# 49
t t!
t t!
lim afatb gatbb lim fatb lim gatb (7)(0) 0
t t!
t t!
lim fatb
t t! g(t)7
t t!
lim fatb
lim agatb 7b
lim fatb
lim gatb lim 7

t
7
07
lim cos agatbb cos lim gatb cos ! 1
t t!
t t!
lim kfatbk lim fatb k7k 7
t t!
t t!
(g) lim afatb gatbb lim fatb lim gatb 7 0 7

t t!
(h)
4. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
t t!
lim "
t t! fatb
"
lim fatb
t t!
"
7
71
lim g(x) lim g(x) 2
x!
x!
lim ag(x) f(x)b lim g(x) lim f(x) 2 "#
x!
x!
x!
lim af(x) g(x)b lim f(x) lim g(x)
x!
"
lim
x ! f(x)
"
lim f(x)
x!
x!
"
"
#
x!
"
#
2
#
2
Chapter 2 Practice Exercises

(e)
(f)
"
#
lim ax f(x)b lim x lim f(x) 0
x!
x!
f(x)cos x
x 1
x!
lim
x!
lim f(x) lim cos x
x!
x!
lim x lim 1
x!
x!
"# (1)
01
83
"
#
#"
5. Since lim x 0 we must have that lim (4 g(x)) 0. Otherwise, if lim (% g(x)) is a finite positive
x!
x!
x!
4xg(x)
4xg(x)
_ and lim b
_ so the limit could not equal 1 as
x!
x 0. Similar reasoning holds if lim (4 g(x)) is a finite negative number. We conclude that lim g(x) 4.
number, we would have lim c
x!
x!
6. 2 lim
x %
x!
x lim g(x) lim x lim

x!
x %
lim g(x) 4 lim

x!
x %
(since lim g(x) is a constant) lim g(x)

x!
x!
2
%
x %
#" .
lim g(x) 4 lim g(x)

x!
x!
7. (a) xlim
faxb xlim
x"$ c"$ facb for every real number c f is continuous on a_ _b.
c
c
(b) xlim
gaxb xlim
x$% c$% gacb for every nonnegative real number c g is continuous on ! _.
c
c
"
c#$
"
c"'
(c) xlim
haxb xlim
x#$
c
c
(d) xlim
kaxb xlim
x"'
c
c
hacb for every nonzero real number c h is continuous on a_ !b and a_ _b.
kacb for every positive real number c k is continuous on a! _b
8. (a) - n "# 1 n "# 1, where I the set of all integers.

nI
(b) - an1 an 1b1b, where I the set of all integers.
nI
(c) a_ 1b a1 _b
(d) a_ !b a! _b
9.
(a)
x# 4x 4
x2
lim
x !c x(x 7)
(b)
10. (a)
x# x
lim
1
x# (x 1)
x# x
x # a#
x % a%
xlim
a
13. lim
(x h)# x#
h
lim
(x h)# x#
h
x!
lim
x!
_ and lim b
x!
" x
ax # a # b
ax # a # b a x # a # b
h!
lim
x!
1
x# (x 1)
2 (2 x)
2x(# x)
lim
x x
"
"
0
2(9)
, x 0 and x 1.
_.
, x 0 and x 1. The limit does not
lim
#
x "b x (x 1)
"
#
x 0 x (x 1)
&
%
$
x ! x 2x x
#
x " x (x 1)
"
x # a#
xlim
a
lim
_ lim
lim
x2
x # x(x 7)
x1
x 1 1 x
ax# 2hx h# b x#
h
x!
, x 2, and lim
#
x ! x (x 1)(x 1)
lim
ax# 2hx h# b x#
h
x2
lim
_ and
x 1 1 x 1 x
, x 2; the limit does not exist because
x # x(x 7)
x(x 1)
"
12. xlim
a
" "
x
#
x(x 1)
lim
#
x "c x (x 1)
lim
lim
$
#
x " x ax 2x 1b
1 x
1x
15. lim
(x 2)(x 2)
lim
11. lim
14. lim
_
$
#
x ! x ax 2x 1b
lim
&
%
$
x " x 2x x
h!
x2
x(x 7)
x2
x ! x(x 7)
x # x(x 7)(x #)
lim
lim &
%
$
x ! x 2x x
x1
lim
_ and lim b
x!
x 4x 4
exist because
(x 2)(x 2)
x ! x(x 7)(x 2)
lim $
#
x # x 5x 14x
Now lim c
x!
(b)
lim
lim $
#
x ! x 5x 14x
_.
"
#
"
#a #
lim (2x h) 2x
h!
lim (2x h) h
x!
"
x ! 4 #x
"4
84

(# x)$ 8
x
16. lim
x!
ax$ 6x# 12x 8b 8

x
lim
x!
x13 1
x13 1
lim x 1
x

1
x1
x1
1 1 1 1 1 23
17. lim
18.
tan 2x
lim
sin 2x
x ! cos 2x
lim csc x limc

x1
20.
x 1c
21.
x1
22.
x1
ax 1bx 1
lim
23
13
x 1 ax 1bax x 1b
x 1
lim
23
13
x 1 x x 1
1
sin x
1x 1x 2x
lim sin2x2x cos
cos 2x
sin 1x
1x 1 1 1
cos 1x
sin 1x
x!
2
1
2
1
lim sin x2 sin x sin 12 sin 1 sin 12 1
lim cos2 ax tan xb cos2 a1 tan 1b cos2 a1b a1b2 1
23. lim
x0
24. lim
x0
8x
3sin x x
lim
x0
cos 2x 1
sin x
2x 1
lim cossin
x
x0
8
3 sinx x 1
8
3 a1 b 1
cos 2x 1
cos 2x 1
lim
x0
"$
lim [4 g(x)]"$ 2 lim b 4 g(x)

x !b
x!
lim
x &
27. lim
x1
28.
x23 x13 1x 1

x 1ax23 x13 1b
x13 4x13 4
x13 4x13 4 x23 4x13 16x )
x23 16
lim
lim
x )ax23 4x13 16b
x 8
x

8
x

8
x 64
x 64
x 64
x13 4x )
ax 64bx13 4x )
4 4ba8 8b
8
lim ax 64bax23 4x13 16b lim x23 4x13 16 a16
16 16 3
x 64
x 64
x ! tan 1x
26.
x!
lim
19. lim
25.
lim ax# 6x 12b 12
"
x g(x)
3x# 1
g(x)
x1
5 x#
(x g(x))
lim
x &
2
"
#
lim
x0
sin2 2x
sin xacos 2x 1b
lim
x0
4sin x cos2 x
cos 2x 1
5 lim
x 5
g(x)
"
#
lim
x 5
g(x)
"
#
5
x1
lim g(x) _ since lim a5 x# b 1
x #
x #
lim f(x) lim c

x "c
x "
lim
x "c
x ax # 1 b
x# 1
lim
x "c
x ax # 1 b
kx # 1 k
x 1, and
lim f(x) lim b xkaxx# 11k b lim b

x "b
x "
x "
lim (x) (1) 1. Since
x ax # 1 b
a x # "b
x 1
lim f(x) lim b f(x)

x "c
x "
lim f(x) does not exist, the function f cannot be
x 1
extended to a continuous function at x 1.

At x 1:
lim f(x) lim c
x "c
x"
x ax # 1 b
kx # 1 k
x ax # 1 b
kx # 1 k
lim c
x"
x ax # 1 b
x# "
x ax # 1 b
ax # 1 b
lim c (x) 1, and

x"
lim f(x) lim b

lim b
lim b x 1. Again lim f(x) does not exist so f
x1
x"
x"
x1
cannot be extended to a continuous function at x 1 either.
x "b
4a0ba1b2
11
lim 4 g(x) 8, since 2$ 8. Then lim b g(x) 2.

x!
x !b
_ lim g(x) 0 since lim a3x# 1b 4
lim
x # g(x)
29. At x 1:
cos2 2x 1
sin xacos 2x 1b
Chapter 2 Practice Exercises

30. The discontinuity at x 0 of f(x) sin "x is nonremovable because lim sin
x!
"
x
does not exist.
31. Yes, f does have a continuous extension to a 1:

"
define f(1) lim xx
43 .
%
x
x1
32. Yes, g does have a continuous extension to a 1# :

)
5
g 1# lim1 45)cos
#1 4 .
) #
33. From the graph we see that lim h(t) lim h(t)
t!
t!
so h cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a 0.
34. From the graph we see that lim c k(x) lim b k(x)
x!
x!
so k cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a 0.
35. (a) f(1) 1 and f(2) 5 f has a root between 1 and 2 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.32471795724
36. (a) f(2) 2 and f(0) 2 f has a root between 2 and 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.76929235424
# $
#x $
x
37. x lim
x lim
_ &x (
_ & (x
x
39. x
lim
_
%x )
$x $
#!
&!
"
x
lim
_ $x
#
&
%
$x#
#
#x $
38. x
lim
x
lim
_ &x# (
_ &
)
$x$
$
x#
(
x#
#!
&!
!!!!
#
&
85
86

"
"
x#
40. x lim
x lim
_ x # (x "
_ " (x x"#
!
"!!
x (x
x(
41. x
lim
x
lim
_
_ x 1
_ " "x
x x
x"
42. x lim
x
lim
_
_ "#x$ "#)
_ "# "#)
x$
sin x
"
sin x
43. x lim
x lim
! since int x _ as x _ x lim
!.
_ gx h
_ gx h
_ gx h
44.
lim
)_
45. x lim
_
cos ) "
)
lim
) _)
x sin x #x
x sin x
#$
! lim
)_
x lim
_
cos ) "
)
" sinx x #x
" sinx x
"
&$
x x
" x
46. x lim
x lim
#x
_ x#$ cos# x
_ " cos#$
!.
"!!
"!
"!
"!
"
"
47. (a) y
(b) y
x2 4
x3
is undefined at x 3: lim c xx 34 _ and lim b xx 34 _, thus x 3 is a vertical asymptote.

x3
x3
2
x2 x 2
x2 2x 1
is undefined at x 1: lim c
x1
x2 x 2
x2 2x 1
_ and lim b
x1
x2 x 2
x2 2x 1
_, thus x 1 is a vertical
asymptote.
(c) y
x2 x '
x2 2x 8
is undefined at x 2 and 4: lim
x x'
2
lim b
x %
lim
2
x %b x 2x 8
48. (a) y
1 x2
1 x2
x2 " : x lim
_ x2 "
x3
x4
x2 x '
2
x 2 x 2x 8
x3
lim
x 2 x4
56 ; lim c
x %
x2 x '
x2 2x 8
lim c
x %
x3
x4
_. Thus x 4 is a vertical asymptote.

1
1
x2
x lim
_ 1
1
x2
1
1
1
1x
1 and x
lim
lim x2
_ x2 " x _ 1 x12
10
1 0
1
1
1, thus y 1 is a
horizontal asymptote.
(b) y
x 4
x 4
x 4 : x lim
_ x 4
(c) y
x2 4
x2 4
: x lim
x
x
_
x
lim
_
1 x42
1
x lim
_
1 0
1
1 4x
1 B4
x lim
_
1
1
1 x42
1
1 , thus y 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
1 0
1
1 and x lim
_
thus y
1
"
3
x
lim_
1 x42
"
3
x
xx
is a horizontal asymptote.
0.1
0.7943
x
lim
_
1 x42
x
cx
0.01
0.9550
0.001
0.9931
0.0001
0.9991
1
x 9
0
"
x2
9x
and x
lim
lim
19
21
0 3,
_
x _ 9 x12
CHAPTER 2 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1. (a)
x
x2
1, thus y 1 and y 1 are horizontal asymptotes.
x 9
x 9
0
x2
(d) y 9x
lim 9x
lim
91
21:
21
0
x_
x _ 9 x12
2
x2 4
x
0.00001
0.9999
Apparently, lim b xx 1
x!
Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 87

(b)
2. (a)
x
"x "ln x
Apparently,
10
100
1000
0.3679
0.3679
0.3679
"ln x
lim "
x_ x
0.3678
"
e
(b)
3.
lim L lim c L! "

v cc
vc
v#
c#
lim v
L! 1 vcc # L! 1
#
c#
c#
The left-hand limit was needed because the function L is undefined if v c (the rocket cannot move faster
than the speed of light).
4. (a)
x
#
1 0.2 0.2
x
#
1 0.2 0.8
x
#
1.2 1.6 x 2.4 2.56 x 5.76.
(b)
x
#
1 0.1 0.1
x
#
1 0.1 0.9
x
#
1.1 1.8 x 2.2 3.24 x 4.84.
5. k10 (t 70) 10% 10k 0.0005 k(t 70) 10% k 0.0005 0.0005 (t 70) 10% 0.0005
5 t 70 5 65 t 75 Within 5 F.
6. We want to know in what interval to hold values of h to make V satisfy the inequality
lV "!!!l l$'1h "!!!l "!. To find out, we solve the inequality:
**!
l$'1h "!!!l "! "! $'1h "!!! "! **! $'1h "!"! $'
1 h
"!"!
$'1
)) h )*. where 8.8 was rounded up, to be safe, and 8.9 was rounded down, to be safe.
The interval in which we should hold h is about )* )) !" cm wide (1 mm). With stripes 1 mm wide, we can expect
to measure a liter of water with an accuracy of 1%, which is more than enough accuracy for cooking.
7. Show lim f(x) lim ax# 7b ' f(1).

x1
x1
Step 1: kax 7b 6k % % x# 1 % 1 % x# 1 % 1 % x 1 %.
#
88

Step 2: kx 1k $ $ x 1 $ $ " x $ ".
Then $ " 1 % or $ " 1 %. Choose $ min 1 1 % 1 % 1 , then
0 kx 1k $ kax# (b 6k % and lim f(x) 6. By the continuity test, f(x) is continuous at x 1.
x1
8. Show lim" g(x) lim"

x
"
2x
2 g 4" .
Step 1: #"x 2 % % #"x # % # % #"x # %

Step 2: B "4 $ $ x 4" $ $ 4" x $ 4" .
Then $
Choose $
"
4
"
4 #%
%
4(#%)
"
4
"
4 #%
%
4(2 %)
, or $
"
4
, the smaller of the two values. Then 0 x
By the continuity test, g(x) is continuous at x
"
4
"
4 #%
4" $
"
4#%
x
"
4 #%
#"x
"
4#%
"
4
%
4(2 %)
2 % and lim"
"
#x
2.
9. Show lim h(x) lim 2x 3 " h(2).

x#
x#
Step 1: 2x 3 1 % % 2x 3 " % " % 2x 3 " %
(1 %)# $
#
x
(" %)# 3
.
#
Step 2: kx 2k $ $ x 2 $ or $ # x $ #.
(" % )# $
$
#
(" % # $
(" %# "
#
#
#
Then $ #
#
#
(" %)# $
" (1# %)
#
#
%# . Choose $ %
%
%#
#,
%#
#
, or $ #
(" %)# $
#
the smaller of the two values . Then,
! kx 2k $ 2x 3 " %, so lim 2x 3 1. By the continuity test, h(x) is continuous at x 2.

x#
10. Show lim F(x) lim 9 x # F(5).

x&
x&
Step 1: 9 x 2 % % 9 x # % 9 (2 %)# x * (# %)# .

Step 2: 0 kx 5k $ $ x & $ $ & x $ &.
Then $ & * (# %)# $ (# %)# % %# #%, or $ & * (# %)# $ % (# %)# %# #%.
Choose $ %# #%, the smaller of the two values. Then, ! kx 5k $ 9 x # %, so
lim 9 x #. By the continuity test, F(x) is continuous at x 5.
x&
11. Suppose L" and L# are two different limits. Without loss of generality assume L# L" . Let %
"
3
(L# L" ).
Since x lim
f(x) L" there is a $" 0 such that 0 kx x! k $" kf(x) L" k % % f(x) L" %
x
!
"3 (L# L" ) L" f(x)
"
3
(L# L" ) L" 4L" L# 3f(x) 2L" L# . Likewise, x lim

f(x) L#
x!
so there is a $# such that 0 kx x! k $# kf(x) L# k % % f(x) L# %
"3 (L# L" ) L# f(x) 3" (L# L" ) L# 2L# L" 3f(x) 4L# L"
L" 4L# 3f(x) 2L# L" . If $ min e$" $# f both inequalities must hold for 0 kx x! k $ :
4L" L# 3f(x) 2L" L#
5(L" L# ) 0 L" L# . That is, L" L# 0 and L" L# 0,
L" %L# 3f(x) 2L# L"
a contradiction.
12. Suppose xlim
f(x) L. If k !, then xlim
kf(x) xlim
0 ! ! xlim
f(x) and we are done.
c
c
c
c
%
If k 0, then given any % !, there is a $ ! so that ! lx cl $ lfaxb Ll l5l
lkllfaxb Ll %
lkafaxb Lb| % lakfaxbb akLbl %. Thus, xlim
kf(x) kL kxlim
f(x).
c
c

13. (a) Since x 0 , 0 x$ x 1 ax$ xb 0
lim f ax$ xb lim c f(y) B where y x$ x.

y!
x !b
(b) Since x 0 , 1 x x$ 0 ax$ xb 0
(c) Since x 0 , 0 x% x# 1 ax# x% b 0
lim f ax$ xb lim b f(y) A where y x$ x.

y!
x !c
lim f ax# x% b lim b f(y) A where y x# x% .

y!
x !b
(d) Since x 0 , 1 x 0 ! x% x# 1 ax# x% b 0
lim f ax# x% b A as in part (c).
x !b
14. (a) True, because if xlim

(f(x) g(x)) exists then xlim
(f(x) g(x)) xlim
f(x) xlim
[(f(x) g(x)) f(x)]
a
a
a
a
xlim
g(x) exists, contrary to assumption.
a
"
x
(b) False; for example take f(x)
and g(x) x" . Then neither lim f(x) nor lim g(x) exists, but
x!
lim (f(x) g(x)) lim "x x" lim 0 0 exists.
x!
x!
x!
x!
(c) True, because g(x) kxk is continuous g(f(x)) kf(x)k is continuous (it is the composite of continuous
functions).
1, x 0
f(x) is discontinuous at x 0. However kf(x)k 1 is
(d) False; for example let f(x)
1, x 0
continuous at x 0.
x# "
15. Show lim f(x) lim
x 1 x 1
x 1
(x 1)(x ")
(x 1)
lim
x 1
Define the continuous extension of f(x) as F(x)
#, x 1.
x# 1
x1 ,
2
x "
. We now prove the limit of f(x) as x 1
, x 1
exists and has the correct value.

#
Step 1: xx 1" (#) % %
(x 1)(x ")
(x 1)
# % % (x 1) # %, x " % " x % ".
Step 2: kx (1)k $ $ x 1 $ $ " x $ ".

Then $ " % " $ %, or $ " % " $ %. Choose $ %. Then ! kx (1)k $
#
xx 1" a#b %
lim F(x) 2. Since the conditions of the continuity test are met by F(x), then f(x) has a
x 1
continuous extension to F(x) at x 1.

16. Show lim g(x) lim
x$
x$
x# 2x 3
2x 6
lim
x$
(x 3)(x ")
2(x 3)
#, x 3.
#
Define the continuous extension of g(x) as G(x)
x 2x 3
2x 6 ,
x3
. We now prove the limit of g(x) as
, x3
x 3 exists and has the correct value.

Step 1: x
2x 3
#x 6
2 % %
(x 3)(x ")
2(x 3)
# % %
x"
#
# % , x $ $ #% x $ #% .
Step 2: kx 3k $ $ x 3 $ $ $ x $ $.
Then, $ $ $ #% $ #%, or $ $ $ #% $ #%. Choose $ #%. Then ! kx 3k $
x
2x 3
2x 6
2 % lim
x$
(x 3)(x ")
#(x 3)
2. Since the conditions of the continuity test hold for G(x),
g(x) can be continuously extended to G(x) at B 3.

17. (a) Let % ! be given. If x is rational, then f(x) x kf(x) 0k kx 0k % kx 0k %; i.e., choose
$ %. Then kx 0k $ kf(x) 0k % for x rational. If x is irrational, then f(x) 0 kf(x) 0k %
! % which is true no matter how close irrational x is to 0, so again we can choose $ %. In either case,
given % ! there is a $ % ! such that ! kx 0k $ kf(x) 0k %. Therefore, f is continuous at
x 0.
(b) Choose x c !. Then within any interval (c $ c $ ) there are both rational and irrational numbers.
If c is rational, pick % #c . No matter how small we choose $ ! there is an irrational number x in
(c $ c $ ) kf(x) f(c)k k0 ck c
c
#
%. That is, f is not continuous at any rational c 0. On
90

the other hand, suppose c is irrational f(c) 0. Again pick % #c . No matter how small we choose $ !
there is a rational number x in (c $ c $ ) with kx ck
kxk
c
#
% f is not continuous at any irrational c 0.
If x c 0, repeat the argument picking %

nonzero value x c.
18. (a) Let c
c
#
kc k
#
c
# .
x
c
#
Then kf(x) f(c)k kx 0k
3c
#.
Therefore f fails to be continuous at any
m
n
be a rational number in [0 1] reduced to lowest terms f(c) "n . Pick %
"
#n
%. Therefore f is discontinuous at x c, a rational number.
"
#n .
No matter how
small $ ! is taken, there is an irrational number x in the interval (c $ c $ ) kf(x) f(c)k 0 "n
"
n
(b) Now suppose c is an irrational number f(c) 0. Let % 0 be given. Notice that
number reduced to lowest terms with denominator 2 and belonging to [0 1];
denominator 3 belonging to [0 1];
"
4
and
[0 1]; etc. In general, choose N so that
"
N
3
4
with denominator 4 in [0 1];
"
3
and
" 2 3
5, 5, 5
2
3
and
"
#
is the only rational
the only rationals with

4
5
with denominator 5 in
% there exist only finitely many rationals in [! "] having
denominator N, say r" , r# , , rp . Let $ min ekc ri k : i 1 pf . Then the interval (c $ c $ )

contains no rational numbers with denominator N. Thus, 0 kx ck $ kf(x) f(c)k kf(x) 0k
kf(x)k N" % f is continuous at x c irrational.
(c) The graph looks like the markings on a typical ruler
when the points (x f(x)) on the graph of f(x) are
connected to the x-axis with vertical lines.
19. Yes. Let R be the radius of the equator (earth) and suppose at a fixed instant of time we label noon as the
zero point, 0, on the equator 0 1R represents the midnight point (at the same exact time). Suppose x"
is a point on the equator just after" noon x" 1R is simultaneously just after" midnight. It seems
reasonable that the temperature T at a point just after noon is hotter than it would be at the diametrically
opposite point just after midnight: That is, T(x" ) T(x" 1R) 0. At exactly the same moment in time
pick x# to be a point just before midnight x# 1R is just before noon. Then T(x# ) T(x# 1R) 0.
Assuming the temperature function T is continuous along the equator (which is reasonable), the Intermediate
Value Theorem says there is a point c between 0 (noon) and 1R (simultaneously midnight) such that
T(c) T(c 1R) 0; i.e., there is always a pair of antipodal points on the earth's equator where the
temperatures are the same.
#
#
#
"
20. xlim
f(x)g(x) xlim
af(x) g(x)b xlim
af(x) g(x)b
af(x) g(x)b af(x) g(x)b "% xlim
c
c %
c
c
"% $# a"b# #.

21. (a) At x 0: lim r (a) lim
a!
lim
1 (" a)
a!
a ! a " 1 a
At x 1:
(b) At x 0:
lim
a "b
r (a)
" 1 a
a
1
" 1 0
lim c
a!
1 (" a)
a " 1 a
"
#
a!
1 (1 a)
lim
a "b a 1 1 a
lim r (a) lim c

a!
a !c
1 a
lim " a
" 1 a
a
lim c
a!
a
lim
a 1 a " 1 a
1 a
lim c " a
a!
a
a 1 1 a
" 1 a
" 1 a
lim c
a!
"
" 0
" 1 a
" 1 a
"
_ (because the
" 1 a
"
_ (because the
" 1 a
denominator is always negative); lim b r (a) lim b

a!
a!
is always positive). Therefore, lim r (a) does not exist.
denominator
a!
At x 1:
lim
a "b
r (a)
lim
a "b
1 1 a
a
lim
"
a 1b " 1 a
(c)
(d)
22. f(x) x 2 cos x f(0) 0 2 cos 0 2 0 and f(1) 1 2 cos (1) 1 # 0. Since f(x) is
continuous on [1 !], by the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must take on every value between [1 # #].
Thus there is some number c in [1 !] such that f(c) 0; i.e., c is a solution to x 2 cos x 0.
23. (a) The function f is bounded on D if f(x) M and f(x) N for all x in D. This means M f(x) N for all x
in D. Choose B to be max ekMk kNkf . Then kf(x)k B. On the other hand, if kf(x)k B, then
B f(x) B f(x) B and f(x) B f(x) is bounded on D with N B an upper bound and
M B a lower bound.
(b) Assume f(x) N for all x and that L N. Let % L # N . Since x lim
f(x) L there is a $ ! such that
x
!
0 kx x! k $ kf(x) Lk % L % f(x) L % L
LN
#
f(x)
3L N
# .
But L N
LN
#
LN
#
f(x) L
LN
#
N N f(x) contrary to the boundedness assumption
f(x) N. This contradiction proves L N.
92

(c) Assume M f(x) for all x and that L M. Let %
L
ML
#
f(x) L
ML
#
3L M
#
f(x)
ML
# . As in part (b), 0 kx
L
M
M, a contradiction.
#
24. (a) If a b, then a b 0 ka bk a b max a b
ab
#
ka b k
#
If a b, then a b 0 ka bk (a b) b a max a b
2b
#
x0
ab
#
sina" cos xb
x
lim
lim b sinsinxx
x0
sin x
x0
sinasin xb
x
x0
sinax# xb
x
x0
lim
29. lim
sinax# %b
x2
lim
30. lim
sinx $
x9
28. lim
x2
x9
sin x
" cos x
x0
lim
ka b k
#
sina" cos xb
" cos x
lim b sinB x
x0
27. lim
lim
x0 x
26.
ab
ab
2a
# # # a.
ka b k
ab
a # b b # a
#
#
b.
(b) Let min a b

25. lim
x! k $
sinasin xb
sin x
" cos x
x
x
sin x
lim
sin x
x
x
x
x0
sinasin xb
sin x
sinax# %b
x# %
ax 2b lim
x9
x0
sinx $
x $
lim
" cos# x
x 0 xa" cos xb
"
x $
lim
sin x
x0 x
" lim
sin# x
x 0 xa" cos xb
" " ".
sinax# xb
#
x 0 x x
lim ax "b " " "
sinax# %b
x# %
lim ax 2b " % %
x2
sina" cos xb
" cos x
" lim b sin"x lim b x " ! ! !.

x 0 x x 0
ax "b lim
lim
lim
" #! !.
sinax# xb
#
x 0 x x
x2
" cos x
" cos x
lim
x9
x0
x2
sinx $
x $
lim
"
x 9 x $
"
"
'
"
'
31. Since the highest power of x in the numerator is 1 more than the highest power of x in the denominator, there is an oblique
asymptote. y
32. As x _,
2x32 2x 3
x 1
1
x
2x
3
x 1 ,
thus the oblique asymptote is y 2x.
0 sin 1x 0 1 sin 1x 1, thus as x _, y x x sin 1x x1 sin 1x x;
thus the oblique asymptote is y x.

33. As x _, x2 1 x2 x2 1 x2 ; as x _, x2 x, and as x _, x2 x; thus the
oblique asymptotes are y x and y x.
34. As x _, x 2 x x2 2x xax 2b x2 ; as x _, x2 x, and as x _, x2 x;
asymptotes are y x and y x.

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80

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

B 0 x B" . Choose $ B" . Then ! x $ 0 x

x 2 B" x 2 B" . Choose $ B" . Then

B ! x 2 B" . Choose $ B" . Then # x # $ ! x # $ ! x 2

98. For B 0 and ! x 1,

B" x. Choose $ B" . Then $ x !

(" x)(" x) B" . Now

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs

109. (a) y _ (see accompanying graph)

110. (a) y 0 and a cusp at x 0 (see the accompanying

(see accompanying graph)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES

lim f(x) 1 f(1)

But f(0) 1 lim f(x)

lim f(x) does not exist

lim f(x) does not exist

lim f(x) does not exist

But f(1) 0 lim f(x)

lim a3fatbb 3 lim fatb 3(7) 21

lim afatbb# lim fatb a(b# 49

lim afatb gatbb lim fatb lim gatb (7)(0) 0

lim gatb lim 7

lim cos agatbb cos lim gatb cos ! 1

lim kfatbk lim fatb k7k 7

(g) lim afatb gatbb lim fatb lim gatb 7 0 7

lim g(x) lim g(x) 2

lim ag(x) f(x)b lim g(x) lim f(x) 2 "#

lim af(x) g(x)b lim f(x) lim g(x)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises

lim ax f(x)b lim x lim f(x) 0

lim f(x) lim cos x

x lim g(x) lim x lim

lim g(x) 4 lim

(since lim g(x) is a constant) lim g(x)

lim g(x) 4 lim g(x)

8. (a) - n "# 1 n "# 1, where I the set of all integers.

, x 0 and x 1. The limit does not

, x 2; the limit does not exist because

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

ax$ 6x# 12x 8b 8

lim csc x limc

lim sin x2 sin x sin 12 sin 1 sin 12 1

lim cos2 ax tan xb cos2 a1 tan 1b cos2 a1b a1b2 1

lim [4 g(x)]"$ 2 lim b 4 g(x)

x23 x13 1x 1

lim ax# 6x 12b 12

lim g(x) _ since lim a5 x# b 1

lim f(x) lim c

lim f(x) lim b xkaxx# 11k b lim b

lim f(x) lim b f(x)

lim f(x) does not exist, the function f cannot be

extended to a continuous function at x 1.

lim f(x) lim c

lim c (x) 1, and

lim f(x) lim b

lim 4 g(x) 8, since 2$ 8. Then lim b g(x) 2.

_ lim g(x) 0 since lim a3x# 1b 4